FREUD AND NIETZSCHE This page intentionally left blank FREUD AND NIETZSCHE RAUL-LAURENT A S S O U N Translated by RICHARD L. COLLIER, JR continuum LONDON • NEW YORK www.con tinuumbooks.com CONTINUUM The Tower Building, 11 York Road, London SE1 7NX 370 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10017-6503 www. continuumbooks. com This English translation first published in 2000 by The Athlone Press This paperback edition first published in 2002 by Continuum English translation © The Athlone Press 2000 Originally published as Freud et Nietzsche © Presses Universitaires de France 1980 Publisher's Note The publishers wish to record their thanks to the French Ministry of Culture for a grant towards the cost of translation. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-8264-6316-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Assoun, Paul-Laurent, 1948- [Freud et Nietzsche. English] Freud and Nietzsche / Paul-Laurent Assoun; translated by Richard L. Collier, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-8264-6316-9 (pbk) 1. Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 1844-1900. 2. Freud, Sigmund, 1856-1939. 3. Psychoanalysis and philosophy-History. I. Title. B3317.A7813 2000 193-dc21 00-038946 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd, Guildford and King's Lynn CONTENTS Translator's Preface vii Preface to the 1998 Edition xv Introduction 1 PART ONE: FREUD AND NIETZSCHE 17 1 The Genesis of an Encounter 19 2 Nietzsche in Freudian Discourse 36 PART TWO: NIETZSCHE AND FREUD 47 Introduction 49 BOOK I: THE FOUNDATIONS 51 1 Instinct and Drive 53 2 Nietzschean Psychology, Freudian Psychoanalysis 70 3 Principles of the Drive 83 BOOK II: THE THEMES 95 1 Love and Sexuality 97 2 The Unconscious and Consciousness 107 3 Dreams and Symbolism 120 BOOK III: THE STAKES 135 1 Neurosis and Morality 137 2 Culture and Punishment 157 3 Therapeutics 172 Conclusion 183 Notes 190 Index 000 This page intentionally left blank TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE this art does not so easily get anything done, it teaches us to read well, that is to say, to read slowly, deeply, looking cautiously before and aft, with reservations, with doors left open, with delicate eyes and fingers Nietzsche, Daybreak1 It is always a treat to see a master artisan at work, carefully fashioning the prod- ucts of her labour. We come away with an appreciation not only of the product, but also of the processes involved in its production. As the recipient of the Bordin Prize in 1981 from the French Academy, the present text is no exception, equally valuable for what it says as for how it says it. A few points will highlight the processes of production demonstrated here, and hopefully will provide the reader with an informed base that enriches the reading experience. For the reader of the English language, an understanding of the present study is complicated by the fact that, when originally published, this was the third work in a trilogy that began with Freud, la philosophic et les philosophes, followed by Marx et la repetition historique. This note will also try to set out some of the themes that subtend the trilogy, and to aid in understanding the status of the analysis presented here, in the context of Paul-Laurent Assoun's multi-volume paleontology of contemporary thought. For Assoun, there are really three figures that constitute the universe of contemporary Western thought, Marx, Freud and Nietzsche, rough contempor- aries who, beginning from more or less the same epistemological base, mark out three distinct fields, and provide us with a sort of menu of three basic theoretical 'choices', or rather starting points, that raise impressive, if deceptive, analogies, which in turn have spawned entire industries of synthetic work probing the points of contact between any pair. There, we can find combinations of Freud and Nietzsche, or Freud and Marx, alongside Nietzsche-inspired Marxians and Marx-inspired Nietzscheans. And some of us stand in the middle of this clover- leaf of interchanges and entry ramps, fascinated and bewildered by the circu- lation of traffic between and through the loops, by the complexity of the various topoi extending to the horizon, unable or unwilling to choose one or the other yet drawn to and wanting to explore all three directions at once. Assoun is acutely aware of this difficult position, and so we first see him, in the context of his trilogy, standing in the Marx loop pondering 'Freud and Nietzsche.' At that distance, the analogies are suggestive, even seductive, in their resonance. To examine those analogies closely, though, means standing in the Freud loop and analysing Nietzsche, and then reversing the perspective, at successively complex conceptual levels (principle, theme, stake), all the while keeping in mind the point of origin. Briefly speaking, the first book, Freud, la philosophic et les philosophes, constructs the philosophical topography from which Freud drew insight and/or vlli FREUD AND NIETZSCHE inspiration. The importance of the project lies not only in terms of mapping an epistemological field regarding the founder of psychoanalysis, but also in demystifying Freud's self-declared aversion to philosophy and, generally, to those who philosophize. Marx et la repetition historique analyses Marx's historical dialectic, in particular the idea of repetition as a phenomenon, or a condition. The present study sets the work of Freud and Nietzsche in a complex and nuanced dialectic that shuttles not only back and forth between the two proper names, but also back and forth through each author's work, professional and personal experiences, and even reading habits. Since its original publication, however, Assoun has been busy extending his study of Freud. The important