FRIDAYMORNING,2DECEMBER2016 CORAL2,8:00A.M.TO11:45A.M. Session5aAB AnimalBioacoustics:MarineAcousticEcology JenniferL.Miksis-Olds,Chair CenterforCoastalandOceanMapping,Univ.ofNewHampshire,24ColovosRd.,Durham,NC03824 ContributedPapers 8:00 8:30 5aAB1.Amulti-yeartimeseriesofmarinemammaldistributioninthe 5aAB3.DidhumpbackwhalesgomissingoffMaui,Hawaii?Acompari- Alaskan Arctic. Jessica Crance and Catherine Berchok (AFSC/NMFS/ sonofsongactivitybetweenthe2014/15and2015/16breedingseasons. NOAA,NationalMarineMammalLab.,7600SandPointWayNE,Seattle, Anke K€ugler (Marine Biology Graduate Program, Univ. of Hawaii at WA98115,[email protected]) Manoa,2525CorreaRd.HIG132,Honolulu,HI96822,akuegler@hawaii. edu),MarcO.Lammers(HawaiiInst.ofMarineBiology,Univ.ofHawaii TheMarineMammalLaboratoryhasdeployedlong-term,moored,pas- at Manoa, Kaneohe, HI), Eden J. Zang (Oceanwide Sci. Inst., Honolulu, sive acoustic recorders at numerous locations in the Alaskan Arctic since HI), Maxwell B. Kaplan, and T A. Mooney (Woods Hole Oceanographic the BOEM-funded Chukchi Acoustics, Oceanography, and Zooplankton Inst.,WoodsHole,MA) (CHAOZ) study began in 2010. These instruments, often collocated with oceanographic instruments, collect year-round passive acoustic data (16 Each winter,thousands ofhumpbackwhales (Megapteranovaeangliae) kHzsamplingrate,~30%dutycycle).Allacousticrecordings(100%)were migratefromtheirhighlatitudefeedinggroundsinAlaskatomateandcalve analyzedusinganin-houseMatlab-basedmanualanalysisprogramfor12 intheshallowtropicalwatersaroundtheMainHawaiianIslands.Population differentArcticandsub-Arcticcetaceanandpinnipedspecies,aswellasfor estimates suggest that up to 10,000 animals winter in Hawaiian waters, vessel, seismic airgun, and ice noise. Bowhead and beluga distributions makingupmorethanhalfofthetotalNorthPacificstock.However,inthe showed similar patterns, with bimodal temporal distributions representing 2015/16season,anecdotalreportsfromcommercialoperatorsandresearchers thefallandspringmigrations.Infrequentgraywhaledetections(isolatedon tellofanunusuallylownumberofwhalescomparedtopreviousyearsoffthe nearshorerecorders)followedasimilar,albeitlessdefined,bimodaldistri- islandofMaui.Toexaminethisissue,datafromlong-termpassiveacoustic bution.Walrusandbeardedsealcallsweredetectedalmostyear-round,with monitoringwithautonomousEcologicalAcousticRecorders(EARs)during peakbeardedsealcallingfromAprilthroughJune.Detectionsofsub-Arctic the2014/15and2015/16seasonsoffthewestcoastofMauiwereanalyzed species(e.g.,humpback, fin,killer,andminkewhales) wererarenorthof usingmalechorusinglevelsasaproxyforrelativewhaleabundance.Root- 70(cid:2)N.Correlationofmarinemammaldistributionwithconcurrentoceano- mean-square sound pressure levels (SPLs) were calculated to compare low graphic parameters revealed strong associations with oceanographic and frequency acoustic energy (0-1.56 kHz) between both seasons. The data prey variables, more specifically, ice concentration and thickness, chloro- showedthatchorusinglevelsdroppedinearlyJanuary2016.Althoughlevels phyll,windspeed,andcurrents.Thisstudyillustratestheimportanceofcol- subsequentlyincreasedagainuntiltheypeakedinFebruaryasexpected,SPLs lectingconcurrentlong-termpassiveacousticandoceanographicdataina remained lower than in 2014/15 throughout the remaining season. These rapidlychangingenvironment. resultssuggestthatthenumberofsingingmaleswasindeedlowerduringthe 2015/16seasonoffwestMauiandthatfuturemonitoringiswarranted. 8:15 8:45 5aAB2.Apreliminaryacousticsurveyofecholocatingmarinemammals in the Bering Sea. Kerri Seger (CCOM, Univ. of New Hampshire, 9331 5aAB4.Howreliableissongasacueforacousticsurveysofhumpback Discovery Way, Apt. C, La Jolla, CA 92037, [email protected]), Jennifer whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) with changing population size and Miksis-Olds(CCOM,Univ.ofNewHampshire,Durham,NH),andBruce density?MichaelJ.Noad,RebeccaA.Dunlop,andAmeliaMack(School Martin(JASCORes.,Ltd.,Victoria,BC,Canada) ofVeterinarySci.,TheUniv.ofQueensland,Gatton,QLD4343,Australia, [email protected]) As the Arctic seas rapidly change with increased ocean temperatures anddecreasedseaiceextent,traditionalArcticmarinemammaldistributions Acousticsurveysofmarinemammalshaveseveraladvantagesovertra- will be altered, and non-traditionally Arctic species may shift poleward. ditional visual surveys. For an acoustic survey to be accurate, however, Arcticspeciestypicallyincludesperm,bowhead,humpback,right,gray,fin, thereneedstobeapredictablerelationshipbetweenvocalbehaviorandden- andbluewhales;odontocetes,specificallykillerandbelugawhales;andsev- sity. Humpback whale’s song, produced by males primarily during the eral pinnipeds species. Their acoustic presence has been documented breedingseason,ispotentiallyagoodcandidateforsuchsurveys.Thefunc- becausetheyproducerelativelylow-frequencysoundsthataredetectableby tionofsong,however,remainsenigmaticandsoitsusefulnessasapredictor many common, remotely-deployed recording platforms. Until recently, ofpopulationdensityisstillnotknown,particularlywhenpopulationden- however, recording constraints of power and storage limited higher sam- sitychanges.Weexaminedaspectsofsingingbehaviorduringmigrationoff M plingratesandpreventedthedetectionofmanyhigh-frequency-producing easternAustraliabetween1997and2015includingtheproportionofwhales A speciesintheArcticseas.SuchspecieslikelyincludeBaird’s,Cuvier’s,and thatsang,thespacingbetweensingers,andtheuseofsongbymaleswhen RI. Stejneger’s beaked whales, as well as Northern right whale and Pacific joiningotherwhales.Overthisperiod,therewasasix-foldincreaseinthe F white-sideddolphins.Usingoneofthefirstlong-termdatasetstorecordrel- populationbutthishadlittleeffectontheproportionofwhalessinging,and a ativelyhighfrequenciesintheBeringSea,signaltypessimilartothoseof singersspacedrandomly,implyingthatitcouldbeusefulasasurveytool. 5 Baird’sandCuvier’sbeakedwhales,andPacificwhite-sidedandNorthern However, the proportion of singers that continued to sing while joining right whale dolphins have been detected. Their relative acoustic presence otherwhalesdecreased,showingsomedensityeffectsonsingingbehavior. fromthelastseveralyearswillbepresented,aswellastheacousticpresence Altogether, while singing behavior can be used as a reasonable proxy of ofotherspecies,likeRisso’sdolphin,thatmaybeshiftingnorthwardinto populationsizeatthedensitiesobserved,behavioralstrategiesmaystartto theArcticseas.[WorksupportedbyONR.] confoundthisrelationshipathigherdensities. 3359 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3359 9:00 asourceatoneormoreunderwaterhydrophones.Thisestimationtaskcan bedifficultfornon-impulsivesources(e.g.,humpbackwhales)duetoearly 5aAB5.Thecorrelationbetweenthelocalenvironmentandgraywhale arrivalsmaskinglaterones.Inlinearsystemanalysis,theimpulseresponse behaviorastrackedusingasparsehydrophonearrayinMontereyBay (IR)ofasystemisthesystemoutputwhentheinputisanimpulse(i.e.,a NationalMarineSanctuary.ReginaA.Guazzo,JohnA.Hildebrand,Sean shortduration,largebandwidthsignal),andexpresseshowasourcesignal M.Wiggins,GeraldL.D’Spain(ScrippsInst.ofOceanogr.,Univ.ofCali- interacts with the environment to yield the output waveform (e.g., that fornia,SanDiego,UCSD/SIO/0205,9500GilmanDr.,LaJolla,CA92093- recordedbyahydrophone).Recordingsofarelativelyimpulsivevocaliza- 0205,[email protected]),andDavidW.Weller(SouthwestFisheriesSci. tion(e.g.,awalrusknock),giventhattheyapproximatetheIRbetweenthe Ctr.,NOAA,LaJolla,CA) walrusandhydrophone,mayfacilitatearrivaltimeestimation.IRestimation Gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) make one of the longest annual forunknown,non-impulsivecallsismorechallenging,particularlyfortime- migrations of any marine mammal. While the seasonal periodicity of the varyingchannels.Blindchannelestimationistheprocessofestimatingthe migrationandrelatedtravelcorridorshavebeenwell-studied,littleisknown