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FOUNDATIONS NURSING of COMMUNITY in the Community-Oriented Practice Fourth Edition Marcia Stanhope, RN, DSN, FAAN The Good Samaritan Professor and Chair in Community Health Nursing, Emerita College of Nursing and Provost Public Scholar Emerita University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky Jeanette Lancaster, RN, PhD, FAAN Sadie Heath Cabiness Professor and Dean Emerita School of Nursing University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia Visiting Professor, Vanderbilt University Associate, Tuft & Associates, Inc. 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING IN THE COMMUNITY: COMMUNITY-ORIENTED PRACTICE ISBN: 978-0-323-10094-6 Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Copyright © 2002, 2006, 2010 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department: phone: (!1) 215 239 3804 (US) or (!44) 1865 843830 (UK); fax: (!44) 1865 853333; e-mail: permissions@elsevier. com. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier website at http://www.elsevier.com/permissions. Notice Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negli- gence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. The Publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stanhope, Marcia, author. Foundations of nursing in the community : community-oriented practice / Marcia Stanhope, Jeanette Lancaster.—4th ed. p. ; cm. Based on: Public health nursing : population-centered health care in the community / [edited by] Marcia Stanhope, Jeanette Lancaster. 8th ed. c2012. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-323-10094-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) I. Lancaster, Jeanette, author. II. Public health nursing. Based on (work): III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Community Health Nursing. 2. Community Health Services. WY 106] RT98 610.73’43—dc23 2013024054 Content Strategist: Nancy O’Brien Content Development Specialist: Jennifer Shropshire Publishing Services Manager: Jeff Patterson Senior Project Manager: Anne Konopka Design Direction: Ashley Eberts Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ABOUT THE AUTHORS MARCIA STANHOPE, RN, DSN, FAAN Marcia Stanhope is currently an independent consultant to national, state, and local agencies and schools and colleges of nursing. She provides guidance and support in program management and evaluation, curriculum and course design, analysis, development, and evaluation, as well as public health and nursing. She is also involved in consultation to doctorate of nursing practice programs. Dr. Stanhope was an administrator, manager, and faculty member at the University of Kentucky College of Nursing for 30 years. She held The Good Samaritan Professor and Chair in Commu- nity Health Nursing at the University of Kentucky College of Nursing in Lexington, Kentucky. Recently, she was named as the second university Provost Public scholar for her work within na- tional, state, and local communities. She has practiced community and home health nursing, has served as an administrator and consultant in home health, and has been involved in the develop- ment of multiple nurse-managed centers. She has taught public and community health, primary care nursing, and administration courses. Dr. Stanhope formerly served as associate dean at the University of Kentucky College of Nursing, directed the Division of Community Health Nursing and Administration, and codirected the Doctorate of Nursing Practice program from its incep- tion. She has been responsible for both undergraduate and graduate courses in public and com- munity health nursing. She also has taught at the University of Virginia and the University of Alabama, Birmingham. Her presentations and publications have been in the areas of home health, community health and community-based nursing practice, primary care nursing, and nurse-managed centers with emphasis on vulnerable populations. Dr. Stanhope holds a diploma in nursing from the Good Samaritan Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky, and a bachelor of science in nursing from the University of Kentucky. She has a master’s degree in pub- lic health nursing from Emory University in Atlanta and a doctorate of science in nursing from the University of Alabama, Birmingham. Dr. Stanhope is the coauthor of four other Mosby/Elsevier publications: Public Health Nursing (also with Dr. Lancaster), Handbook of Community-Based and Home Health Nursing Practice, Public and Community Health Nurse’s Consultant, and Case Studies in Community Health Nursing Practice: A Problem-Based Learning