This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited EVENTh EDOTOON ELEaN AkflD CDEN1TJLDCTGOLN1 r r' F - c=- 0 [oJ This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited TFnndatn 1Dgn and Cntirudicn 7th edition This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited Wework with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in engmeenng, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market Under a range of well-known imprints, includmg Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and electronic publications which help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work To find out more about the complete range of our publishing please visit us on the World Wide Web at www pearsoneduc com I' This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited Ffomi gini urud{ Seventh Edition M. J. Tomlinson CEng, FICE, FIStructE with contributions by R. Boorman BSc, MEng, MICE, FlStructE IIli An :mpnnt of PearsonEducation Harlow, England London New York Reading, Massachusetts San Francisco Toronto Don Mills, Ontario Sydney Tokyo Singapore Hong Kong Seoul Taipei Cape Town Madrid Mexico City Amsterdam Munich Paris Milan ItJ This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited PearsonEducation Ltd EdinburghGate Harlow Essex CM2O 2JE England and Associated Companies around the World Visit us on the World Wide Web at wwwpearsoneduccorn First published by Pitman Publishing Limited 1963 Second edition 1969 Third edition 1975 Fourth edition 1980 Fifth edition pubhshed under the Longman imprint 1986 Sixth edition 1995 Seventh edition 2001 © M J Tomlmson and R Boorman 1986, 1995 © Pearson Education Lmuted 2001 The rights of M J Tomhnson and R Boorman to be identified as the authors of this Work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electromc, mechamcal, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the pnor written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 012 ISBN 0130-31180-4 British Library Cataloguing-rn-Publicatwn Data A catalogue record for this book can be obtained from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tomlinson, M J (Michael John) Foundation design and construction / M J Tomlinson , with contributions by R Boorman —7th ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0—13—031180—4 1 Foundations I Boorman, R TA775 T6 2001 624 l'5—dc2l 00—051642 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 05 04 030201 Typeset in 95/1 ipt Times by 35 Printed and bound m Great Britain by TI International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall 'V This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited Preface to the first edition ix 2.5 Estimation of allowable bearing pressures Preface to the seventh edition xi by prescriptive methods 55 2.6 Settlement of foundations 58 1 Site investigations and soil mechanics 1 2.7 Settlement of foundations on rocks 81 1 0 General requirements 1 2.8 The applicability of computerized 11 Information required from a site methods to foundation analysis and design 85 investigation 2 1 2 Site investigations of foundation 2.9 Examples 92 failures 3 References 102 1 3 Borehole layout 4 3 Foundation design in relation to ground 1 4 Exploration in soils 5 movements 105 1 5 Exploration m rocks 16 3.1 Soil movements 105 1 6 Ground water 18 3.2 Ground movements due to water seepage 1 7 Borehole records 20 and surface erosion 115 1 8 Investigations for foundations of works 3 3 Ground movements due to over water 20 vibrations 117 1 9 Geophysical methods of site 3 4 Ground movements due to hillside mvestigation 21 creep 117 110 Investigations of filled and contaminated 3 5 Ground movement due to mimng ground 21 subsidence 118 111 Laboratory tests on soils 22 3 6 Foundations on filled ground 128 1 12 Laboratory tests on rock specimens 3 7 Machinery foundations 132 obtained by rotary core drilling 26 References 136 113 The foundation engineermg report 26 4 Spread and deep shaft foundations 137 114 Foundation properties of soil types 29 115 Foundation properties of rock types 33 4 1 Determination of allowable References 36 bearing pressures for spread foundations 137 2 The general prindples of foundation 4.2 Structural design and construction 142 design 38 4.3 Foundations to structural steel 2.1 Foundation types 38 columns 152 2.2 Foundation design procedures 39 44 Grillage foundations 152 23 Calculations for ultimate bearing capacity 45 Raft foundations 153 by