setofIRsbetweenasingle(unknown)sourceandmultiplereceivers,and abouthowthesewhalesuseacousticswhilemigrating.Acousticarrayproc- canpotentiallyhelpestimatedirectandinterface-reflectedarrivaltimesfor essingisapowerfultooltolocalizeandtrackvocalizingwhaleswithoutdis- non-impulsivemarinemammalvocalizationssincetheIRscanbeanalyzed rupting their behavior. Concurrent with the NOAA Southwest Fisheries ratherthanwaveforms/spectra.Inthispaper,weusesimulationstoexplore ScienceCentervisualandinfraredgraywhalecensus,fourhydrophone-re- theimportanceofoceansurfacegravitywavesonblindestimationofacous- corderpackageswithsitesseparatedbyapproximately2kmin58to110m ticIRs. waterinMontereyBayNationalMarineSanctuaryoffshoreofGraniteCan- 9:45–10:00Break yon,California,recordedfromNovember2014toJune2015.Anautomatic call detector identified gray whale M3 calls in the dataset. Spectrogram 10:00 cross-correlationwasusedtomeasurethetime-difference-of-arrivalofthese callsandestimatethelocationofthecallinganimal.Theselocalizationspro- 5aAB8. Low-frequency propagation and noise in the intertidal zone. vide gray whale swimming and calling behavior and indicate changes on JamesS.Martin,PeterH.Rogers(SchoolofMech.Eng.,GeorgiaInst.of dielandseasonaltimescales.Resultsfrom15high-qualitytracksshowcall- Technol., 771 Ferst Dr., Love Bldg., Rm. 115, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, inggraywhalesswimmingatameanspeedof1.97m/switharangeof1.18 [email protected]), Ashwin Bhandiwad, Orphal Colleye, and to2.54m/s.Acousticdetectionsandtracksarecomparedwithenvironmen- JosephSisneros(Dept.ofPsych.,Univ.ofWashington,Seattle,WA) talparameterstoinvestigatehowgraywhalebehaviorrelatestotheirphysi- cal environment. These results are necessary for understanding the cues Measurements of ambient noise and short-range propagation (<2m) graywhalesusetonavigatefromtheirfeedinggroundsoffshoreofAlaska weremadeintheintertidalzonewithwaterdepthsrangingfrom50to80 totheirbreedinggroundsinBajaCalifornia. cm using vector sensors. The sites selected for the measurements were knownnestingareasforplainfinmidshipman(Porichthysnotatus).Malesof 9:15 this species produce continuous acoustic advertisement calls with funda- mental frequencies in the 70 to 100 Hz range. The temporal and spectral 5aAB6. Vocalization source level distributions and pulse compression structure of these calls must convey information regarding the source’s gainsofdiversebaleenwhalespeciesintheGulfofMaine.DelinWang, range, direction, and/or fitness over the maximum detectable range in a WeiHuang,HeribertoGarcia(Elec.andComput.Eng.,NortheasternUniv., complexenvironment.Bothfundamentalandharmoniccomponentsappear 006 Hayden Hall, 370 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, wang.del@ tobeabovearapidlow-frequencyincreaseinthenoisefloorduetolocal husky.neu.edu), Nicholas C. Makris (Mech. Eng., Massachusetts Inst. of wavemotionandbelowthefrequencyrangeofseveralobservednoisetran- Technol.,Cambridge,MA),andPurnimaRatilal(Elec.andComput.Eng., sientsattimeswithmodestwindspeeds(<5mph)andsmallwaveheights NortheasternUniv.,Boston,MA) (<20cm). There is little evidence of significant propagation differences Thevocalizationsourceleveldistributionsandpulsecompressiongains betweenspecificfrequencieswithinthebandofinterest. areestimatedforfourdistinctbaleenwhalespeciesintheGulfofMaine: 10:15 blue,fin,minke,andsei.Thevocalizationswerereceivedonalarge-aper- turedenselysampledcoherenthydrophonearraysystemdeployedtomoni- 5aAB9.Passiveacousticmonitoringoffishesandacrustaceanusinga tormarinemammalsoverinstantaneouswideareasusingthepassiveocean towed hydrophonein Tateyama bay.Ryuzo Takahashi (FisheriesTech- acousticwaveguideremotesensingtechnique.Foreachbaleenwhalespe- nol. Dept., Japan Fisheries Res. and Education Agency, 7620-7, Hasaki, cies, between 400 to over 1400 measured vocalizations with significantly Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki-ken 314-0408, Japan, [email protected]), high signal-to-noiseratios (SNR>10dB) after coherentbeamforming and Tomonari Akamatsu (Japan Fisheries Res. and Education Agency, Yoko- localizedwithhighaccuracies(<10%localizationerrors)overrangesspan- hama-shi, kanagawa-ken, Japan), Tomohito Imaizumi (Fisheries Technol. ningroughly1kmto38kmareincludedintheanalysis.Thewhalevocal- Dept., Japan Fisheries Res. and Education Agency, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki- ization received pressure levels are corrected for broadband transmission ken,Japan),andIkuoMatsuo(TohokuGakuinUniv.,Sendai-shi,Miyagi- lossesmodelledusingacalibratedparabolicequationbasedacousticpropa- ken,Japan) gationmodelforarandomrange-dependentoceanwaveguide.Thebroad- band vocalization equivalent pulse-compression gains are found to be Passive acoustic monitoring is useful to observe presence of marine 2.561.1forfin,24610forblue,and69623forsei.Thesourceleveldistri- organismssuchasmarinemammals,fishesandcrustaceans.Weaimedto butionsandpulsecompressiongainsareessentialfordeterminingsignal-to- estimate the distribution of fishes and crustaceans using a towed hydro- noise ratios and hence detection regions for baleen whale vocalizations phone. A range-wide passive acoustic monitoring was conducted in received passivelyonunderwateracoustic sensingsystems, aswell as for TateyamabayinJapanusingR/VTakamaru(61t)onJuly,Septemberand assessing communication ranges and potential for echolocation in baleen Novemberin2015ofdayandnight.Thetowedhydrophone(TowedAqua- whales. feeler, AquaSound Inc., Japan) was used for the observation. The vessel cruised 5 knot on 5 lines to cover the focal survey area (N 35(cid:2)020’—N 9:30 35(cid:2)02’ and E 139(cid:2)46—E 139(cid:2)51). Recorded data with frequency from 100 Hz to 20 kHz were analyzed. Recorded fish sounds have dominant 5aAB7.Blind channel estimationof time-varying underwater acoustic frequencybetween200Hzand1500Hzanddurationbetween0.1sand2.1 waveguide impulse responses. Brendan P. Rideout, Eva-Marie Nosal s.Crustaceansoundshowsdominantfrequencyas3kHz–20kHzwiththe (Dept.ofOceanandResourcesEng.,Univ.ofHawaiiatManoa,2540Dole durationof10ms—20ms.Usingthesefeatures,numberoffishsoundswas St., Holmes Hall 402, Honolulu, HI 96822, [email protected]), and counted automatically using custom-made MATLAB program. Large Anders Host-Madsen (Elec. Eng., Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, numberofthesoundswererecordedinthenighttimethaninthedaytime. HI) MostfrequentlyreceivedmonthwasJuly.Bothofthefishandcrustacean Sometechniquesforunderwaterpassiveacousticlocalizationmakeuse soundswereobservedinshallowwater(<30m)showingacousticpresence ofestimatesforthedirectand/orinterface-reflectedacousticarrivaltimesof map. 3360 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3360 10:30 determinetheorganismcompositionrecordedacousticallyespeciallyinoli- gotrophic waters where mixed organism assemblages are common. One 5aAB10.Seasonalacousticpresenceoffinandbowheadwhalesinrela- such mixed stock in the Hawaii Islands is the Deep Scattering Layers tiontopreyabundanceandoceanographicenvironmentsinthesouth- (DSL). These layers are made up of micronekton (small squid, fish, and ern Chukchi Sea. Koki Tsujii, Mayuko Otsuki (Graduate School of crustaceans) which may be an important component linking primary pro- Environ.Sci.,HokkaidoUniv.,20-5Benten-cho,Hakodate,Hokkaido040- ducerswithhighertrophiclevels.Trawlingcanidentifythecompositionin 0051, Japan, [email protected]), Tomonari Akamatsu (National Res. theselayersbutthistoolcanbecostlyandunabletosampleasmuchareaas Inst.ofFisheriesSci.,FisheriesRes.Agency,Yokohama,Japan),IkuoMat- activeacoustics.ManyorganismsintheDSLdiurnallymigratetothesur- suo(TohokuGakuinUniv.,Sendai,Japan),KazuoAmakasu(TokyoUniv. face between 0 and 200 m to feed. We surveyed these organisms using of Marine Sci. and Technol., Konan, Japan), Minoru Kitamura, Takashi activeacousticsandtrawlingcollectedinJune2013andMarch2014onthe Kikuchi (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Sci. and Technol., Yokosuka, R/VOscarEltonSette.Wecomparedthecompositionoforganisms,volume Japan),KazushiMiyashita, andYokoMitani(FieldSci.Ctr.forNorthern byfunctionalgroup,andtotalvolumeinthetrawlwiththeacousticback- Biosphere,HokkaidoUniv.,Hakodate,Japan) scattertodeterminetherelationshipbetweentrawlandactiveacousticdata. Toassesshowseasonalandice-associatedwhalesdifferentlyrespondto Wedeterminedthattheacousticdensitieschangedasafunctionofthetrawl the Arctic climate changes, understanding the relationships among their compositionandvolumepotentiallyallowingfortheabilitytoexclusively presenceandenvironmentalconditionsisnecessary.Weexaminedthesea- useacousticsinthefuture. sonalacousticpresenceoffinBalaenopteraphysalusandbowheadwhales 11:15 Balaenamysticetusinrelationtopreyabundanceandoceanographiccondi- tionsinthesouthernChukchiSeafromJuly2012toJuly2014usingpassive 5aAB13.Studyingdeepdivingodontocetespotentialpreyfields’densities andactiveacousticmethods.Oceanographicconditionsobtainedwerewater andsizestructure inHawaiiusingaDIDSONimagingsonar.Giacomo temperature, salinity and sea ice concentrations. Fin whale calls were GiorliandWhitlowW.Au(HawaiiInst.ofMarineBiology,Univ.ofHawaii detectedfromsummertofall,onlyinice-freeandhighpreyabundancepe- atManoa,POBOX1306,Kaneohe,HI96744,[email protected]) riod.Moreover,thecall-detectedperiodwaslongerin2013than2012.In Deepdivingodontocetesodontocetesfeedinthedeepoceanonmesopela- contrast,bowheadwhalecallsweremainlydetectedfromfalltowinterand gicsquidandfish.Thedistributionofthesepreyarepoorlyknownbutdoes inspring,duringice-freeandice-coveredperiods.Thecallpresenceofbow- affectthedistributionofdeepdivingodontocetepredators.Hence,itisimpor- headwhalesoverlappedlessfrequentlywiththatoffinwhalesinfall2013 tanttocollectdataonthedensityandcompositionofpotentialpreytoidentify than2012.Thereasonforthedifferencesintheiracousticpresencebetween deepseahabitatsthatattractdeepdivingodontocetes.WeusedaDIDSON thesetwoyearsmaybecausedbyhigherwatertemperatureandlatesea-ice imagingsonartoinvestigatethedensityandsizestructureofmesopelagicani- formationin2013comparedtothosein2012.Theseresultssuggestthatan- malsalongtheKonacoastofHawaii,wherebeaked,spermandpilotwhales nualvariationsintheoceanographicconditionspossiblyaffectthedistribu- are regularly seen. Data were collected at multiple stations during three tionofbothspeciesinthesouthernChukchiSea. researchcruisesbyloweringthesonarinthewatercolumntosampleatdiffer- 10:45 ent depthsand monitoring the mesopelagic biomasswithan EK6038kHz echosounder.Foragingactivityofwhaleswasmonitoredatfewstationsusing 5aAB11. Presence of ribbon seal vocalizations are related to sea ice passiveacousticrecordersandatowedarrayofhydrophones.Wewereable extentintheNemuroStrait,theOkhotskSea.MayukoOtsuki(Graduate tocountandsize7068pelagicanimals.Densityandsizevariedinspace,with SchoolofEnviron.Sci.,HokkaidoUniv.,20-5Benten,Hakodate,Hokkaido higher densities and bigger animals at the offshore stations. The DIDSON 040-0051, Japan, [email protected]), Tomonari Akamatsu waseffectiveatdetectingtargetsbiggerthan10cm,asizerangethatincludes (National Res. Inst. of Fisheries Sci., Japan Fisheries Res. and Education potentialpreyofdeepdivingodontocetes.Preliminarydatasuggestdifferen- Agency,Yokohama,Japan),TakahiroNobetsu(ShiretokoNatureFounda- cesmayexistsinhabitatselectionbyeachdeepdivingodontocetes. tion, Rausu, Japan), and Yoko Mitani (Field Sci. Ctr. for Northern Bio- sphere,HokkaidoUniv.,Hakodate,Japan) 11:30 Vocalizations of ice-breeding ribbon seals Histriophoca fasciata were 5aAB14.Snappingshrimp:ChangesinenvironmentalnoiseinLaguna recordedusingunderwaterpassiveacousticmethodsfromNovember2012 deT(cid:2)erminos,Campeche,M(cid:2)exico,afterhurricanes.CarmenBaz(cid:2)uaDur(cid:2)an toMarch2014offtheNemuroStrait,Japan.Sealpresenceinthestraitwas (UNAM,FacultaddeCiencias,CircuitoExteriors/n,CiudadUniversitaria, examinedinrelationtotheseaiceextentintheOkhotskSea.Ribbonseal M(cid:2)exico,D.F.04510,Mexico,[email protected]),PamelaA.AzamarReyes downsweepswereonlydetectedwhenseaicewaspresentinthestrait(Feb- (FESIztacala,UNAM,Tlalnepantla,Edo.deM(cid:2)exico,Mexico),andWhit- ruaryandMarch),withmoredetectionsinMarchleadinguptothespring lowW.Au(MMRP,HIMB,Univ.ofHawaii,Kaneohe,HI) breeding season. Since ribbon seals require ice for breeding, underwater LagunadeT(cid:2)erminos,Campeche,M(cid:2)exico,isoneofthelargestcoastal communicationforbreedingcouldbeneededduringtheseaicepresencein lagoonsinMexicowheresnappingshrimpisthemainsourceofbiological thisstrait.Northeasterlywindswereanotherindirectdriverofribbonseal sound.Wemeasuredtheenvironmentalnoisefrom2004to2008instations occurrence,sincewindsfromthisdirectionlikelytransportseaicefromthe distributedhomogeneouslyinthislagoonduring17samplingperiodsusing central Okhotsk Sea into the Nemuro Strait. Downsweep detections adigitalaudiotaperecordersamplingat48kHzwith16bitsfor1minuteat decreased in the middle of the day, which is consistent withobservations eachstation.Theenvironmentalnoiseintherecordingswasmeasuredwith thatsealshauledoutontheiceduringthistime,andthuswereproducing asemi-automaticMATLABroutinedesignedforthispurpose.Resultsindi- fewer underwater vocalizations.Our resultssuggestthat a decreaseinthe catethatenvironmentalnoiseinthelagoonchangesfromonesamplingto seaiceextentintheOkhotskSeamaychangethedistributionofribbonseals another,butitchangeddrasticallyafterthehurricanesof2005insomeof andimpacttheirbreedingbehavioursincetheNemuroStraitregionofthe the stations. This changes in submarine environmental noise helps us in OkhotskSeaislikelythesouthernlimitoftheirbreedingrange. understandingtheeffectsofnaturalphenomenainthedistributionandabun- 11:00 danceofmarinewildlife,suchassnappingshrimpsandbottlenosedolphins. M [WorksupportedbyCONACyT-CampecheandPAPIIT&PASPA-UNAM.] 5aAB12. Comparison between trawl volume and composition and A acousticbackscatter.AdrienneM.Copeland(Univ.ofHawaiiatManoa, RI. P.O.Box1346,Kailua,HI96734,[email protected]),WhitlowW.Au F (HawaiiInst.ofMarineBiology,Kailua,HI),andJeffreyPolovina(PIFSC, a 5 NOAA,Honolulu,HI) Active acoustics is an important tool to quantitatively assess the den- sities of pelagic organisms. While it is an important tool, it is hard to 3361 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3361 FRIDAYMORNING,2DECEMBER2016 KAHILI,8:30A.M.TO12:00NOON Session5aAO AcousticalOceanography:TopicsinAcousticalOceanographyII BorisKatsnelson,Cochair MarineGeosciences,UniversityofHaifa,Mt.Carmel,Haifa31905,Israel ContributedPapers 8:30 9:00 5aAO1.Effectofsandandsiltparticlesontheattenuationofcompres- 5aAO3. On usingmulti-looksynthetic aperture sonaranalysis for the sionalwavesinmarinemudsediments.AllanD.Pierce(Retired,POBox investigation of scattering mechanisms. Anthony P. Lyons (Ctr. for 339, 399 Quaker Meeting House Rd., East Sandwich, MA 02537, allan- CoastalandOceanMapping,Univ.ofNewHampshire,UniversityofNew [email protected]), William L. Siegmann, and Elisabeth Brown(Mathe- Hampshire,Durham,NH03824,[email protected])andDaniel maticalSci.,RensselaerPolytechnicInst.,Troy,NY) C.Brown(Appl.Res.Lab.,PennStateUniv.,StateCollege,PA) Mudinmarinesedimentsisamixtureofclay,sand,andsiltparticles. Multi-lookcoherenceexplorestheinformationcontentofsyntheticaper- Present paper follows up on a suggestion by Holland and Dosso (JASA, turesonar(SAS)imagesbysplittingthetotalangleandfrequencyspectral 2013) that the variability of the measured frequency-dependent compres- bandwidthofacomplexSASimageintosub-bands.Inthepresenceofaran- sionalwaveattenuationmaybecausedbythevariabilityoftheamountsof domdistributionofsurfaceorvolumescatterers,thespectralcoherenceis sandandsiltparticles.Thepremiseisthattheporosityforthemudishigh proportionaltothedegreeofoverlapinsub-bandsoftheSASimage.Conse- andthatthesandandsiltparticlesareinsuspension.Theydonotsettleout