Global edition F orty Studies that C hanged Psychology E xplorations into the History of P sychological Research S eventH edition R oger R. Hock FORTY STUDIES THAT CHANGED PSYCHOLOGY This page is intentionally left blank. FORTY STUDIES THAT CHANGED PSYCHOLOGY Explorations into the History of Psychological Research Global Edition Seventh Edition Roger R. Hock, Ph.D. Mendocino College Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Craig Campanella Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Editor in Chief: Jessica Mosher Managing Editor: Denise Forlow Head of Learning Asset Acquisition, Senior Project Manager/Liaison: Harriet Tellem Global Edition: Laura Dent Operations Specialist: Diane Peirano Executive Acquisitions Editor: Stephen Frail Senior Manufacturing and Operations Editorial Assistant: Madelyn Schricker Manager for Arts & Sciences: Mary Fischer Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics Vrinda Malik Cover Photo: © Alexey Losevich/Shutterstock Project Editor, Global Edition: Daniel Luiz Full-Service Project Management: Media Producer, Global Edition: GEX Publishing Services M. Vikram Kumar Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Global Edition: Trudy Kimber Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2015 The rights of Roger R. Hock to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Forty Studies That Changed Psychology: Explorations into the History of Psychological Research, 7th edition, ISBN 978-0-205-91839-3, by Roger R. Hock, published by Pearson Education © 2013. All rights reserved. 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ISBN 10: 1-292-07096-X ISBN 13: 978-1-292-07096-4 (Print) ISBN 13: 978-1-292-07097-1 (PDF) British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Typeset in New Baskerville Std Roman by GEX Publishing Services. Printed and bound by Courier Westford in The United States of America. For Diane Perin Hock and Caroline Mei Perin Hock This page is intentionally left blank. CONTENTS Preface 11 CHAPTER I THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HUmAN BEHAvIOR 19 reading 1: One Brain Or TwO? 19 Gazzaniga, M. S. (1967). The split brain in man. Scientific American, 217(2), 24–29. reading 2: MOre exPerience = Bigger Brain 30 Rosenzweig, M. R., Bennett, E. L., & Diamond, M. C. (1972). Brain changes in response to experience. Scientific American, 226(2), 22–29. reading 3: are YOu a “naTural”? 37 Bouchard, T., Lykken, D., McGue, M., Segal, N., & Tellegen, A. (1990). Sources of human psychological differences: The Minnesota study of twins reared apart. Science, 250, 223–229. reading 4: waTch OuT fOr The Visual cliff! 45 Gibson, E. J., & Walk, R. D. (1960). The “visual cliff.” Scientific American, 202(4), 67–71. CHAPTER II CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE SENSES 53 reading 5: Take a lOng lOOk 54 Fantz, R. L. (1961). The origin of form perception. Scientific American, 204, 61–72. reading 6: TO sleeP, nO dOuBT TO dreaM . . . 60 Aserinsky, E., & Kleitman, N. (1953). Regularly occurring periods of eye mobility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. Science, 118, 273–274. Dement, W. (1960). The effect of dream deprivation. Science, 131, 1705–1707. reading 7: as a caTegOrY, iT’s a naTural 67 Rosch, Eleanor H. (1973). Natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 328–350. reading 8: acTing as if YOu are hYPnOTized 75 Spanos, N. P. (1982). Hypnotic behavior: A cognitive, social, psychological perspective. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavior, 7, 199–213. 7 8 Contents CHAPTER III CONDITIONING AND LEARNING 83 reading 9: iT’s nOT JusT aBOuT saliVaTing dOgs! 83 Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University Press. reading 10: liTTle eMOTiOnal alBerT 90 Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1–14. reading 11: knOck wOOd! 96 Skinner, B. F. (1948). Superstition in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 168–172. reading 12: see aggressiOn . . . dO aggressiOn! 103 Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575–582. CHAPTER Iv COGNITION, mEmORY, AND INTELLIGENCE 111 reading 13: whaT YOu exPecT is whaT YOu geT 111 Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1966). Teachers’ expectancies: Determinates of pupils’ IQ gains. Psychological Reports, 19, 115–118. reading 14: JusT How are YOu inTelligenT? 118 Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books. reading 15: MaPs in YOur Mind 128 Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review, 55, 189–208. reading 16: Thanks fOr The MeMOries! 135 Loftus, E. F. (1975). Leading questions and the eyewitness report. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 560–572. CHAPTER v CHANGES OvER THE HUmAN LIFESPAN 144 reading 17: discOVering lOVe 144 Harlow, H. F. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13, 673–685. reading 18: OuT Of sighT, BuT Not OuT Of Mind 152 Piaget, J. (1954). The development of object concept. In J. Piaget, The construction of reality in the child (pp. 3–96). New York: Basic Books. reading 19: hOw MOral are YOu? 161 Kohlberg, L. (1963). The development of children’s orientations toward a moral order: Sequence in the development of moral thought. Vita Humana, 6, 11–33. reading 20: in cOnTrOl and glad Of iT! 168 Langer, E. J., & Rodin, J. (1976). The effects of choice and enhanced personal responsibility for the aged: A field experiment in an institutional setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 191–198. Contents 9 CHAPTER vI mOTIvATION AND EmOTION 176 reading 21: a sexual MOTiVaTiOn 176 Masters, W. H., & Johnson, V. E. (1966). Human sexual response. Boston: Little, Brown. reading 22: i can see iT all OVer YOur face! 186 Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 124–129. reading 23: watcHiNg YOur eMOTiOns? 193 Ross, P. (2003). Mind readers. Scientific American, 289(3), 74–77. reading 24: ThOughTs OuT Of Tune 199 Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203–210. CHAPTER vII PERSONALITY 207 reading 25: are YOu The MasTer Of YOur faTe? 208 Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1–28. reading 26: Masculine Or feMinine . . . Or BOTh? 216 Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155–162. reading 27: racing againsT YOur hearT 226 Friedman, M., & Rosenman, R. H. (1959). Association of specific overt behavior pattern with blood and cardiovascular findings. Journal of the American Medical Association, 169, 1286–1296. reading 28: The One, The ManY 233 Triandis, H., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 323–338. CHAPTER vIII PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS 243 reading 29: whO’s crazY here, anYwaY? 243 Rosenhan, D. L. (1973). On being sane in insane places. Science, 179, 250–258. reading 30: YOu’re geTTing defensiVe again! 251 Freud, A. (1946). The ego and the mechanisms of defense. New York: International Universities Press. reading 31: learning TO Be dePressed 258 Seligman, M. E. P., & Maier, S. F. (1967). Failure to escape traumatic shock. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74, 1–9. reading 32: crOwding inTO The BehaViOral sink 265 Calhoun, J. B. (1962). Population density and social pathology. Scientific American, 206(3), 139–148.