Approach. Dr. Stanhope received the 2000 Public Health Nursing Creative Achievement Award from the Public Health Nursing Section of the American Public Health Association. She was inducted into the University of Kentucky Distinguished Alumni Hall of Fame, May 2005, joining 257 other graduates of the University of Kentucky who have received this honor. Other honors include recognition as an Edgerunner by the American Academy of Nursing, October 2006, for her work with nurse-managed centers, the American Nurses Association’s Pearl McIver Award for Excellence in Public Health Nursing, 2012, Distinguished Alumni Awards from the University of Alabama, Birmingham, and Emory University, 2012. She was recently inducted into the University of Kentucky College of Public Health Hall of Fame for her career contributions to public health. JEANETTE LANCASTER, RN, PhD, FAAN Jeanette Lancaster is currently a visiting professor in the School of Nursing at Vanderbilt University and an associate with Tuft & Associates, Inc., an executive search firm. She specializes in nurs- ing leadership searches. She served for 19 years as the Sadie Heath Cabaniss Professor of Nursing and Dean at the University of Virginia School of Nursing in Charlottesville, Virginia. When Dr. Lancaster stepped down as dean at the University of Virginia, a professorship, grant program for faculty, office suite, and the street in front of the school were named in her honor. From 2008 to 2009 she served as a visiting professor in the School of Nursing at the University of Hong Kong. In spring 2013, she served as a professor with Semester at Sea and taught a cross-cultural health promotion course as the students, faculty, staff, and life-long learners sailed around the world for 4 months. Dr. Lancaster also served as president of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. She has practiced psychiatric nursing and taught both psychiatric and community health nursing. She formerly directed the master’s program in community health nursing at the University of Alabama, Birmingham, and served as dean of the School of Nursing at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio. Her publications and presentations have been largely in the areas of community and public health nursing, leadership and change, and the significance of nurses to effective primary health care. Dr. Lancaster is a graduate of the University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, College of Nursing. She holds a master’s degree in psychiatric nursing from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland and a doctorate in public health from the University of Oklahoma. Dr. Lancaster is the author of another Mosby/Elsevier publication, Nursing Issues in Leading and Managing Change, and co-author (with Dr. Stanhope) of Public Health Nursing. She edits the interdisciplinary journal, Family & Community Health. iii DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS DEDICATION This edition of the text is dedicated to the memory of two persons whose lives were a reflection of the lessons of life quality included in this text. Wade Lancaster Wade Lancaster, husband of the text’s coauthor, Jeanette, is described by all who knew him as an accomplished, gentle, quiet, and unassuming man who loved teaching college students and touring, with Jeanette, the many wonders of this earth. He loved his wife, sister, and family, two daughters, Melinda and Jennifer, and his four granddaughters. He embraced his two sons-in-law and enjoyed sharing his love of sports with them. He was known for his ability to listen, laugh, and entertain friends and for promoting the ac- complishments of his family. He will be missed by all who were touched by his life. Written for Jeanette Lancaster (by MS) Pauline Byrd Mrs. Pauline Byrd of Lexington, Kentucky was a gentle lady who lived her values. Her life mirrored her beliefs. She loved her family and community, including friends and her church. Pauline’s son Greg, his wife, and granddaughters were of most im- portance to her. Unquestionably, she was the pillar of her community and family. I was truly blessed to have known her and to have benefited from her kindness and her caring support of my family. She will be missed by all who knew her. Marcia Stanhope ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank our families, friends, and colleagues who supported us in the completion of the fourth edition. Special thanks to those who provided generous support and assistance. We especially thank Nancy O’Brien, Jennifer Shropshire, and Anne Konopka at Elsevier and the chapter authors who served as reviewers for their