quently,foraperfectlyrandomdistributionofscatterers,thespectralcoher- tothebottomofthelayerbecausethecard-housefabricoftheclayparticles ence should be zero when the sub-bands do not overlap. If the scatterer tendsto holdthemin place.Thissuppositionleads toa theorywhere the distributiondeviatesfromthisbasicrandomdistribution,thespectralcoher- clayconfigurationgivesabase-lineattenuation,andthecontributionfrom encemaybenon-zeroforspecialcasesthatwouldberelatedtoscattering theindividualsandandsiltparticlesisadditive.Theestimationofthelatter fromspecificstructuressuchaspointsorfacets.Forthatreasonitappearsto isdistinguishedfromtheexistingtheoriesofattenuationofsoundinsandy/ bepossibletoseparatecoherentfeaturesfromtherandomscatteredback- siltysedimentsinthattheparticlesarepresumednottotoucheachother. groundsignalusingspectralcoherence,suggestingpossibilitiesfordetecting Particlesareassumedtobesphericalandthereisnoslipbetweenparticle and/orcharacterizingobjects(especiallyinlowsignal-to-reverberationsit- surfaces and the surrounding water. Earlier theories of attenuation in sus- uations).Inthistalk,wewilldiscusstheconceptandtheutilityofusingthe pensions by Lamb (Hydrodynamics), Urick (JASA. 1948), and others are complexcoherencebetweenaseriesofsub-lookSASimagestoinvestigate criticized because of their assumption that vorticity in fluid is zero. The differentscatteringmechanismsaswellasshowexamplesofthetechnique presenttheorypredictsthattheattenuationcontributionfromagivencate- using real and modeled SAS data. [Work performed under ONR Grants goryofparticleisproportionaltothesquareofthefrequencyandtosquare N00014-16-1-2469andN00014-16-1-2313.] ofparticlediameter,andinverselyproportionaltotheviscosity,inthelimit 9:15 of low frequencies. It approaches a frequency-independent constant at higherfrequencies.[WorksupportedbyONR.] 5aAO4.MultitargetpositioningsystemusingGoldcodepingersapplied toJapanesesquidinJapanSea.KeiichiUchida(TokyoUniv.ofMarine 8:45 Sci. and Technol., 5-3-6, ko-nan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan, 5aAO2.Acousticwavepropagationanalysisfordetectingasensorrobot [email protected]), Toyoki Sasakura (AquaSound, Inc., Tokyo, in heat transfer pipe. Yoshihiro Nishimura, Yoshinobu Kawagoe, and Japan), Takashi Kamoshida (AquaSound, Inc., Kobe, Japan), Aki Miyagi YoshihisaHarada(AMRI,AIST,2-1-2,Namiki,Tsukuba,Ibaraki3053564, (AquaSound, Inc., Tokyo, Japan), Yasuo Fujikawa (NICHIA Corp., Japan,[email protected]) Yokohama, Japan), Keiichi Kamiya (HAMADE Co., Ltd., Hakodate, Japan), Hiroshi Inada, and Yoshinori Miyamoto (Tokyo Univ. of Marine Ultrasonic Testings of heat transfer pipes in electric power plant are Sci.andTechnol.,Tokyo,Japan) important.Thosepipes,whichareover60mandwhoseinnerdiametersare 25mm,50mm,and75mm,havemorethan20curvesandarelocatedat To study the effect of light on Japanese squid (Todarodes pacificus) directlyunaccessibleplace.Wedevelopedacablelessrobotformeasuring behavior, we developed a new ultrasonic biotelemetry system that can thicknessofpipeinapipefilledwithwaterbutitisdifficulttoknowwhere simultaneouslyobserveandmeasuremultipletargets.Wetestedthesystem ourrobotisinthepipeatrealtime.Wedevelopedaprojectortopropagate on 40 squids in open water. Each squid was attached with a Gold code an intensive single-mode wave into the pipes and examined the relations pinger(AquaSoundInc.)thattransmitssinglefrequencysignalsofmultiple between frequencies-intenseness and wave propagation (3 kHz–50 kHz). codes(IDs).Byusingthecombinationof32kindsofGoldcodesequences, Attenuationsofacousticwavesinthepipefilledwithwaterweremuchlager wesucceededtodevelopareceivingsystemthatcansimultaneouslytrack thanthoseinthepiefilledwithairandexaminedformetalpipesandplastic 40pingers.Inthefieldtest,40squidsattachedwiththeGoldcodepingers pipes.Acousticwavetunnelingthroughpipe-wallwascalculatedandcom- were released simultaneously into open water and signals were recorded paredwithexperimentalresults.Acousticwavetunnelingthroughthepipe- fromthreefishingboatsforamaximumofsixhours.Theunderwaterposi- wallwasfoundtobethemainreasonwhyacousticwavecouldnotpropa- tioning of the squids was calculated based on the “reverse cross-bearing” gatelongerinthepipefiledwithwaterthanthatwithair.Wederiveduseful method by using the cross points from each direction against the target datatodevelopasystemformeasurementofwhereourrobotis. obtainedbytwoboats.Withtheadditionofdepthdataobtainedbythepres- suresensorinstalledineachGoldcodepinger,wesucceededtomeasurethe 3Dpositionsofall40targetsquids.Consideringthemovementofboatsby windandtide,thepositionsofallthreeboatsweremeasuredeverysecond usingtheGNSS(FURUNOElectronicsCo.,Ltd.). 3362 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3362 9:30 10:30 5aAO5.AcousticcharacterizationofthenewArcticduringIceExercise 5aAO8.Soundintensityfluctuationsasevidenceofmodecouplingdue 2016. John E. Joseph, D. B. Reeder, and Mitchell S. Nelson (Oceanogr., tomovingnonlinearinternalwavesinshallowwater.BorisKatsnelson Naval Postgrad. School, 833 Dyer Rd., Monterey, CA 93943, jejoseph@ (MarineGeoSci.,Univ.ofHaifa,199AbbaKhouchyAve.,Haifa3498838, nps.edu) Israel, [email protected]) and Yun Ren (State Key Lab, Inst. of Acoust.,CAS,Beijing,China) TheNavalPostgraduateSchool(NPS)participatedinIceExercise2016 (ICEX-16),a multi-national naval exercise conductedinthe BeaufortSea Oneofmanifestationofmodecouplingproducedbymovingnonlinear duringMarch2016.Operatingataremoteicecamp,NPSdeployedseveral internal(NIW)wavesistemporalfluctuationsofintensityoramplitude.In conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) sensors to capture oceano- spectrumoffluctuationsmeasuredduringafewhourstherearemaximums graphicvariabilityto500mdepthwhileperformingaseriesofpropagation atfrequencies,correspondingtoperiodical(intime)interactionofmoving tests.Mobileanddippedmid-frequencysourcestransmittedsignalstoapair NIWwithperiodical(inrange)interferencestructureofthesoundfield.If ofverticallinearrayreceiverspositionedinthefieldtoinvestigatedepth, velocityofNIWalongacoustictrackisv,thenpeaksareplacedatfrequen- range,angularandspecularcharacteristicsofacousticpropagationandtheir ciesF ~v(k -k ),wherek ispropagationconstantofmodem.Duetoa mn m n m correlation to variability in oceanographic structure and under-ice condi- few remaining modes in a long range propagation, spectrum should have tions.CTDdataindicatetherewassignificantvariabilityinsoundspeedat peaksatafewpredominatingfrequencies.Ingivenworkonthebaseofex- 50mdepthwherecold,freshmixed-layerwaterinterfaceswithcontrasting perimentaldataofASIAEX01andthecorrespondingtheoreticalanalysis,it warm,salinePacificSummerWater(PSW)thatlaysimmediatelybelowit. isshownexistenceofpredominatingfrequenciesinspectrumofthesound Thedataalsoshowapersistentandstablesubsurfacesoundchannelexisted intensityfluctuationsinthepresenceofNIWmovingalongacoustictrackof asaresultofthePSWwithpeaktemperatureat80msituatedabovecolder thelength~35km.BothspeedofNIWandscalesofinterferencebeating PacificWinterWater(PWW),resultinginasoundchannelaxisnear140m determinementionedfrequencies.Notethatacoustictrackconsistsoftwo depth.Bothfeatureshaveimportantimplicationsonsonarperformancein partswithdifferentdepths:~250m(NIWaremovingduringtimeinterval theArctic.Modeledandmeasuredtransmissionlossarecomparedtoquan- considered)and120m(positionofreceivingarray).So,spectrumoffluctua- tifytheeffects. tions depends on modal structure both parts of this acoustic track. [Work wassupportedbyISFandNSFC.] 