FRANCO AND HITLER This content downloaded from 128.184.220.23 on Tue, 27 Oct 2015 21:37:10 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions This page intentionally left blank This content downloaded from 128.184.220.23 on Tue, 27 Oct 2015 21:37:10 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Franco and Hitler Spain, Germany, and World War II Stanley G. Payne Yale University Press New Haven & London This content downloaded from 128.184.220.23 on Tue, 27 Oct 2015 21:37:10 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Javier Tusell To the memory of (1945–2005) Yale University Press wishes to thank Stanley Goldstein for first suggesting that the Press publish a book on Franco and Hitler. Copyright ∫ 2008 by Stanley G. Payne. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Designed by James J. Johnson and set in New Aster and The Sans types by Keystone Typesetting, Inc., Orwigsburg, Pa. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Payne, Stanley G. Franco and Hitler : Spain, Germany, and World War II / Stanley G. Payne. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-300-12282-4 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Diplomatic history. 2. World War, 1939–1945—Spain. 3. Spain—Politics and government—1939–1975. 4. Spain—Foreign relations—Germany. 5. Germany—Foreign relations—Spain. I. Title. II. Title: Spain, Germany, and World War II. D754.S6P39 2008 940.53%46—dc22 2007033570 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This content downloaded from 128.184.220.23 on Tue, 27 Oct 2015 21:37:10 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Contents Preface vii PART I. From Civil War to World War Chapter ∞ The Spanish Civil War 3 Chapter ≤ Hitler’s Strategy in the Civil War 20 Chapter ≥ Military and International Significance of the Civil War 32 Chapter ∂ A Tilted Neutrality 44 PART II. ‘‘Nonbelligerence’’ Chapter ∑ Franco’s Temptation 61 Chapter ∏ The Meeting at Hendaye and Its Aftermath 87 This content downloaded from 128.184.220.23 on Tue, 27 Oct 2015 21:40:47 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions vi CONTENTS Chapter π The Zenith of Collaboration 114 Chapter ∫ Temptation Continues 128 Chapter Ω The Blue Division 146 Chapter ∞≠ Temptation Abates 155 Chapter ∞∞ Temptation Ends 180 Part III. The Struggle to Escape the ‘‘Axis Stigma’’ Chapter ∞≤ Spanish Diplomacy and the Holocaust (I) 209 Chapter ∞≥ Spanish Diplomacy and the Holocaust (II) 221 Chapter ∞∂ Neutrality by Compulsion 236 Chapter ∞∑ The End of the Relationship 253 Conclusion 266 Notes 277 Index 309 This content downloaded from 128.184.220.23 on Tue, 27 Oct 2015 21:40:47 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Preface The policy of the Franco regime during World War II, and particularly its relationship with Nazi Germany, is arguably the most controversial aspect of the regime’s long history. Though key Spanish documents are unavail- able, much research has been conducted in this area, and its conclusions are clear. Despite the extensive bibliography, however, there is no study that deals synthetically with the full range of relations between the Span- ish and German regimes. The present work is an effort to fill that gap. It is dedicated to the memory of Javier Tusell, the past generation’s leading historian of twentieth-century Spanish politics, whose premature death deprived the country of one of its greatest scholars and public ana- lysts. Tusell was the author of the principal history of Spanish diplomacy during World War II, and my debt to his work will become clear in the pages that follow. In addition, this study builds on the previous research of many schol- ars who have worked in this area, such as Haim Avni, Alfred Bosch, Wayne Bowen, Charles Burdick, Carlos Caballero, Carlos Collado Seidel, James Cortada, Rafael García Pérez, Genoveva García Queipo de Llano, Norman Goda, Rafael Ibáñez Hernández, Gerald Kleinfeld, Christian Leitz, José María Manrique García, Antonio Marquina Barrio, Pablo Martín Aceña, Manfred Merkes, Lucas Molina Franco, Enrique Moradiellos, Víctor Mo- rales Lezcano, Xavier Moreno Juliá, Gustau Nerín, Gloria Inés Ospina, Jesús Palacios, Rosa Pardo Sanz, Paul Preston, Manuel Ros Agudo, Fer- This content downloaded from 128.184.220.23 on Tue, 27 Oct 2015 21:40:20 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions viii PREFACE nando Rosas, Bernd Rother, Klaus-Jorg Rühl, Denis Smyth, Lewis Tambs, António José Telo, Joan María Thomàs, José Varela Ortega, César Vidal, Angel Viñas, Robert Whealey, and others. I am indebted also to Félix Mo- rales and the Fundación Nacional Francisco Franco for the opportunity to do research in the Franco archive. The manuscript has been read by a stellar array of critics—Juan Linz, John Lukacs, and Michael Seidman—who have improved it and saved it from a number of errors. My thanks to all of them. Madison, Wisconsin 1 February 2007 This content downloaded from 128.184.220.23 on Tue, 27 Oct 2015 21:40:20 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions PART I From Civil War to World War This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Tue, 27 Oct 2015 21:52:50 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions This page intentionally left blank This content downloaded from 128.197.26.12 on Tue, 27 Oct 2015 21:52:50 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions