French Music, Culture, and National Identity, 1870–1939 Eastman Studies in Music Ralph P. Locke, Senior Editor Eastman School of Music Additional Titles in Music since 1800 Berlioz: Past, Present, Future Musical Encounters at the Edited by Peter Bloom 1889Paris World’s Fair Annegret Fauser Berlioz: Scenes from the Life and Work Edited by Peter Bloom The Musical Madhouse (Les Grotesques de la musique) Berlioz’s Semi-Operas:Roméo et Juliette Hector Berlioz andLa damnation de Faust Translated and edited by Alastair Bruce Daniel Albright Introduction by Hugh Macdonald “Claude Debussy As I Knew Him” and Musicking Shakespeare: Other Writings of Arthur Hartmann A Conflict of Theatres Edited by Samuel Hsu, Sidney Grolnic, Daniel Albright and Mark Peters Foreword by David Grayson Music’s Modern Muse: A Life of Winnaretta Singer, Princesse de Polignac Debussy’s Letters to Inghelbrecht: Sylvia Kahan The Story of a Musical Friendship Annotated by Margaret G. Cobb Pentatonicism from the Eighteenth Century to Debussy French Organ Music from the Jeremy Day-O’Connell Revolution to Franck and Widor Edited by Lawrence Archbold The Poetic Debussy: A Collection of and William J. Peterson His Song Texts and Selected Letters (Revised Second Edition) Maurice Duruflé: Edited by Margaret G. Cobb The Man and His Music James E. Frazier Schubert in the European Imagination, Volume 1: The Romantic and Victorian Eras Music and the Occult: Scott Messing French Musical Philosophies, 1750–1950 The Sea on Fire: Jean Barraqué Joscelyn Godwin Paul Griffiths A complete list of titles in the Eastman Studies in Music Series, in order of publication, may be found at the end of this book. French Music, Culture, and National Identity, 1870–1939 Edited by Barbara L. Kelly UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER PRESS Copyright © 2008by the Editor and Contributors All rights reserved.Except as permitted under current legislation, no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded, or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. First published 2008 University of Rochester Press 668Mt. Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620, USA www.urpress.com and Boydell & Brewer Limited PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP123DF, UK www.boydellandbrewer.com ISBN-13: 978–1–58046–272–3 ISBN-10: 1–58046–272–3 ISSN: 1071–9989 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data French music, culture, and national identity, 1870–1939/ edited by Barbara L. Kelly. p. cm. — (Eastman studies in music, ISSN 1071–9989; v. 54) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-58046-272-3(hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-58046-272-3 1. Music—Political aspects—France—History—20th century. 2. Music—Political aspects—France—History—19th century. 3. Nationalism in music. I. Kelly, Barbara L. ML3917.F8F74 2008 306.4(cid:1)842094409034—dc22 2007042718 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. This publication is printed on acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America. For David, Tom, and Fiona Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Timeline: Selective Chronology of Historical and Cultural xii Events, 1870–1939 Introduction: The Roles of Music and Culture in National Identity Formation 1 Barbara L. Kelly Part One: Heroism, Art, and New Media: France and Identity Formation 1 Unifying the French Nation: Savorgnan de Brazza and the Third Republic 17 Edward Berenson 2 New Media, Source-Bonding, and Alienation: Listening at the 1889 Exposition Universelle 40 Annegret Fauser 3 Debussy and the Making of a musicien français: Pelléas, the Press, and World War I 58 Barbara L. Kelly 4 À bas Wagner!: The French Press Campaign against Wagner during World War I 77 Marion Schmid Part Two: Canon, Style, and Political Alignment 5 D’Indy’s Beethoven 95 Steven Huebner 6 Messidor: Republican Patriotism and the French Revolutionary Tradition in Third Republic Opera 112 James Ross viii ❧ contents 7 The Symphony and National Identity in Early Twentieth-Century France 131 Brian Hart 8 Transcending the Word?: Religion and Music in Gauguin’s Quest for Abstraction 149 Debora Silverman 9 Jolivet’s Search for a New French Voice: Spiritual “Otherness” in Mana(1935) 172 Deborah Mawer Part Three: Regionalism 10 Rameau in Late Nineteenth-Century Dijon: Memorial, Festival, Fiasco 197 Katharine Ellis 11 Becoming Alsatian: Anti-German and Pro-French Cultural Propaganda in Alsace, 1898–1914 215 Detmar Klein 12 National Identity and the Double Border in Lorraine, 1870–1914 234 Didier Francfort Translated by Christopher Moore List of Contributors 251 Index 255 Illustrations Figures 1.1 “Savorgnan de Brazza,” L’Illustration, November 25, 1882 30 1.2 Brazza Prophet 31 1.3 Brazza Grevin, 1884 32 2.1 Paul Renouard, “Écoutant l’Opéra,” illustration for Louis d’Hurcourt, “Téléphones et phonographes à l’exposition universelle,” L’Illustration, October 19, 1889 44 2.2 Morin, “Transmission du son—Auditions théâtrales à distance,” Le Monde illustré, numéro spécial exclusivement consacré à l’Exposition de l’Électricité, October 22, 1881 45 2.3 Paul Renouard, “Une distraction,” illustration for Louis d’Hurcourt, “Téléphones et phonographes à l’Exposition universelle,” L’Illustration, October 191889 47 4.1 “L’Empereur d’Allemagne monte sur un cygne-auto,” Le Mot, January 2, 1915 82 4.2 Paul Iribe, “Lohengrin et l’écrevisse, La Marche sur Paris,” Le Mot, December 7, 1914 83 4.3 Lucien Métivet,“Les Dames de Guerre: Brünnhilde la Valkyrie” 84 4.4 Métivet, “La Chanteuse wagnérienne” 85 5.1 Projected Beethoven monument by the Mauritius-born sculptor José de Charmoy (1870–1914), Musica32(May 1905) 100 8.1 Gauguin, Soyez symboliste, 1891 150 8.2 Gauguin, La Vision du sermon(The Vision of the Sermon: Jacob Wrestling with the Angel), 1888 154 8.3 Gauguin, Decorated Wooden Box, 1884/85 158 8.4 Gauguin, La Vie et la Mort(Life and Death), 1889 161 8.5 Gauguin, D’où venons-nous? Que sommes-nous? Où allons-nous? (Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?), 1897–98 163 10.1 “Souvenir des fêtes nationales des 11, 12, 13, 14et 15août 1876 pour élever une statue à Rameau. Lithographie de Stop” 199 10.2 “Les Fêtes du centenaire de Rameau” [sic], in La Revue illustrée, 1876 204