9:45 10:45 5aAO6. Modeling reflection and scattering by deep-ocean turbidites. DarrellJacksonandDajunTang(Appl.Phys.Lab.,Univ.ofWashington, 5aAO9. Mapping the acoustical properties of the upper sedimentary 1013NE40thSt.,Seattle,WA98105,[email protected]) layerinLakeKinneret.BorisKatsnelson(MarineGeoSci.,Univ.ofHaifa, Mt.Carmel,Haifa31905,Israel,[email protected]),AndreyLun- Turbiditesarecommonlyfoundindeepoceansedimentsandarecom- kov(GeneralPhys.Inst.,RAS,Moscow,RussianFederation),ReginaKats- posedofmultiplethinlayersoffineandcoarsersediments,thecoarsersedi- man (Marine GeoSci., Univ. of Haifa, Haifa, Israel), and Ilia Ostrovsky mentsbeingdepositedbyturbiditycurrents.Althoughacousticsisaunique (IgalAlonKinneretLab,IOLR,Haifa,Israel) meanstoquantitativelyprobethephysicalandgeophysicalpropertiesoftur- bidites,researchonthissubjectisstilllimited.TheworkofGilbertandof Aseriesoffieldexperimentswereconductedtoestimatetheeffective HollandandMuncillhasshownthatthislayeringcancauseacousticreflec- acousticalpropertiesofthebottominLakeKinneret(Israel).Awideband tiontobeverystrong,withbottomlosslessthanthatexpectedforhardsea- soundsource(300Hzto2kHz)waspositionedatdifferentranges(1mto6 floors.Weexaminethisproblemfurther,lookingattheeffectoflayeringon km)fromasinglehydrophone.Bothlocalandlong-rangemeasurementsof penetrationintotheseafloorandalsoconsideringscatteringbyroughnessof thesoundfieldwerecarriedout.Alltheacousticdatademonstratedahigh theinter-layerinterfaces.Itisfoundthatpenetrationcanbeseverelylimited reflectivityofthelakebottomatallgrazinganglesthatisspecificfeatureof insomecases,andthatthisbehaviorcanbeunderstoodasaformofAnder- gas-bearingsediments.Experimentalsoundpulseswerecomparedwiththe son localization. Prospects for inversion of broadband, vertical-incidence simulatedonestoobtainthevaluesofeffectivesoundspeedinthesedimen- dataareconsidered.[WorksupportedbyONR.] tarylayeratdifferentlocationsinthelake.Usingabasicthreecomponent sediment’smodel(water,rigidparticles,andgasbubbles),thegasfraction 10:00–10:15Break inthebottomwasestimated.Ahighcorrelationbetweenthecalculatedgas fraction and previously measured organic matter concentration was 10:15 observed.[WorkwassupportedbyISF.] 5aAO7. Doppler sonar measurements of bedload sediment transport: 11:00 Yesthere’sasignal,butcanitbequantified?LenZedel(Phys.andPhysi- cal Oceanogr., MemorialUniv. of NF, Chemistry-Phys. Bldg., St. John’s, 5aAO10. Model-based design of multibeam sonar system. Jun Kuroda NF A1B 3X7, Canada, [email protected]), Jenna Hare, Alex Hay, and Greg (RadioApplication,GuidanceandElectro-OpticsDiv.,NECCorp.,10,Nis- Wilson(Oceanogr.,DalhousieUniv.,Halifax,NS,Canada) shincho1-chome,FuchuCity,Tokyo211-8666,Japan,[email protected]. com) and Motohiro Kaname (Maritime Sensor Eng. Div., NEC Network IthasbeendemonstratedthatDopplersonarmeasurementsofapparent andSensorSystems,Ltd.,FuchuCity,Tokyo,Japan) bottomvelocityinriversiscorrelatedwithbedloadtransport.Weexplore thedegreetowhichthismeasurementcanbequantifiedusingafielddeploy- Multibeamsonar is a technique usedto manyapplications in offshore ablemulti-frequency(1.2-2.2MHz),bistaticDopplersonarsystemthatpro- activities, e.g. oceanographic survey, fish finder and sound navigation in videsthree-componentvelocityprofilesovera~30cmintervalwith~5mm maritime. Sonar consists of integrated system of components, which are resolutionatarateof50profiles/sec.Modelsimulationsofsystemperform- acoustictransducers,electricaltransmitterreceivers,andsignalprocessing ance demonstrate that the estimates of bed movement are proportional to circuits. Numerical prototyping by model-based design (MBD) is widely sedimentfluxbutscalingtoactualsedimentfluxwouldrequireanempirical employedtodevelopofvariousinstruments,whicharealsousefultodesign M fit.Inordertoexplorethesystemcapabilityunderactualfieldconditions,a algorithm and configuration of sonar. A sonar system is divided roughly A s(SerAieFsLo).fTehxepeSrAimFeLntfsacwilaistyupnrdoevritdaeksenaa1t.8thmedSet.epA,n2t.h7o5nmyFwaildlseLflaubmoerattaonryk ianntdoatwcooussytisctefimeldcas,teagnodriecsa,tethgaotryis2t:oeslaeyc,trcicaatelgtoraryns1m:iattceorus,strieccteriavnesrds,ucaenrds RI. F thatallowsflowratesoforder1m/soveramobilebedandwherethebed- signalprocessingcircuits.Designofthecategory1needsnumericalsimula- a loadtransportcanbemeasuredbysedimenttrapsbuiltintotheflumesys- tionofsonicwavesreflectedbytargets.OneissueforMBDistostudya 5 tem.WereportonpreliminaryresultsfromtrialsmadeatSAFL. highspeedandlow-costcomputationmethodtosimulateechosignals.Nu- mericalcomputationmethods,suchasfinite-elementmethod(FEM),bound- ary-element method (BEM) and finite-difference-time-domain method (FDTD),requirelotsofcomputationresourcestosolvelargeacousticfield. Multibeamsonarisusuallyusedtotargetswhichareawayfromtransducers. 3363 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3363 Therefore,equationstosimulatetransmittedandreceivedsonicwavecanbe demonstrate the potential of sonars for detection and quantification of oil simplifiedbythefarfieldapproximation.Thispaperproposesanumerical andgasreleasesofnaturaloranthropogenicorigin.Simulationsofacoustic simulationmethodofacousticechosignalsbetweentransducersandtargets backscatteringfromplumesisanimportanttoolfordesignofleakagedetec- forMBD. tionsystemsandinsituleakagequantification.Backscatteringfromsubsea leakagesareoftensimulatedassumingsphericalshapesusing,e.g.,effective 11:15 mediumtheory,howeverinrealworldsituationsbubbleanddropletsarenot 5aAO11.Ultrasoniccharacterizationofseagrassleafblades(Posidonia spherical.Inthisstudythebackscatteringfromsinglebubbles(CO2,CH4, oceanica).JayR.Johnson,GabrielR.Venegas,PrestonS.Wilson(Mech. and air) and droplets (light and heavy oil) are simulated under different Eng., The Univ. of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C2200,Austin, shape regimes (i.e. as a function of Reynolds and E€otv€os number). The TX 78712, [email protected]), Jean-Pierre Hermand (LISA shapes are extracted from time dependent Computational Fluid Dynamics Environ.HydroAcoust.Lab,Universit(cid:2)elibredeBruxelles(ULB),Brussels, simulationsandthebackscatteringismodeledusingadaptivecrossapproxi- BrusselsCapital,Belgium),andThibaultUrban(NDTDept.,Vinc¸otte,Vil- mationacceleratedBoundaryElementMethod(BEM).Thebackscattering voorde,Belgium) from single bubbles and droplets are used as input to effective medium theorysimulationsofplumes.SimulationsusingBEMandeffectivemedium Ithasbeenshownthatsimplemixturetheorymodelsareinadequateto theorywithsphericalandnon-sphericalbubblesanddropletsarecompared describe low-frequencysound propagation throughseagrassmeadowsand with controlled in situ measurements of backscattering with concurrent furtherunderstandingoftheacousticpropertiesofseagrasstissueisneces- shapemeasurements. sary.Tothatend,wepresenttwoultrasonicsoundspeedmeasurementson the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica. First, a transit time mea- 11:45 surementthroughastackof120leafbladesat2.25MHzarecomparedto similarmeasurementsmadeonmacroalgaeEckloniaradiata.Soundspeed 5aAO13.Determinationofacousticwaveguideinvariantusingshipsas differencesarerelatedtothegascontentwithintheaerenchymaofseagrass sourcesofopportunityinashallowwatermarineenvironment.Christo- and other tissue characteristics. Second, ultrasonic sound speed measure- pher M. Verlinden, Jit Sarkar (Marine Physical Lab., Scripps Inst. of mentsthroughasuspensionoffinelydividedP.oceanicaleafbladesatfre- Oceanogr.,Univ.ofCalifornia,SanDiego,9500GilmanDr.,LaJolla,CA quenciesbetween1and4MHzarecomparedtolow-frequency(1-8kHz) 92093-0701,[email protected]),BruceCornuelle,andWilliamA.Kuper- sound speed obtained on the same blade suspension by means of a reso- man(MarinePhysicalLab.,ScrippsInst.ofOceanogr.,Univ.ofCalifornia, nancechamber. SanDiego,SanDiego,CA) 11:30 Thewaveguideinvariant(WGI)isapropertythatcanbeusedtolocalize acousticradiatorsandextractinformationabouttheenvironment.Here,the 5aAO12.Simulationofacousticbackscatteringfrombubblesanddrop- WGIisdeterminedusingshipsassourcesofopportunity,trackedusingthe lets under different shape regimes with implications for underwater Automatic Identification System (AIS). Using a single hydrophone the detectionofleakagesusingactiveacousticsensors.GeirPedersen(Instru- acoustic intensity as a function of range and angle is measured in the mentation,ChristianMichelsenRes.AS,P.O.Box6031,Bergen5892,Nor- presenceofshipsatavarietyofrangesandangles.Therelationshipbetween way,[email protected]) range,intensity,andfrequencyisusedtodeterminetheWGIparameterb Safesubseaproductionofoilandgas,aswellasstorageofCO ingeo- forshipsinavarietyofpositions.TheseBetavaluesareinterpolatedanda 2 logical formations subsea, require rapid detection of accidental releases, mapofbiscreatedfortheenvironmentinquestion.Themethodisdemon- eliminating potential harm to the environment. Monitoring of natural gas strated using data collected on a single hydrophone in a shallow water seepsareimportantinaclimateandenvironmentalaspect.Previousstudies environmentoffthecoastofSouthernCalifornia. 