time and thoughtfulness in assisting us in completing the revisions. Two very important people who assisted us through their research efforts for this project are Dr. Lisa Turner and Mrs. Melinda Runkle. iv CONTRIBUTORS Jacquelyn C. Campbell, PhD, RN, FAAN We gratefully acknowledge the following individuals who wrote chapters for the eighth edition of Public Health Nursing, on Anna D. Wolf Chair which the chapters in this book are based. The Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing National Director Swann Arp Adams, PhD Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nurse Faculty Scholars Associate Professor Baltimore, Maryland College of Nursing Ann H. Cary, PhD, MPH, RN Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health Professor and Director University of South Carolina School of Nursing Columbia, South Carolina Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Executive Nurse Fellow Loyola University Debra Gay Anderson, PhD, PHCNS-BC New Orleans, Louisiana Associate Professor Cynthia E. Degazon, PhD, RN College of Nursing University of Kentucky Professor Emerita Lexington, Kentucky Hunter College of the City University of New York New York, New York Dyan A. Aretakis, RN, MSN, FNP-BC Janna Dieckmann, PhD, RN Project Director Teen Health Center Clinical Associate Professor University of Virginia Health System School of Nursing Charlottesville, Virginia University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina Linda K. Birenbaum, PhD, RN† Diane Downing, PhD, RN Public Health Program Supervisor Washington County Health & Human Services Assistant Professor Hillsboro, Oregon School of Nursing and Health Studies Georgetown University Jean C. Bokinskie, PhD, RN Washington, District of Columbia Associate Professor Amanda Fallin, PhD, RN Nursing Department Concordia College Postdoctoral Fellow Moorhead, Minnesota University of California San Francisco Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education Kathryn H. Bowles, PhD, RN, FAAN San Francisco, California Associate Professor James J. Fletcher, PhD New Courtland Center for Transitions and Health University of Pennsylvania Professor Emeritus of Philosophy Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Philosophy George Mason University Angeline Bushy, PhD, RN, PHCNS-BC, FAAN Fairfax, Virginia Professor and Bert Fish Chair Monty Gross, PhD, RN, CNE College of Nursing University of Central Florida Associate Professor of Nursing Daytona Beach, Florida James Madison University Harrisonburg, Virginia † = deceased v vi CONTRIBUTORS Patty J. Hale, PhD, RN, FNP, FAAN Robert E. McKeown, PhD, FACE Professor and Graduate Program Director GHS Interim Director Department of Nursing Institute for Advancement of Health Care James Madison University Greenville Health System Harrisonburg, Virginia Distinguished Professor Emeritus Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics Susan B. Hassmiller, PhD, RN, FAAN Arnold School of Public Health Senior Advisor for Nursing University of South Carolina Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Columbia, South Carolina Director, Future of Nursing Campaign for Action Marie Napolitano, PhD, RN, FNP Princeton, New Jersey Director DeAnne K. Hilfinger Messias, PhD, RN, FAAN Doctor of Nursing Practice Program Professor School of Nursing College of Nursing and Women’s and Gender Studies University of Portland University of South Carolina Portland, Oregon Columbia, South Carolina Bonnie Rogers, DrPH, COHN-S, LNCC, FAAN Linda J. Hulton, PhD, RN Director Professor of Nursing North Carolina Occupational Safety and Health and Education James Madison University and Research Center Harrisonburg, Virginia Director Occupational Health Nursing Program Bonnie Jerome-D’Emilia, PhD, RN, MPH School of Public Health Assistant Professor of Nursing University of North Carolina Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Chapel Hill, North Carolina School of Nursing- Camden Joanna M. Rowe, PhD, RN Camden, New Jersey Professor Kären M. Landenburger, PhD, RN School of Nursing Professor of Nursing Linfield College-Portland Campus Director of Education Portland, Oregon University of Washington Tacoma Cynthia Rubenstein, PhD, RN, CPNP-PC Tacoma, Washington Undergraduate Program Director Susan C. Long-Marin, DVM, MPH Assistant Professor Epidemiology Manager Department of Nursing Mecklenburg County Health Department James Madison University Charlotte, North Carolina Harrisonburg, Virginia Karen S. Martin, RN, MSN, FAAN Barbara Sattler, DrPH, RN, FAAN Health Care Consultant Professor and Director Martin Associates Environmental Health Education Center