Fracture Mechanics ofCeramics Volume 2 Microstructure, Materials, and Applications Volume 1 • Concepts, Flaws, and Fractography Volume 2. Microstructure, Materials, and Applications Fracture Mechanics ofCeramics Volume2 Microstructure, Materials, and Applications Edited by H.C. Bradt Department 0/ Materials Science Ceramics Science Section Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania D. P. H. Hasseiman Ceramics Research Laboratory Materials Research Center Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and F. F. Lange Research and Development Center Westinghouse Electric Corporation Piusburgh, Pennsrlvania PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK-LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in PubIication Data Symposium on the Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics, Pennsylvania State University, 1973. Fracture mechanics of ceramics. Includes bibliographical references. CONTENTS: v.l. Concepts, ßaws, andfractography. -v. 2. Microstructure, materials, and applications. 1. Ceramics-Fraclure-Congresses. I. Bradt, Richard Carl, 1938· ed. ß. Hasselman, D. P. H., 1931. ed. Iß. Lange, F. F., 1939- IV. Pennsylvania State University. V. Tide. TA430.S97 1973 620.1'4 73·20399 Second half of the proceedings oE a symposium on the Fracture Mechanics oE Ceramics., held al Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, July 11.13, 1973 ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-7016-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-7014-1 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7014-1 © 1974 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1974 A Division oE Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NWIO 6SE, England All rights reserved No part oE this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher PREFACE These volumes constitute the Proceedings of a Symposium ort the Fracture Mechanics of Cerarnics, held at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, July 11, 12, and 13, 1973. The theme of the symposium focussed on the mechanical behavior of brittle cerarnics in terms of the characteristics of cracks. The 52 contributed papers by 87 authors, present an overview of the cur rent understanding of the theory and application of fracture mechan ics to brittle cerarnics. The prograrn chairmen gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance for the Symposium provided by the Office of Naval Re search, the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences of the Pennsyl vania State University, the Materials Research Center of Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvana and Westinghouse Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Special appreciation is extended to the expert organization provided by the J. Orvis Keller Conference Center of the Pennsyl vania State Conference Center of the Pennsylvania State University. In particular, Mrs. Patricia Ewing should be acknowledged for the excellent prograrn organization and planning. Dean Harold J. O'Brien, who was featured as the after-dinner speaker and who presented a most stimulating talk on the cornrnunication between people, also contrib uted to the success of the meeting. Finally, we also wish to thank our joint secretaries for the patience and help in bringing these Proceedings to press. University Park R. C. Bradt Bethlehem D. P. H. Hasseiman Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania F. F. Lange July, 1973 v CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contents of Volume 1 xi IV. MICROSTRUCTURAL EFFECTS Effects of Microstructure on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramies . . . . . 447 R. W. Davidge Fracture Mechanics of Concrete . . . . 469 D. J. Naus, G. B. Batson, J. L. Lott Fracture of Directionally Solidified CaO·Zr02-Zr02 Eutectic 483 C. O. Hulse and J. A. Batt Fracture Energy and Thermal Shock Resistance of Mica Glass-Cerarnics . . . . . • 495 K. Chyung Fracture of Polycrystalline Graphite 509 C. A. Andersson and E. I. Salkovitz Fracture of WUstite and WUstite-Fe304-5v/o Fe Versus Grain Size . . . . . . . . . 527 M. I. Mendelson and M. E. Fine Microstructural Development and Fracture Toughness of a Calcia Partially Stabilized Zirconia 541 D. J. Green, P. S. Nicholson, and J. D. Embury Determination of KIc-Factors with Diarnond-Saw-Cuts in Ceramic Materials ........ . 555 R. F. Pabst Microstructural Considerations for the Application of Fracture Mechanics Techniques ••• . 567 Leonard A. Simpson viii CONTENTS TO VOLUME 2 Strength and Microstructure of Dense, Hot-Pressed Silicon Carbide . • . • • . • • • . . . 