Preface to the 1998 reissue of Freud and Nietzsche, included here, highlights the results of that ongoing study, although it may be useful to the reader to re-visit that 'preface' as an 'afterword' upon reading the complete text. In the present study, Assoun's preliminary perspective challenges the very idea of conjoining two names, or two bodies of theory, on the basis of apparent analogies or 'rhetorical similitudes.' Our project will set out from the principle that we can legitimately suspect of being 'bad alloys' every conjunction of proper names which is satisfied by a seductive resonance without relating it to the less timely expression of problematics that at once make the resonance possible and permit the distribution of such honors and equivocations. With this declaration, Assoun sets out on an amazing intellectual adventure, an impressive example of the type of 'compare and contrast' writing we were taught, and not very well, in grade school. What does it mean to say 'Freud and Nietzsche'? Furthermore, what does it mean that for almost all of the twentieth century, we have in fact been saying 'Freud and Nietzsche'? These questions frame the present study, but the responses to the questions follow a complicated path, for Assoun quickly reveals that to say 'Freud and Nietzsche' is not at all the same thing as saying 'Nietzsche and Freud.' The conjunction itself constitutes a problem that needs to be understood and analysed, as a problem. In fact, in the 1998 preface, Assoun goes so far as to suggest that the stakes underlying the conjunction 'Freud and Nietzsche' extend to another, seemingly impossible conjunction, 'psychoanalysis and philosophy.' It is, then, not a matter of an inclusive 'and', whereby the two names are set in a sort of orbit around a common terrain, like apples and oranges around the global construct of 'fruit'. What resonates, Assoun tells us, may still differ in tone. The 'and' in fact marks two conjunctions; two kinds of modality, and historicity, are involved. The first equation sets Freud and Nietzsche in a mode of linear time, amid allegations of Nietzsche as Freud's precursor; in the second, however, Freud and Nietzsche are set in parallel universes which, in the context of the history of ideas, begin from a more or less common base of knowledge but yield two widely disparate fields that seem to encroach upon each other at PREFACE ix several points, but with different stakes and therapeutic aims. In a way, the second equation treats Nietzsche as Freud's contemporary or, in the words of the 1998 preface, his colleague. In the first section of the study, 'Freud and Nietzsche,' Assoun composes the history of Freud's encounters with Nietzsche, both via Freud's own personal reading and interpretation, and through an astonishing array of mediators and champions of Nietzsche. In the second section, 'Nietzsche and Freud,' Assoun demystifies an extensive set of analogies and homologies whose surface readings suggest remarkable affinities between the two theorists. Having done that, though, Assoun's surprising conclusion displaces the stakes of the whole study in two directions. In the direction of methodology, the ques- tion all along has been one of the status of knowledge, and the contributions that a dialectical study of non-dialectical theoretical fields (for Freud and Nietzsche both strongly reject closure and the construction of systems) can make. In the second, theoretical direction, the issue subtending the entire study has been that of the material status of drives and desire, in other words, the status of the subject. How do these ostensibly unconscious regimes figure in our material reality? Here, we should bear in mind that the present study is the third work in a trilogy. The last part of the conclusion to this study, then, really addresses all three works, and closes the series. The notation providing con- tinuity throughout the series is the gentle appearance of a handful of reference notes and, even gentler, the spectre of Karl Marx. It is important to recognize that Marx is always present in this text, though in remarkably subtle ways. Marx's name only appears in the notes in two places, in connection with the names of Heine and Reich. His name appears only once in the text, at the very end, though in a manner that is quite provocative. Assoun is summarizing his study; he says that Freud and Nietzsche have given two very different readings of the material nature of the drives, whose traces Marx has pointed to in his own way. At the end of this study, Assoun reminds us of where we were at the beginning of it, and in a way where we have been all along. We have constantly kept close to the problem, perhaps an impossible one, with which the theory of the subject must be explained; it is the question of materi- ality itself and of the status of the drives and desire as a posture of materiality. As originally published, the problem was one with which materialist theory must be explained. 'Materialist theory' was a nod to Marx, a debt owed to Marx. Yet it turns out that neither Freud nor Nietzsche can be used to 'complete' Marx, nor can either be 'completed' by Marx. None of these three proper names identifies the figure of the Law. In the passage between the two publications of this text, materialism came to be displaced/renamed by the eminently anthropological category of subjectivity. Nihilism, neurosis and false consciousness comprise three distinct diagnostic readings, three bodies of thought, of bodies. Who, or what, is this subject thus referenced? In Marx it is not always clear how a non-false consciousness arises in the proletariat, how unconscious drives and/or desire can manifest themselves in positive social change. With Freud and Nietzsche, on the other hand, it is not at