3364 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3364 FRIDAYMORNING,2DECEMBER2016 CORAL1,8:00A.M.TO10:00A.M. Session5aBAa BiomedicalAcoustics:AcousticsforOlderPersonswithDisabilities TakayukiArai,Cochair InformationandCommunicationSciences,SophiaUniversity,7-1Kioi-cho,Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo102-8554,Japan MariUeda,Cochair DepartmentofDesignStrategy,KyushuUniversity,4-9-1Shiobaru,Fukuoka815-8540,Japan InvitedPapers 8:00 5aBAa1.Theactivitiesoftheresearchcommitteeon“Otobarrier-free”oftheAcousticalSocietyofJapan.KimioShiraishi(Fac- ultyofDesign,KyushuUniv.,4-9-1Shiobaru,Minami-ku,Fukuoka815-8540,Japan,[email protected]),KentaroNaka- mura(Inst. ofInnovativeRes., TokyoInst.of Technol.,Tokyo,Japan),YasuhiroOikawa (Facultyof Sci. andEng.,Waseda Univ., Tokyo,Japan),andMariUeda(FacultyofDesign,KyushuUniv.,Fukuoka,Japan) Thenumberofthepersonsabove65yearsoldhasreached26%ofthepopulationinJapan.Consequently,thenumberofpersons withhearingand/orvisualimpairmentshasincreasedveryrapidly.Itisimportanttosupportcommunicationorsoundinformationcom- pensationforthesepersons.Fromthisbackground,theresearchcommitteeon“Otobarrier-free”oftheAcousticalSocietyofJapanhas startedin2006.The“Otobarrier-free”committeeintendstoresolveproblemsrelatedtoimprovingaccessibilityindailylifeforpersons withdisabilitiesorelderlypeople.Theresearchfieldsareverydiverseandincludespeechcommunication,electro-acoustics,noiseand vibration,architecturalacoustics,andlawsfordisabledpersons.Theresearchactivitiesforpersonswithhearingimpairmentsorelderly peopleaimtoimprovetheirlisteningenvironmentinindoorspaces,suchashomesfortheagedorstationbuildings,bytestingtheuseof soundabsorbingmaterialsandhearingassistivedevices.Theresearchassistsorcomplementstheuseofaidssuchasvoiceguidance devicesforpersonswithavisualimpairment,andwillbeusefulforforeignersvisitingtheTokyoOlympicsandParalympicsGamesin 2020too. 8:20 5aBAa2.Relationshipbetweenauditorydegradationandfricatives/affricatesproductionandperceptioninelderlylisteners.Keii- chiYasu(NationalRehabilitationCtr.forPersonswithDisabilities,1,Namiki4-chome,Tokorozawa359-8555,Japan,keiichi.yasu@ gmail.com),TakayukiArai(SophiaUniv.,Tokyo,Japan),KeiKobayashi(TheUniv.ofAuckland,Auckland,NewZealand),andMit- sukoShindo(SophiaUniv.,Tokyo,Japan) Elderlypeopleoftencomplainthattheystrugglewithconsonantidentificationwhenlisteningtospokenlanguage.Inpreviousstud- ies,weconductedseveralexperiments,includingidentificationtestsforyoungandelderlylistenersusing/shi/-/chi/(CV)and/ishi/-/ ichi/ (VCV) continua. We also recorded production of such CV and VCV syllables. For the CV stimuli, confusion of /shi/ as /chi/ increasedwhenthefricationhadalongrisetime.Thedegreeofconfusionincreasedwhenauditorypropertydegradationwasobserved suchasthresholdelevationinhighfrequency.IntheVCVstimuli,confusionof/ichi/as/ishi/occurredforalongsilentintervalbetween thefirstVandCwithauditorypropertydegradation.Inthepresentstudy,weanalyzedtheutterancesofthoseCVandVCVsyllables andmeasuredthedurationoffricationandsilentinterval.Thedirectionoftheboundaryshiftintheperceptionoffricativesandaffricates byauditorydegradationwasconsistentwiththatofproduction.Wefoundthatdegradationofauditorypropertiesaffectsbothperception andproductionoffricativesandaffricatesinelderlypeople. 8:40 5aBAa3.AspeechsynthesizerofJapanesesavespatients’voices.TakayukiArai(SophiaUniv.,7-1Kioi-cho,Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo 102-8554, Japan, [email protected]), Shigeto Kawahara (The Keio Inst. of Culture and Linguistic Studies, Tokyo, Japan), Musashi Homma(TokyoMetropolitanNeurologicalHospital,Tokyo,Japan),andTakakiYoshimura(Pasobora,Sasebo,Japan) M “MyVoice,”freespeechsynthesissoftwareforJapanese,developedbyoneoftheauthors,iswidelyusedtosavemanypatients’voi- A cesinJapan.Weloseourvoiceforvariousreasons.AmyotrophicLateralSclerosis,orALS,isanexample.WhenanALSpatienthas difficultybreathing,Tracheotomybecomesanoption,andthepatientlosestheabilitytospeak.Laryngectomyisanotherexample.By RI. using“MyVoice,”patientscankeepcommunicatingusingtheirownvoiceevenafterlosingthatability.Tofacilitatethis,patientsrecord F utteranceswiththeirvoicebeforesurgery.Therecordingisdesignedtominimizetimeandloadofpatientsasmuchaspossible,by a 5 includingJapanesebasicmorasetsothatpotentiallyanywordcanbeconcatenatedfromtherecordedsounds.Thegraphicaluserinter- faceofthissoftwareiswell-designedsothattherapistsaswellasthepatients’familyandfriendscanalsouseitwithaminimumof effort.Infact,weoftenhearheart-warmingstoriesofmaking“MyVoice.”“MyVoice”continuestorescuepatients’voicesandwewill continuemakingimprovementstoitinthefuture. 3365 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3365 9:00 5aBAa4.Audioserviceforelderlypeopleinbroadcasting.TomoyasuKomori,TakehiroSugimoro,andAtsushiImai(Sci.&Technol. Res.Labs.,NHK(Japanbroadcastingcorporation),1-10-11KinutaSetagaya-ku,Tokyo1578510,Japan,[email protected]) Elderlyviewerssometimesfeelthatthebackgroundsound(musicandsoundeffects)intelevisionprogramsistooloudorthatthe narrationorspeechistoofasttounderstand.Weattemptedtosolvetheseproblemsbytwomethods:improvementofthereceiversystem andthedevelopmentofanewbroadcastingsystem.Weprototypedareceiversysteminwhichloudnessbalancebetweenthedialog(nar- rationorspeech)andbackgroundsoundcanbeadjusted,aswellasthespeechrate.Theresultsofsubjectiveevaluationexperiments withelderlyviewersshowedthattheuseofthissystemcouldsignificantlyfacilitatelisteningtotelevisionsound.In2016,westarted testbroadcastingof8KSuperHi-Vision(8KSHV)programsthathavehighlyimmersivesurroundsoundproducedthrough22.2multi- channel(22.2ch).Withtheaimofimprovingthefunctionalityof8KSHVsoundasabroadcastingservice,adomesticstandardhasbeen establishedforthedialoguecontrolfunctions,includingthedialogenhancementandadialogreplacementfunction.Inthispresentation, weshowthesetwotypesofaudioserviceforelderlypeople. 9:20 5aBAa5.Useofdatahidinginaerialsoundsforaccessibility.AkiraNishimura(Dept.ofInformatics,TokyoUniv.ofInformation Sci.,4-1,Onaridai,Wakaba-ku,Chiba2658501,Japan,[email protected]) Thisarticlereviewsprevioustechnologiesforaerialacousticdatatransmission,namely,audiodatahiding,acousticmodems,anda hybridofthetwo.Thesetechnologiescanprovideaninformationchanneltoconveyindexdataforstatictextmessagesordatafortext messagestoassistpeoplewhoaredeaforhardofhearing.Thepayloadbitrateofthesetechnologiesrangesfromseveralbitspersecond forlongdistances(>100m)tohundredsofbitspersecondforshortdistances(<1m).Previousstudieshavemainlyfocusedondevelop- ingmethodsforembeddingandencodinginformationintoaerialsounds.However,fewworkshaveevaluatedactualaerialtransmission inthepresenceofvariousdisturbances,suchasreverberationandreflections,transferfunctionsofloudspeakersandmicrophones,non- lineardistortionsinloudspeakers,backgroundnoise,andDopplereffects.Therefore,inthisstudy,evaluationmethodsfortheseacoustic datatransmissiontechnologiesareproposedanddiscussed.Inaddition,practicalapplicationsarediscussedregardingtheuseofthetech- nologiesasameansofaccessibilityforpeoplewithspeechandlanguagedisabilities. 