OXFORD HISTORICAL MONOGRAPHS EDITORS R.R.DAVIES R.J.W.EVANS J.HARRIS B.WARD-PERKINS J.ROBERTSON R.SERVICE P.A.SLACK This page intentionally left blank Franco’s Justice Repression in Madrid after the Spanish Civil War JULIUS RUIZ CLARENDON PRESS (cid:1) OXFORD 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein OxfordNewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork (cid:1)JuliusRuiz2005 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(marker) Firstpublished2005 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby BiddlesLtd. King’sLynn,Norfolk. ISBN0-19-928183-1 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On 31 July 1936 a Nationalist mixed column under the command of CaptainRamo´nCarranzaenteredthevillageofElCoronil(Seville).Soon afterwards,mygreat-grandfather,whohadbeenthevillage’sRepublican mayor, was murdered for being part of the ‘anti-Spain’. On the other hand, his son-in-law, my paternal grandfather, was part of the ‘true Spain’. A Falangist who fought in the Nationalist army during the civil war, he became a policeman in Madrid during the 1940s. My maternal grandfather too belonged to the ‘true Spain’. He was a farmer from the north-western region of Galicia who fought to defend Catholicism; he tookpartinthe‘liberation’ofCataloniainthewinterof1938/9. Conflictingmemoriesofthecivilwarandpost-civilwarperiodarenot unusualformostSpanishfamilies.However,Ihadtoconfrontthemasa childgrowingupintheverydifferentsurroundingsofsouthernEngland in the 1980s; my parents were part of the mass exodus of economic emigrants whose remittances helped modernize Spain from the 1960s. For a long time I was left bewildered by talk of Spain and the civil war and I preferred to forget my Spanish background. Fortunately, Lois MitchisonandGraham Thomas, myA-level teachers,helpedtochange mymind.IwouldalsoliketothankmytutorsatSwanseaUniversity,in particular Jill Lewis and Eleanor Bruning, for encouraging me to read aboutSpanishhistoryanddopostgraduatestudy. This book is a revised and corrected version of a doctoral thesis undertakenatWolfsonCollege,Oxford.Thecollege’sdecisiontoaward me the Norman Hargreaves-Mawdsley studentship provided a financial lifeline.ArchivalresearchinSpainwasmadepossiblebyfundingfromthe OxfordModernHistoryFaculty,inparticulartwogenerousgrantsfrom theGeorge Labouche`reFund.Iamalsoindebted tothehistorydepart- ment at King’s College London, and in particular to its head, Robert Frost, for the award of a one-year postdoctoral fellowship in 2002 that providedmewiththeidealopportunitytorevisemythesisforpublication. The book is based mainly on primary sources, and I would like to thank the staff at the Archivo General de la Administracio´n (Alcala´ de Henares),theArchivoHisto´ricoNacional(Madrid),theArchivoGeneral de la Guerra Civil Espan˜ola (Salamanca), and the Public Record Office (London). Thanks also to the staffs of the BodleianLibrary, the British vi Acknowledgements Library,theBibliotecaNacionaldeEspan˜a,andtheHemerotecaMuni- cipaldeMadrid. Intellectually,mybiggestdebtistomysupervisorandeditor,Frances Lannon. Her constant encouragement and good advice were indispens- abletothesuccessfulconclusionofmythesis.Iamalsoextremelygrateful for the comments of my examiners, Tom Buchanan and Sebastian Bal- four. My work benefited from conversations with Mary Vincent, Tim Rees,RichardVinen,andStephenJacobson.InSpain,JuliodelaCueva was an invaluable guide to the Spanish archives and Pedro Barruso patiently explainedtomethe mysteries ofthecataloguesatthe