analytical methods 45 46 Deep shaft foundations 156 24 Calculation of ultimate bearing capacity 47 Examples 164 by semi-empirical methods 54 References 174 V This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited vi Contents 5 Buoyancy rafts and basements 7 13 Piles in fill—negative skin fnction 304 (boxfoundations) 175 7 14 The carrying capacity of pile 5 1 Generalprinciples of design 175 groups 306 5 2 Drag-down effects on deep 7 15 The design of axially loaded piles foundations 176 considered as columns 311 53 Buoyancy raft foundations 177 7 16 Piles resisting uplift 312 54 Basement or box foundations 181 7 17 Piles subjected to honzontal or 55 Piledbasements 194 inclined loads 314 56 Settlement-reducing piles rn piled rafts 7 18 The behaviour of piles under and basements 197 vibrating loads 321 57 The structural design of basement rafts 7 19 Computerized methods for predicting the and retaining walls 198 load/deformation behaviour of the single 58 The application of computer-based pile and pile groups under axial and methods to the design of rafts and lateral loading 321 piled rafts 208 7 20 Calculation of carrying capacity and pile 5 9 Waterproofing basements 216 dnveability by dynamic formulae 327 5 10 Worked example of basement 721 Procedure in correlating static methods of retaining wall 218 calculating pile resistance with driving References 221 records 332 7.22 Examples 332 6 Bridge foundations 223 References 343 6 1 Introduction 223 62 Code of Practice requirements 223 8 Piled foundations 2: structural design and 63 Bridges on land 224 construction methods 345 64 Bndges over water 239 8 1 Classification of pile types 345 References 274 82 Pile-driving equipment 346 7 Piledfoundations 1: the carrying capacity of 8 3 Jetting piles 351 84 Pile driving by vibration 352 piles and pile groups 276 85 Pile driving over water 352 7 1 Classification of piles 276 86 Pile driving through difficult 7 2 The behaviour of piles and pile groups ground 353 under load 277 87 Test piling 353 7 3 Deflmtions of failure load on piles 279 88 Timber piles 359 7 4 Calculating ultimate loads on isolated 89 Precast concrete piles 361 driven piles incoarse-grainedsoils 280 8 10 Jointed precast concrete piles 365 7.5 Calculating ultimate loads on driven 811 Prestressed concrete piles 366 and cast-in-place piles in coarse 8 12 Steel piles 369 soils 289 8 13 Types of driven and cast-in-place 7 6 Calculating ultimate loads on bored and pile 373 cast-in-place piles in coarse soils 290 8 14 Types of bored pile 374 77 Ultimate loads on piles driven into 8 15 Types of composite pile 382 fine-grained soils 291 8 16 The design of pile caps and capping 7 8 Driven and cast-rn-place piles in beams 383 soils 295 fine-grained 8 17 The economics of piled foundations 385 7 9 Bored and cast-in-place piles in 8 18 The choice of type of pile 387 soils 295 fine-grained References 389 7 10 Calculation of the carrying capacity of piles in soils intermediate between sand 9 Foundation construction 390 and clay, layered soils, and uncemented 9 1 Site preparation 390 calcareous sands 297 92 Excavation methods 391 7 11 The settlement of a single pile at the 9 3 Stability of slopes to open working load 298 excavations 392 7 12 The carrying capacity of piles founded 94 Trench excavation 398 on rock 298 9 5 Support of excavations 401 This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited vii Contents 9.6 Structural design of supports to 11 5 Ground water under artesian head beneath excavations 416 excavations 509 97 Overall stability of strutted 11 6 The use of geotechmcal processes for excavations 424 ground improvement 510 9.8 Inward yielding and settlement of the References 516 ground surrounding excavations 425 12 Shoring and underpinning 518 9.9 The use of finite element techmques for 12 1 Requirements for shonng and predicting deformations around deep underpinmng 518 excavations 428 122 Methods of shonng 518 9.10 Example 433 12 3 Methods of underpinmng 522 References 435 124 Moving buildmgs 533 10 Cofferdams 436 References 535 10 1 Cofferdain types 436 13 Protection of foundation structures against 102 Design of single-wall sheet pile attack by soils and ground water 537 cofferdams 444 13 1 Causes of attack 537 103 Construction of single-wall sheet pile 13 2 Soil and ground-water cofferdams 451 investigations 537 104 Double-wall sheet pile cofferdams 459 13 3 Protection of timber piles 538 105 Cellular sheet pile cofferdams 