9:40 5aBAa6.AcousessMap:Smartphone-basedcollaborativetooltofacilitateassessingacousticalaccessibilityconditionsforvisually impaired people. Mari Ueda (Dept. of Design Strategy, Kyushu Univ., 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Fukuoka, Minami-ku 815-8540, Japan, m- [email protected]),TakahiroMiura,Ken-ichiroYabu(Univ.Tokyo,Tokyo,Japan),TakashiMorihara(INCT,Kanazawa,Ja- pan),andYoshioTsuchida(KIT,Kanazawa,Japan) Assistiveinstrumentssuchastexturedpavingblocksandacousticaltrafficsignalsareinstalledforhelpingvisuallyimpairedpeople towalkcomfortablyandavoidtrafficaccidents,whohaveanyinconveniencetomoveoutside.Thoughtheseprecipitoussituationsof accessibilityprogressaffecttheirmigrationpathwayfortheirdestination,up-to-dateaccessibilityinformationisdifficulttogainquickly becauseoflocalinformationdisclosure.Thusitisnecessarytodevelopacomprehensivesystemthatappropriatelyacquiresandarranges scatteredaccessibilityinformation,andthenpresentsthisinformationintuitively.However,thesesystemspresentvolunteerswithdiffi- cultieswhentheyaregatheringaccessibilityconditionsandthenorganizingthem.Also,mostofthevolunteersdonotknowthecurrent situationsofacousticalsupportsystemsforthevisuallyimpaired.Inthisstudy,ourfinalgoalistoestablishanefficientschemetoshare theconditionsandplacesoftheacousticalsupportsystemsbymanyvolunteers.Particularly,inthisreport,weaimedtocheckthefeasi- bilitytosharetheacousticalconditionstothewebbypersonswithoutanyknowledgeofthesupportsystems.Wefirstdevelopeda smartphone-basedapplicationforsharingaccessibilityconditionsandcarriedouteventstoshareaccessibilityconditionsasapartofa lecturecoursefortechnicalcollegestudents. 3366 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3366 FRIDAYMORNING,2DECEMBER2016 CORAL3,8:00A.M.TO12:00NOON Session5aBAb BiomedicalAcoustics:BiomedicalAcousticsPosterSession KangKim,Chair Medicine,UniversityofPittsburgh,950ScaifeHall,3550TerraceStreet,Pittsburgh,PA15261 Allposterswillbeondisplayfrom8:00a.m.to12:00noon.Toallowcontributorsinthissessiontoseetheotherposters,authorsofodd- numberedpaperswillbeattheirpostersfrom8:00a.m.to10:00a.m.andauthorsofeven-numberedpaperswillbeattheirpostersfrom 10:00a.m.to12:00noon. ContributedPapers 5aBAb1. Tissue boundary roughness index for evaluating malignancy 5aBAb3. Relative impedance variation based temperature monitoring ofcancerinultrasound-computedtomographysystem.KazuhiroYama- anddosecontrolforhighintensityfocusedultrasoundtherapy.Qingyu naka,TakahideTerada,YushiTsubota,WenjingWu,AtsuroSuzuki,Taka- Ma, Gepu Guo (School of Phys. andTechnol., Nanjing Normal Univ., 1 shiMaruoka,andKen-ichiKawabata(Res.&DevelopmentGroup,Hitachi, Wenyuan Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China, [email protected]), Ltd.,1-280,Higashi-Koigakubo,Kokubinji,Tokyo185-8601,Japan,kazu- Juan Tu, Dong Zhang (Inst. of Acoust., Nanjing Univ., Nanjing, Jiangsu, [email protected]) China),andShaotongFeng(SchoolofPhys.andTechnol.,NanjingNormal Univ.,Nanjing,Jiangsu,China) Ultrasound-computedtomography(USCT)isapromisingcandidatefor aradiationfree,painless,andquantitativemodalityforbreastcancerexami- Highintensityfocusedultrasound(HIFU)canbeusedasanon-invasive nation. We developed a USCT prototype with a ring-shaped transducer andefficienttherapyapproachtotreattumorsbyheatcoagulationwithless array(frequency:1.5MHz)thatmovesalongtheringaxisforscanningthe metastasis,althoughitisstilllimitedbyinaccuratetemperaturemonitoring entirebreast.Distributionsofspeedandattenuationofultrasoundarecom- andefficacyevaluation.Basedontherelationshipbetweentemperatureand puted from ultrasoundtransmittedthroughtissue. Although prior research electrical impedance, a model of impedance measurement during HIFU showsthatthereisacorrelationbetweenmalignancyandthespeedofsound therapywasestablished.Numericalstudiesonthedistributionsofacoustic and attenuation values, in some cases both benign and malignant tumors pressure,temperatureandconductivityweresimulated,andtheimpedances have similar values. In this study, we propose to quantify the boundary inthemodelwerecalculatedwiththeelectricalpotentialandcurrentden- roughnessofatumorfromthespatialpowerdistributionsofreflectedultra- sity.Itisprovedthat,forafixedacousticpowerinthefocalregion,therela- soundsthataretransmittedfromdifferentaperturesoftheringtransducer. tive impedance variation (RIV) linearly increases with the increasing Inconventionalultrasoundechography,theboundaryroughnessofatumor treatmenttimeandisinverselyproportionaltoacousticpower,whiletherel- isanimportantindicatorofmalignancy.However,roughnessisjudgedby ativeimpedancevariationrate(RIVR)showsalinearrelationshipwiththe radiologistsbasedonB-modeimagesandisasubjectiveindex.Wesimu- acousticpower.Thetreatmenttimethatisrequiredforthetemperaturein latedtheultrasoundreflectionsignalfromboundariesofdifferentroughness. thefocalregiontoreach70degreeisinverselyproportionaltothesquareof Thesimulationresultindicatesthataspatialpowerconcentrationhasasig- acousticpower.TheexperimentalresultsofRIVandRIVRmeasuredatdif- nificant correlation with boundary roughness. We confirmed through gel ferent powersandtreatment times arein goodagreementswiththe simu- phantomexperimentsthattheindexdistinguishesroughandsmoothboun- lateddata.TheresultssuggestthattheRIVcanbeusedasausefulindicator daries,whichisnotevidentinB-modeimages. for the non-invasive temperature monitoring and efficacy evaluation, and mightprovidenewstrategyforaccuratedosecontrolofHIFUtherapy. 5aBAb2. Tissue lesion formation induced by high intensity focused ultrasoundalongaspiralpathway.DongZhang,JuanTu,XiashengGuo 5aBAb4. A high-frequency ultrasound method for testing skin cancer (Phys., Inst. of Acoust., Nanjing Univ, 22 Hankou Rd., Nanjing 210093, marginsexvivo.ZacharyA.Coffman(Biology,UtahValleyUniv.,2750 China, [email protected]), Qingyu Ma, and Gepu Guo (Phys., Nanjing W. Spaulding Ln., West Jordan, UT 84088, zachary.a.coffman@gmail. NormalUniv,Nanjing,China) com),CaitlinCarter(BioTechnol.,UtahValleyUniv.,Orem,UT),DollyA. Sanjinez(Biology,UtahValleyUniv.,Orem,UT),GarrettWagner(Com- Boththeoreticalandexperimentalstudieswereperformedheretoinves- put. Eng.,UtahValleyUniv.,Orem, UT),RobynK.Omer(Botany,Utah tigate the lesion formation induced by high-intensity focused ultrasound ValleyUniv.,Orem,UT),andTimothyE.Doyle(Phys.,UtahValleyUniv., (HIFU)operatingincontinuousscanningmodealongaspiralpathway.The Orem,UT) Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov equation and bio-heat equation were combinedinthecurrentmodeltopredictHIFU-inducedtemperaturedistri- Mohssurgeryisthestandardsurgicaltreatmentforbasalcellcarcinoma bution andlesion formation. Theshape of lesion andtreatment efficiency andseveralmelanomas.Itinvolvesresectingsuccessivelayersoftheskin wereassessedfora givenscanningspeedattwodifferentgridspacing(3 cancerandsurroundingtissue(margins),analyzingthetissueinapathology M mm and 4 mm) in both the gel phantom and ex vivo studies. The results laboratory,andusingtheresultstodeterminewhetherallofthecancerhas A showthatuniformlesionscanbegeneratedbythehomogenizationofther- been removed or whether another layer needs to be resected. Although RI. maldiffusionalongthespiralscanningpathway.Thecompletecoverageof resectionofeachlayeronlytakes5-10minutes,proceduretimesforMohs F theentiretreatedvolumecanbeachievedaslongasthespacinggridofthe surgeryareapproximately4hourssincethepathologyanalysisisverytime a 5 spiralpathwayissmallerthanacriticalvaluethatrightmatchesthemaxi- consuming.Arapidspecimenassessmenttechniquefordetectingskincan- mumthermaldiffusiondimension,andthetreatmentefficiencycanbeopti- cerinsurgicalmarginswouldthereforebeofsignificantbenefittodermatol- mizedbyselectinganappropriatescanningspeed.Thisstudycanprovide ogy surgeons and their patients. A high-frequency ultrasound method has guidance for further optimization of the treatment efficiency of HIFU beendevelopedtotestMohssurgicalspecimenswithouttheneedfordirect therapy. immersionortransducercontactonthespecimens.Theultrasoundsystem 3367 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3367 uses a 50-MHz, narrow-beam (1.5 mm) pachymeter probe; a 