Freedom in the World 2018 18-829-Freedom-4pp.indb 1 11/5/18 9:14 AM The findings of Freedom in the World 2018 include events from January 1, 2017, though December 31, 2017. 18-829-Freedom-4pp.indb 2 11/5/18 9:14 AM Freedom in the World 2018 The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties Arch Puddington General Editor Jennifer Dunham Managing Editor Elen Aghekyan, Christopher Brandt, Rukmani Bhatia, Isabel Linzer, Shannon O’Toole, Sarah Repucci, Tyler Roylance Associate Editors Freedom House • New York, NY, and Washington, DC ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Oxford 18-829-Freedom-4pp.indb 3 11/5/18 9:14 AM Published by Rowman & Littlefield A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com 6 Tinworth Street, London SE11 5AL, United Kingdom Copyright © 2019 by Freedom House, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 978-1-5381-1202-1 (paperback) 978-1-5381-1203-8 (electronic) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America 18-829-Freedom-4pp.indb 4 11/5/18 9:14 AM Contents Acknowledgments vii Democracy in Crisis 1 Michael J. Abramowitz Introduction 10 Country Reports 11 Territory Reports 1119 Survey Methodology 1203 Tables and Ratings 1219 Table of Countries 1219 Table of Territories 1225 Freedom Ratings—Countries 1226 Freedom Ratings—Territories 1227 Table of Electoral Democracies 1228 Survey Team 1230 Selected Sources 1251 Freedom House Board of Trustees 1254 18-829-Freedom-4pp.indb 5 11/5/18 9:14 AM 18-829-Freedom-4pp.indb 6 11/5/18 9:14 AM Acknowledgments Freedom in the World 2018 could not have been completed without the contributions of numerous Freedom House staff members and consultants. The section titled “Survey Team” contains a detailed list of the writers and advisors without whose efforts this project would not have been possible. Sarah Repucci served as the project director for this year’s survey and Jennifer Dun- ham served as director of research. Elen Aghekyan, Rukmani Bhatia, Christopher Brandt, Valentina Duhanaj, Isabel Linzer, Shannon O’Toole, and Tyler Roylance provided extensive research, analytical, editorial, and administrative assistance. Jacqueline Laks Gorman, Anne Kosseff-Jones, M.L. Liu, Janet Olson, Peter Schmidtke, and Amy Slipowitz served as addi- tional country report editors. Atitya Chhor, Benjamin Itangishaka, Efthimia Mangllara, and Ravina Pattni provided additional support. Overall guidance for the project was provided by Michael J. Abramowitz, president of Freedom House, Arch Puddington, distinguished fellow for democracy studies, and Vanessa Tucker, vice president for analysis. A number of Freedom House staff offered valuable additional input on the country reports and/or ratings process. Freedom House would like to acknowledge the generous financial support for Freedom in the World by the Smith Richardson Foundation and the Lilly Endowment. Freedom House also gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the Reed Foundation, the Achelis & Bodman Foundation, David L. Fogel, and other private contributors. Freedom House is solely responsible for the report’s content. vii 18-829-Freedom-4pp.indb 7 11/5/18 9:14 AM 18-829-Freedom-4pp.indb 8 11/5/18 9:14 AM Freedom in the World 2018: Democracy in Crisis by Michael J. Abramowitz Political rights and civil liberties around the world deteriorated to their lowest point in more than a decade in 2017, extending a period characterized by emboldened autocrats, beleaguered democracies, and the United States’ withdrawal from its leadership role in the global struggle for human freedom. Democracy is in crisis. The values it embodies—particularly the right to choose leaders in free and fair elections, freedom of the press, and the rule of law—are under assault and in retreat globally. A quarter-century ago, at the end of the Cold War, it appeared that totalitarianism had at last been vanquished and liberal democracy had won the great ideological battle of the 20th century. Today, it is democracy that finds itself battered and weakened. For the 12th consecu- tive year, according to Freedom in the World, countries that suffered democratic setbacks outnumbered those that registered gains. States that a decade ago seemed like promising success stories—Turkey and Hungary, for example—are sliding into authoritarian rule. The military in Myanmar, which began a limited democratic opening in 2010, executed a shocking campaign of ethnic cleansing in 2017 and rebuffed international criticism of its actions. Meanwhile, the world’s most powerful democracies are mired in seemingly intrac- table problems at home, including social and economic disparities, partisan fragmentation, terrorist attacks, and an influx of refugees that has strained alliances and increased fears of the “other.” The challenges within democratic states have fueled the rise of populist leaders who appeal to anti-immigrant sentiment and give short shrift to fundamental civil and political liberties. Right-wing populists gained votes and parliamentary