579 Svante Prochazka and R. J. Charles Criteria for Crack Extension and Arrest in Residual, Loealized Stress Fields Associated with Seeond Phase Partieles • . . • . • • • . . • • .. 599 F. F. Lange V. SUBCRITICAL CRACK GROWTH Subcritical Crack Growth in Ceramies 613 S. M. Wiederhorn The Propagation of Cracks by Diffusion 647 R. Dutton . • • • • • • . • • • Slow Craek Growth in Polyerystalline Ceramics 659 S. W. Freiman , K. R. MeKinney, and H. L. Smi th Precipitation Strengthening in Non-Stoiehiometric Mg-Al Spinel . • . • . . • • • 677 G. K. Bansal and A. H. Heuer Fatigue Fracture of an Alurnina Ceramic at Several Temperatures • . . . • 691 C. P. Chen and W. J. Knapp Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Polycrystalline MgO 709 W. H. Rhodes, R. M. Cannon, Jr., and T. Vasilos Effect of Polymerie Coatings on Strength of Soda-Lime Glass •..•.• 735 J. E. Ritter, Jr. The Griffith Criterion and the Reversible and Irreversible Fracture of Brittle Materials • • • . . . • . 749 D. P. H. Hasseiman, D. A. Krohn, R. C. Bradt, and J. A. Coppola VI. ENGINEERING, SCIENTIFIC, AND DESIGN APPLICATIONS Thermal Shock Resistance of Ceramie Materials • • • • • . . • 759 Junn Nakayama CONTENTS TO VOLUME 2 ix Crack Propagation in a Thermally Stressed Ceramic Reactor Fuel . . . . 779 G. G. Trantina and J. T. A. Roberts Determination of Fracture Toughness Parameters for Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Alloys 791 R. C. Leuth Fracture Resistance of Metal-Infiltrated Porous Ceramics . . . . • . • • 807 R. A. Queeney and R. L. Turner Fracture and Strain Energy Release in Prestressed Glass and Glass-Ceramics 817 E. K. Beauchamp A Fracture Mechanics Study of the Skylab Windows 829 S. M. Wiederhorn, A. G. Evans, and D. E. Roberts The Applicability of Fracture Mechanics Technology to Porcelain . • 843 W. G. Clark, Jr. and W. A. Logsdon Application of Fracture Mechanics to Graphite Under Complex Stress Conditions 863 G. T. Yahr and R. S. Valachovic Engineering Design and the Probability of Fatigue Failure of Ceramic Material 875 B. J. S. Wilkins Fracture Mechanics of Binary Sodium Silicate Glasses . . • . . • . • . • . 883 C. R. Kennedy, R. C. Bradt, and G. E. Rindone Failure Prediction in Brittle Materials Using Fracture Mechanics and Acoustic Emission 895 A. S. Tetelman and A. G. Evans Contributors 925 Index . • • . • . • • • • . • . • . . . . . • • • • • . • .• 933 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1 Contents of Volume 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi I. FRACTURE MECHANICS APPLIED TO CERAMICS Origin and Use of Fracture Mechanics 3 F. F. Lange Fracture Mechanics Determinations . . . . . • • . . . • . .. 17 A. G. Evans Determination of Elastic Constants Required for Application of Fracture Mechanics to Ceramics ....••.... 49 J. B. Wachtman, Jr. Conventional Strength Testing of Ceramics 69 C. W. Marschall and A. Rudnick Statistics of Brittle Fracture 93 Frank A. McClintock 11. FLAW DETECTION AND THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF FRACTURE MECHANICS Overview of Nondestructive Inspection Techniques 117 Otto R. Gericke Origin and Detection of Microflaws in Glass • . • . . . . . . 161 F. M. Ernsberger Microstructural Aspects of Acoustic Emission Generation in Ceramics •.• . . . 175 L. J. Graham and G. A. A1ers Surface Evaluation Using Acoustic Emission 189 J. J. Schuldies xi xii CONTENTS TO VOLUME 1 Observation of Crack Propagation in Polycrystalline Cerarnics and Its Relationship to Acoustic Emis sions . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 201 M. J. Noone and R. L. Mehan The Initiation and Propagation of Hertzian Ring Cracks ....•......... 231 I. Finnie and S. Vaidyanathan The Interaction between Inclusions and Cracks . . . . . . •. 245 F. Erdogan Analysis of Cracks in Heterogeneous Solids 269 G. P. Sendeckyj Crack Morphology in Relatively Brittle Crystals . . . . . .. 283 Robb Thomson and Edwin Fuller Theory of Dynamic Strength 297 B. Steverding I I I . FRACTOGRAPHY Fracture Mirrors in Polycrystalline Cerarnics and Glass . . . . . . . . . 309 H. P. Kirchner and R. M. Gruver Fractographic Identification of Strength-Controlling Flaws and Microstructure . . . . . . . . . 323 Roy W. Rice Fracture Mechanics, Statistical Analysis and Fractography of Carbides and Metal Carbides Composites . . . . . . 347 J. L. Chermant, A. Deschanvres, and A. lost Inclusion Effects on the Strength of Hot Pressed Si3N4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 H. R. Baumgartner and D. W. Richerson Auger Spectroscopy of Fracture Surfaces of Cerarnics 387 H. L. Marcus, J. M. Harris, and F. J. Szalkowski Scanning Electron Fractographic Study of Aluminum Oxide Function of Testing Temperature and Grain Size . . . . . . . . . . 399 Dm Johari and N. M. Parikh