50-MHz, 5aBAb7. Modular arrays for transpinal ultrasound application. Shan broad-beam (6.25 mm) transducer; a high-frequency pulser-receiver; a 1- Qiao,ConstantinCoussios,andRobinCleveland(Dept.ofEng.Sci.,Uni- GHzdigitaloscilloscope;andanaluminumteststagetoholdandscanthe versity of Oxford, Inst. of Biomedical Eng., Old Rd. Campus Res. Bldg., specimen. Pitch-catch and pulse-echo measurements are collected from Headington, Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom, shan.qiao03@ eachtestpositiononthespecimentodeterminetheposition’sthicknessand gmail.com) ultrasonic wave speed. Other parameters calculated from the data include Lowerbackpainisoneofthemostcommonhealthproblemsindevel- attenuationandspectralpeakdensity. opedcountries,andisnormallycausedbythedegenerationofintervertebral discs.Highintensityfocusedultrasoundcanbeusedtomechanicallyfrac- 5aBAb5. Transducer influence on magnetoacoustic tomography with tionatedegeneratedisctissuebyinertialcavitation.Duetothecomplexity magneticinductionbasedon3Dequivalentsourceanalysisfortissues. of thespine structure,delivering sufficientfocusedacoustic energy to the QingyuMa,ShaotongFeng,GepuGuo(SchoolofPhys.andTechnol.,Nanj- targetzonewithoutdamagingsurroundingtissueischallengingandfurther ingNormalUniv.,1WenyuanRd.,QixiaDistrict,Nanjing,Jiangsu210023, exacerbatedbypatient-to-patientvariability.Hereweproposethedesignof China,[email protected]),JuanTu,andDongZhang(Inst.ofAcoust., modulararrays,eachconsistingof32elementsat0.5MHz,whichcanbe NanjingUniv.,Nanjing,Jiangsu,China) configuredtooptimizedeliveryforaspecificpatientbythemeansoftime- reversalusingthepatientgeometryderivedfromCTscans.Initialtestswere Asanoninvasiveimagingmodalitybasedonthecouplingofmagnetic carried out in water and compared with simulations. Using four different and acoustic fields, magnetoacoustic tomographywith magnetic induction configurationsoffourmodules,focusingwasaccomplishedusinganeedle (MAT-MI)hasbeendemonstratedtohavethecapabilityofimagingthevar- hydrophoneatthetargetlocationtodeterminethetransmitphaseforeach iationofconductivitydistributioninsidetheobject.However,theimagere- element.Ineachofthefourconfigurationsafocalgainofapproximately35 solution is still limited by the parameters of the receiver. Based on the wasachievedandsteeringrangeofthefocuswas+/-30mminazimuth,+/- theoryofacousticdipole,3Dequivalentsourceanalysiswasusedtosimu- 5mminelevation.Theseresultsconfirmthatthenumericalmodelaccurately latetransducerdetectedpressuresandwaveformsforMAT-MI.Theinflu- predictstheacousticfieldofthemodulararrayandcanbeusedfortreatment enceoftransducerwasstudiedboththeoreticallyandexperimentallyfora planninginadisc.[WorksupportedbyEPSRC,UK.] cylindricalmodel.Itisdemonstratedthatlarge-radiustransducerwithstrong receptionpatterncandetecttheacousticsignalstransmittedalongitsnormal directionwithsharppressurepeaks,reflectingthedivergenceoftheinduced 5aBAb8.Dynamicsofanacousticallydrivenliquid-gasinterface.Bran- Lorentzforce.Byconsideringtheeffectofacousticattenuationandtheac- donPattersonandEricJohnsen(Univ.ofMichigan,1231BealAve.,Rm. curacyofimagereconstruction,theacousticpressurewithacceptablepeak 2016,AnnArbor,MI48109,[email protected]) pressureratio andimprovedSNRcan bedetectedwhenthe scanning dis- Interactionsbetweenacousticwavesandliquid-gasinterfacesoccurina tance is 5-10 times the radius of the object. Wide bandwidth transducer variety of applications, including diagnostic ultrasound of the lung. We shouldalsobeselectedtoreducetheboundarywidthofborderlinestripes hypothesizethat,becauseofthesharpdensitygradientatthefluiddisconti- andimprovethespatialresolutionofreconstructedimages.Thefavorable nuity,acousticwavesmaygeneratesufficientbaroclinicvorticitytoappreci- resultsconfirmtheinfluenceoftransduceronMAT-MIandalsoprovidethe ablydeformliquid-gasinterfaces.Thisnonlineareffecthasbeenstudiedfor fundamentalsfortransducerselectioninfurtherstudytoimprovetheaccu- shock-accelerated interfaces, i.e., the Rictmyer-Meshkov instability; how- racyofelectricalimpedancereconstruction. ever,itisnotdescribablethroughtraditional,linearacousticmethodsandis notwellstudiedforacousticwaves.Toinvestigateourhypothesis,wesimu- 5aBAb6. Optimization of sphingosylphosphorylcholine concentration lateaninviscid,compressiblefluidsystemwithacousticwavesimpinging fordetectionofcytoskeletalchangesinmalignantpancreaticcellsusing fromwaterintoair.Wefindthatacousticwavescapableofdeformingthe high-frequency ultrasound. Caitlin Carter (BioTechnol., Utah Valley interface during the wave-interface interaction period will deposit lasting Univ.,886E.OldEnglishRd.,Draper,UT84020,caitlin.carter03@gmail. baroclinicvorticityalongtheinterface,capableofdrivingdeformationthat com),DollySanjinez(Biology,UtahValleyUniv.,Orem,UT),MandyMar- continueslongafterthepassageofthewave.Weusedimensionalanalysis vel (BioTechnol., Utah Valley Univ., Orem, UT), and Timothy E. Doyle todescribethedependenceofthelate-timeinterfacegrowthonthedepos- (Phys.,UtahValleyUniv.,Orem,UT) itedvorticity.Lastly,weshowresultstodemonstratethatforacousticwaves with properties relevant to diagnostic ultrasound encountering a water-air Thebiomechanicalpropertiesofcellscanbegreatlyinfluencedbymod- interface,nearlyallofthevorticityisgeneratedingas-dominatedfluid.We ificationsofthecytoskeletonofthecell.Cytoskeletalmodificationscanof- explainthisusinganorderofmagnitudeanalysis. tenbelinkedtodiseaseanddiseasepathways.Cancermetastasishasbeen previously associated with the cytoskeletal modifications that are induced bytheadditionofsphingosylphosphorylcholine(SPC)topanc-1cells.SPC 5aBAb9. Parametric array for tissue harmonic imaging. Christina P. isabioactivelipidthatreorganizeskeratinfilamentsinthecytoskeletoninto KeravnouandMichalakisA.Averkiou(BioEng.,Univ.ofWashington,Wil- aperinuclearshapethatenablescellmobility.ThemaximumeffectofSPC liamH.FoegeBldg.,372015thAve.NE,Seattle,WA98195,maverk@uw. onthekeratinreorganizationhasbeenpreviouslyobservedasbeingconcen- edu) tration dependent, with 5-10lM concentration being optimal as observed Morethan50%ofabdominalscansareperformedontechnicallydiffi- through keratin immunostaining. In this work, high frequency ultrasound cultpatientsduetoworldwideincreaseofobesity.Tissueharmonicimaging was used to observe the SPC induced keratin reorganization through an hasshownsomeimprovementsonobesepatientsbuttheproblemremains ultrasoundsignature.Ultrasoundmeasurementswereobtainedusing10lM unsolved. The use of dual frequency pulses allows the generation of sum SPCand~17lMSPCconcentrations.Significanttime-dependentchangesin anddifferencefrequenciesintissue.Wehypothesizethatthedifferencefre- theultrasoundmeasurementswereobservedinthehigherconcentrationof quency (Df, parametric array) can survive larger penetration depths and SPCascomparedtocontrolcellculturesthatwerenottreatedwithSPC.In increase SNR while maintaining the spatial characteristics of the primary contrast,thelowerconcentrationofSPCdidnotshowvisiblechangesinthe wave.Ourobjectivewastooptimizetheparametersforefficientgeneration ultrasoundmeasurementstaken.Futureworkwillincludeoptimizingamore oftheparametricarrayandstudyitsspatialcharacteristicsforimagingobese specificconcentrationofSPCforobservingchangesintheultrasoundmeas- patients.NumericalsimulationsusingKZKequationandmeasurementsin urementstakenofpanc-1cells. tissue-like media were performed to study parametric arrays. Pulses with twofrequencies(f,f)wereconsideredwhere0.1f(cid:3)Df(cid:3)f.Pulseinversion 1 2 1 1 wasutilizedtoisolate evenharmonics,includingDf.TheamplitudeofDf wasmaximizedatDf=f.Theaxialresolutionisnotseriouslycompromised 1 bythelowerfrequencyofDfwhenusingPI.For0.5dB/cmattenuationdif- ferencebetweenDfand2f1,Dfechoesfrom20cmdeepweregreaterby10 dB. Application of the parametric array on larger technically difficult patientswouldoffersimilarbenefitsasthoseinsonarapplications. 3368 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3368