ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: FREUD Volume 1 FREUD This page intentionally left blank FREUD A Critical Re-Evaluation of His Theories REUBEN FINE RO Routledge UTLEDG Taylor & Francis Group E LONDON AND NEW YORK Firstpublishedin1963 Thiseditionfirstpublishedin2014 byRoutledge 27ChurchRoad,HoveBN32FA SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©1962ReubenFine Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinany informationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe publishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregistered trademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintent toinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-415-83209-0(Set) eISBN:978-1-315-85608-7(Set) ISBN:978-0-415-71708-3(Volume1) eISBN:978-1-315-87156-1(Volume1) Publisher’sNote Thepublisherhasgonetogreatlengthstoensurethequalityofthisbookbut pointsoutthatsomeimperfectionsfromtheoriginalmaybeapparent. Disclaimer Thepublisherhasmadeeveryefforttotracecopyrightholdersandwould welcomecorrespondencefromthosetheyhavebeenunabletotrace. FREUD A Critical Re-Evaluation of His Theories BY REUBEN FINE PH.D. London GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD RUSKIN HOUSE MUSEUM STREET FIRST PUBLISHED IN GREAT BRITAIN IN 1963 This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as per- mitted under the Copyright Act, 1956, no portion may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Enquiries shoub be addressed to the publisher. © ReubenF ine 1962 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN in 10 point Juliana type BY EAST MIDLAND PRINTING CO. LTD BURY ST. EDMUNDS Dedicated to BEN JAM IN!. WEI N I N G E R, M.D. III gratitude for his lifelong courage, originality and inspiration This page intentionally left blank Preface This book undertakest o examinet he whole body of Freud'st hought, to clarify what he said, and to review his ideas critically in the light of the best available existing knowledge. In this processo f criticism I have tried to specify which aspectso f Freud have stood the test of time, and which have not. Life is full of surprises.O ne of the most surprisingd iscoveriest hat I made in writing this book is that no comparablea ttempt has ever been made, with the exception of Ernest Jones,w hose work is in a different category. So far as I can see no one has ever taken the trouble to ask: What did Freud actually say? and How does what Freud said stand up in terms of what we now know? Jones,i n his monumentalt hree-volumew ork on Freud, undertook three distinct tasks. He wrote a biography, describedF reud's intel- lectural development,a nd provided much original source material. For a long time to come his contribution will remain unique. But psycho-analysisc ontinuest o expand,a nd much has happened even since Jones wrote. Apart from Jones, there are scarcely any works that attemptt o investigatet he whole body of Freud'st hought. Some writers, like Erich Fromm, try to uphold certain partisan positions. Most, following the leads of Karen Horney and Clara Thompson, provide a sketchy description of some of Freud's ideas, and then contrast them with others which are regarded as more 'modern'. The vast complexity of Freud's thought is conveniently forgotten. Freud's writings cover a period of more than half a century, and the StandardE dition, which is to contain all his works on psycho- analysis, will run to twenty-four volumes when completed.T hat he would propound many theories that were later to be amendedo r discarded,a nd that he would handle some problems so thoroughly that little else remained to be done while others would be treated only superficially, was scarcely to be avoided. Furthermore,m uch new knowledge in psycho-analysisp, sychology, and psychiatry has beeng aineds inceh is death. The question inevitably arises: Which is the true Freud? In answer to this I have tried to stress the consistentt hread that runs throughout his entire thought. Freud looked upon himself as the founder of a new science-psycho-analysisa, branch of psychology. Today psycho-analysisc ould be equatedw ith dynamic psychiatry, basis psycho-dynamics, psycho-analytic psychology, or even the major portion of clinical psychology. In all these fields there have been many developmentss ince Freud, but the basic insights we still owe to him.