seats in France, the Nether- lands, Germany, and Austria during 2017. While they were kept out of government in all but Austria, their success at the polls helped to weaken established parties on both the right and left. Centrist newcomer Emmanuel Macron handily won the French presidency, but in Germany and the Netherlands, mainstream parties struggled to create stable governing coalitions. Perhaps worst of all, and most worrisome for the future, young people, who have little memory of the long struggles against fascism and communism, may be losing faith and interest in the democratic project. The very idea of democracy and its promotion has been tarnished among many, contributing to a dangerous apathy. The retreat of democracies is troubling enough. Yet at the same time, the world’s lead- ing autocracies, China and Russia, have seized the opportunity not only to step up internal repression but also to export their malign influence to other countries, which are increas- ingly copying their behavior and adopting their disdain for democracy. A confident Chinese president Xi Jinping recently proclaimed that China is “blazing a new trail” for developing 1 18-829-Freedom-4pp.indb 1 11/5/18 9:14 AM 2 Freedom in the World 2018 countries to follow. It is a path that includes politicized courts, intolerance for dissent, and predetermined elections. The spread of antidemocratic practices around the world is not merely a setback for fundamental freedoms. It poses economic and security risks. When more countries are free, all countries—including the United States—are safer and more prosperous. When more countries are autocratic and repressive, treaties and alliances crumble, nations and entire regions become unstable, and violent extremists have greater room to operate. Democratic governments allow people to help set the rules to which all must adhere, and have a say in the direction of their lives and work. This fosters a broader respect for peace, fair play, and compromise. Autocrats impose arbitrary rules on their citizens while ignoring all constraints themselves, spurring a vicious circle of abuse and radicalization. THE UNITED STATES ACCELERATES ITS WITHDRAWAL FROM THE DEMOCRACY STRUGGLE A long list of troubling developments around the world contributed to the global decline in 2017, but perhaps most striking was the accelerating withdrawal of the United States from its historical commitment to promoting and supporting democracy. The potent challenge from authoritarian regimes made the United States’ abdication of its traditional role all the more important. Despite the U.S. government’s mistakes—and there have been many—the American people and their leaders have generally understood that standing up for the rights of others is both a moral imperative and beneficial to themselves. But two long wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and a global recession soured the public on extensive international engagement, and the perceived link between democracy promotion on the one hand and military interventions and financial costs on the other has had a lasting impact. The Obama administration continued to defend democratic ideals in its foreign policy statements, but its actions often fell short, reflecting a reduced estimation of the United States’ ability to influence world events and of the American public’s willingness to back such efforts. In 2017, however, the Trump administration made explicit—in both words and ac- tions—its intention to cast off principles that have guided U.S. policy and formed the basis for American leadership over the past seven decades. President Trump’s “America First” slogan, originally coined by isolationists seeking to block U.S. involvement in the war against fascism, targeted traditional notions of collective global security and mutually beneficial trade. The administration’s hostility and skepticism toward binding international agreements on the environment, arms control, and other topics confirmed that a reorientation was taking shape. Even when he chose to acknowledge America’s treaty alliances with fellow democ- racies, the president spoke of cultural or civilizational ties rather than shared recognition of universal rights; his trips abroad rarely featured any mention of the word “democracy.” Indeed, the American leader expressed feelings of admiration and even personal friendship for some of the world’s most loathsome strongmen and dictators. This marks a sharp break from other U.S. presidents in the postwar period, who cooperated with certain authoritarian regimes for strategic reasons but never wavered from a commitment to democracy as the best form of government and the animating force behind American foreign policy. It also reflects an inability—or unwillingness—by the United States to lead democracies in effectively confronting the growing threat from Russia and China, and from the other states that have come to emulate their authoritarian approach. 18-829-Freedom-4pp.indb 2 11/5/18 9:14 AM