460 13 4 Protection of steel piling against 106 Concrete-walled cofferdams 461 corrosion 541 107 Movable cofferdams 464 13 5 Protection of concrete structures 542 108 Underwater foundation construction 464 References 547 109 Examples 470 References 479 Appendix A Properties of matenals 549 11 Geotechnical processes 481 Appendix B Ground movements around 111 Ground improvement by geotechmcal excavations 550 processes 481 Appendix C Conversion tables 552 11 2 Ground water inexcavations 481 Author Index 555 11 3 Methods of ground-water control 489 Subject Index 560 11 4 The settlement of ground adjacent to excavations caused by ground-water lowenng 507 This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited * blank Page in original This edition is reproduced by permission of Pearson Educational Limited IFireface Ito the fiirIt edlifion The author's aim has been to provide a manual of foun- use of the present-day techmques of mvestigation and dation design and construction methods for the practis- construction The application of soil mechanics science ing engineer The book is not intended to be a textbook to the carrying capacity of pile foundations of all types on soil mechanics, but it does include examples of the is a comparatively new development, but is coming to applications of this science to foundation engineenng be recognized as having advantages over older meth- The principles of the science are stated only briefly, ods usmg dynamic formulae, and this subject is fully the reader should refer to the relevant textbooks for treated It is hoped that the information given on large- explanations of its theory It is hoped that the liniita- diameter bored-pile foundations will be helpful in tions and pitfalls of soil mechamcs have been clearly set aiding the design of foundations of tall multi-storey out —unduereliance on soil mechanics can be danger- buildings Experience in recent years has shown the ous if foundation designs are based on inadequate data economies which these high-capacity piles can give over or on the use of wrong investigational techniques the more conventional types where heavy foundation Professor Peck has listed three attributes necessary to loads are to be camed the practice of subsurface engineering, these are a know- The background information on soil mechanics ledge of precedents, familiarity with soil mechanics, has been mainly drawn from Terzaghi and Peck's Soil and a working knowledge of geology He believes the Mechanics in Engineering Practice (John Wiley) For first of these to be by far the most important Regard- examples of constructional problems the author has ing soil mechanics, he states drawn freely on his experiences with George Wimpey & Co Ltd, and he is indebted to Dr L J Murdock, The everyday procedures now used to calculate bear- DSc, MICE, manager of their Central Laboratory, for ing capacity, settlement, or factor of safety of a slope, permission to publish this information, together with are nothing more than the use of the framework illustrations and photographs General information of soil mechanics to organize experience If the tech- on current design practice m Great Britain has been niques of soil testing and the theories had not led to obtained from the Institution of Civil Engineers Code results in accord with experience and field observa- of Practice No 4 (1954) Foundations, with the kind tions, they would not have been adopted for practical, perimssion of the Institution widespread use Indeed, the procedures are valid The author gratefully acknowledges the help and and justified only to the extent that they have been criticism of his colleagues in the preparation of the verified by experience In this sense, the ordinary book, and in particular of A D Rae, BSc, for checking procedures of soil mechanics are merely devices the manuscript and proofs Thanks are especially due for interpolating among the specific experiences of to Professor H 0 Ireland, of the University of many engineers in order to solve our own problems, llhnois, for critical reading of the manuscript and advice or which we recognize to fall within the limits of on its application to American engineering practice previous experience The illustrations are the work of Mrs W Alder and The author has included information on ordinary Mrs P Payne foundations, including the economic design of house MJT foundations, as a help to architects and builders in the Amersham 1963 Is