Omaha, Nebraska University of Maryland School of Nursing Baltimore, Maryland Mary Lynn Mathre, RN, MSN, CARN Juliann G. Sebastian, PhD, RN, FAAN Cannabis Consultant and Educator, Substance Abuse Consultant President and Co-founder of Patients Out of Time Dean and Professor President and Founding member of the American Cannabis College of Nursing Nurses Association University of Nebraska Howardsville, Virginia Omaha, Nebraska CONTRIBUTORS vii George F. Shuster III, RN, DNSc Lynn Wasserbauer, PhD, FNP, RN Associate Professor Nurse Practitioner College of Nursing Strong Memorial Hospital University of New Mexico University of Rochester Medical Center Albuquerque, New Mexico Rochester, New York Mary Cipriano Silva, PhD, RN, FAAN Carolyn Antonides Williams, PhD, RN, FAAN Professor Emerita Professor School of Nursing Dean Emeritus George Mason University College of Nursing Fairfax, Virginia University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky Jeanne Merkle Sorrell, PhD, RN, FAAN Senior Nurse Scientist Ancillary Contributors Department of Nursing Research and Innovation Cleveland Clinic Joanna E. Cain, BSN, RN Cleveland, Ohio President and Founder Professor Emerita, School of Nursing, George Mason University Auctorial Pursuits, Inc. Austin, Texas Sharon A. R. Stanley, PhD, RN, RS NCLEX Review Questions Chief Nurse TEACH for RN–Case Studies American Red Cross Washington, District of Columbia Melinda Runkle, BSBA Research Assistant Sharon Strang, DNP, APRN, FNP-BC Cumming, Georgia Associate Professor of Nursing Department of Nursing Lisa Pedersen Turner, PhD, RN, PHCNS-BC James Madison University Assistant Professor Harrisonburg, Virginia Nursing Program Berea College Francisco S. Sy, MD, DrPH Berea, Kentucky Director PowerPoint Slides Office of Extramural Research Administration National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Anna K. Wehling Weepie, DNP, RN, CNE, COI (NIMHD) Assistant Dean, Undergraduate Nursing and Professor National Institutes of Health Allen College Bethesda, Maryland Waterloo, Iowa Test Bank Anita Thompson-Heisterman, MSN, PMHCNS, BC, PMHNP, BC Reviewers Assistant Professor School of Nursing and University of Virginia Rebecca S. Appleton, PhD, RN Nurse Practitioner Professor of Nursing Department of Neurology Marshall University University of Virginia Huntington, West Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia Sue Bhati, FNP-BC, NP-C, MSN, RN Lisa Pedersen Turner, PhD, RN, PHCNS-BC Associate Professor Assistant Professor Northern Virginia Community College Nursing Program Springfield, Virginia Berea College Berea, Kentucky viii CONTRIBUTORS Barbara Blackford, RN, MSN Judith L. Mizell, BSN, RN, CCM, CRRN, Assistant Professor Nurse Case Manager Marian University Feather Case Management and Consulting Indianapolis, Indiana North Charleston, South Carolina Karen Britt, MS, RN-BC Margaret Ochab-Ohryn, MS, MBA, BSN, CRNA Assistant Professor Associate Professor MCPHS University Oakland Community College Manchester, New Hampshire Southfield, Michigan Shandra D. Burton, MSN, RN, APHN-BC Gayle A. Roberts, CNP, MSN, RN Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Marian University Muskingum University Indianapolis, Indiana New Concord, Ohio Nancy A. Carter, MS, RN, CNE Judith A. Ryan, MPH, MSN, RN Assistant Professor Director of Nursing Department of Nursing Florida Department of Health Andrews University Daytona Beach, Florida Berrien Springs, Michigan Mary Alice Sawaya, PhD, RN, CNE Edith Claros, PhD, MSN, RN Associate Professor Assistant Dean and Associate Professor Metropolitan State University of Denver Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences Denver, Colorado School of Nursing Jennifer E. Shearer, PhD, RN, CNE Boston, Massachusetts Associate Professor of Nursing Janice Harris, EdS, MSN, RN Derry Patterson Wingo School of Nursing Clinical Skills Lab Coordinator Charleston Southern University Assistant Professor Charleston, South Carolina School of Nursing Eileen Thomas, MS, PhD, RN Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, Tennessee Assistant Professor University of Colorado Rebecca A. Jones, PhD, RN, NEA-BC, CNE College of Nursing President and CEO Aurora, Colorado EdAct4U Consulting Valerie J. Valles, RN, MSN, PHN Leesburg, Florida Assistant Professor of Nursing Cheryl A. Krause-Parello, PhD, RN Concordia University Associate Professor Irvine, California Director Bonnie White, MSN, RN, CCM Center for Nursing Research Kean University Assistant Professor School of Nursing MCPHS University Union, New Jersey Worcester, Massachusetts Lauren N. Maziarz, MSN, RN, BS Instructor Lourdes University Sylvania, Ohio