Archivo GeneraldelaAdministracio´ninAlcala´ deHenares. This book would not have been possible without the financial and moral support of my parents. Despite initial reservations that I was unnecessarily raking up the past, they have always been there for me. ThesamecanbesaidofmywifeCheryl.Shehasconstantlychangedjobs andaddressesinordertoremainatmyside.Sheismyvitallinkwiththe worldoutsidehistory. Thisbookis,however,dedicatedtothememoriesofmy‘anti-Spanish’ great-grandfather and my ‘truly Spanish’ grandfathers. Thankfully, todaythereareno‘anti’or‘true’Spaniards,butsimplySpaniards. CONTENTS ListofMaps,Figures,andTables viii ListofAbbreviations ix Maps xi Introduction 1 1. ‘Theyhavepassed!’TheBeginningofFrancoist RuleinMadrid,April1939 29 2. TheInstallationofMilitaryJusticeinMadrid 53 3. TheCrisisandLiquidationoftheMilitary JusticiaalReve´sSysteminthe1940s 85 4. TheLawofPoliticalResponsibilitiesandits ImplementationinMadrid 131 5. TheDecontaminationofMadrid:ThePurgesof CivilServants,Professionals,andOthers 165 6. TheLawfortheRepressionofFreemasonryand CommunismanditsApplicationinMadrid,1940–1945 192 Conclusion 224 Bibliography 231 Index 245 LIST OF MAPS, FIGURES, AND TABLES maps 1. ProvinceofMadrid xi 2. Madridcitycentre xii figure 3.1. NumberofprisonersparoledinSpain,1941–1949(000s) 117 tables 3.1. VerdictsgivenbyMadridmilitarytribunals: sampleof947verdicts,March1939–December1942 99 3.2. DistributionoflocateddeathsentencesinMadridprovince, March1939–April1944 101 3.3. DistributionoflocateddeathsentencesinMadridprovince, 1939 102 3.4. Confirmedandcommuteddeathsentencesin Madridprovince,March1939–April1944 104 3.5. Deathsentencesbyoccupationalbackground 105 3.6. Commutationofdeathsentencesbyoccupational background 106 3.7. Politicalandtrade-unionaffiliationofthosecondemned todeathinMadridprovince,March1939–April1944 112 4.1. OccupationalbackgroundofLPRdefendantsinMadrid, July1939–March1942 157 5.1. ThepurgeoftheMadridDiputacio´n,1939–1940 183 5.2. ThepurgeofMadridprimaryschoolteachers,1939–1941 184 6.1. SentencesimposedbytheSpecialTribunalonMadrid defendants 214 6.2. OccupationalbackgroundofMadriddefendants 216 6.3. PoliticalbackgroundofMadriddefendantsbeforethe SpecialTribunal 217 ABBREVIATIONS AGA,C ArchivoGeneraldelaAdministracio´n,Cultura AGA,E ArchivoGeneraldelaAdministracio´n,Educacio´n AGA,I ArchivoGeneraldelaAdministracio´n,Interior AGA,J ArchivoGeneraldelaAdministracio´n,Justicia AGA,J(RP) ArchivoGeneraldelaAdministracio´n,Justicia (FondodeResponsabilidadesPol´ıticas) AGA,P ArchivoGeneraldelaAdministracio´n, Presidencia AGA,P(SGM) ArchivoGeneraldelaAdministracio´n, Presidencia,(FondodelaSecretar´ıaGeneraldel Movimiento) AGGCE,DNSD ArchivoGeneraldelaGuerraCivilEspan˜ola, Delegacio´nNationaldelServiciodeDocumentos AGGCE,TERMC ArchivoGeneraldelaGuerraCivilEspan˜ola, Salamanca,TribunalEspecialdelaRepresio´nde laMasoner´ıayComunismo AHNCG-M ArchivoHisto´ricoNacional,Madrid,Causa General-Madrid BODGP Bolet´ınOficialdelaDireccio´nGeneraldePrisiones BOE Bolet´ınOficialdelEstado BOJDN Bolet´ınOficialdelaJuntadeDefensaNacional BOPM Bolet´ınOficialdelaProvinciadeMadrid CEDA Confederacio´nEspan˜oladeDerechasAuto´nomas CNT Conferacio´nNacionaldeTrabajo FAI Federacio´nAnarquistaIbe´rica FNFF Fundacio´nNacionalFranciscoFranco, Documentosine´ditosparalahistoriadelGeneralisimo Franco,2ndedn.(Madrid,1992) IR IzquierdaRepublicana JSU JuventudesSocialistasUnificadas LPR LawofPoliticalResponsibilities LRFC LawfortheRepressionofFreemasonryand Communism PCE PartidoComunistadeEspan˜a