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University Micrdrilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8300859 Love, Nathan LeRoy FORMS OF ADDRESS IN OLD FRENCH ROMANCES Indiana University Ph.D. University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1982 by Love, Nathan LeRoy All Rights Reserved FORMS OF ADDRESS IN OLD FRENCH ROMANCES Nathan LeRoy Love Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of French and Italian Indiana University August 1982 We, the undersigned committee for Mr. Nathan LeRoy Love, accept this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of French and Italian at Indiana University. Professor Samuel N. Rosenbefrg Chairman Professor Emanuel J. Mickel Professor Russel' dhl P: or Paul Spade ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is a pleasure to tender my best thanks to my dis­ sertation director, Professor Samuel N. Rosenberg, whose aid has come in too many ways to be enumerated adequately here. It is likewise a delight to express my gratitude to Professor Emanuel Mickel, Jr.; for not only were his sug­ gestions for improvement of this manuscript helpful, but it was also as a student in his courses that I first grew fond of Old French language and literature. I am indebted to Professors Pfohl and Spade for their kind consent to read a manuscript not falling within the mainstream of their interests. I am sensible of how much I owe to Professors Pierre Guiraud and John Houston, who imparted to me a respect for close readings of literary texts; their stylistic studies remain for me models worthy of em­ ulation. To all members of the thesis support group, Tom Broden, Michele Fiske, Richard Fiske, Starr Howlett, and David Stead, whose sound practical counsel and friendly encouragement were most beneficial, ray debt of gratitude cannot go unacknowledged. And, finally, to my patient and loving wife, Linda, to whom this work is fittingly dedi­ cated, my most heartfelt thanks. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter I. Vocatives, Allocutive Pronouns, and Formulas of Politeness. VOCATIVES 10 Nouns 10 masculine 10 feminine 28 summary 34 Adjectives 36 Miscellanea and Summary 45 proper nouns 45 vocative use of allocutive pronouns 46 ALLOCUTIVE PRONOUNS 50 Third person address 50 Plural address 51 Tu and singular vous 52 FORMULAS OF POLITENESS 65 CONCLUSION 69 Chapter II. Chretien de Troyes. INTRODUCTION 71 PREVIOUS SCHOLARSHIP 72 ALLOCUTIVE PRONOUNS 82 FORMULAS OF POLITENESS 95 VOCATIVES 107 ANALYSES OF SPOKEN PASSAGES 115 Lancelot and the Hospitable Damsel 116 (Char. 938-1191) Gratienne and Gleolals 121 (Guillaume 1095-1248) "Rise" of Perceval 128 (Graal 169-2150 approx.) CONCLUSION 141 Chapter III. Gautier d'Arras. INTRODUCTION 145 FORMULAS OF POLITENESS 150 ALLOCUTIVE PRONOUNS 155 VOCATIVES 169 CONCLUSION AND ANALYSES OF SPOKEN PASSAGES 183 The Old Lady 185 (Eracle 4038-4360) "Rise” of Eracle 191 (Eracle 291-1882) Chapter IV. Jean Renart. INTRODUCTION 197 FORMULAS OF POLITENESS 203 ALLOCUTIVE PRONOUNS 215 VOCATIVES 227 ANALYSES OF SPOKEN PASSAGES 237 Conrad's court 238 (Dole 1382-1441) Nicole at Dole 241 (Dole 1130-81) Aelis and Guillaume 246 (Esc. 3392-3641 The Seneschal at Dole 249 (Dole 3292-3385) The Seneschal and Conrad 250 (Dole 3466-3599) CONCLUSION 253 Chapter V. Conclusion INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 257 OF FINDINGS Authorial differences 258 Literary Trends in Polite Speech 260 IMPORTANCE OF DIRECT DISCOURSE 261 Increase in Use of Direct Discourse 261 Direct Discourse as a 262 Narrative Component Increase in Sophistication of 264 Use and Structure of Direct Discourse SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDIES 267 FORMS OF ADDRESS AND TEXTUAL CRITICISM 270 AUTHOR IDENTIFICATION AND THE 272 ATTRIBUTION OF GUILLAUME Allocutive Pronouns 273 Vocatives 276 Formulas of Politeness 278 Dating of Guillaume 282 Appendix A: Tally of Vocatives 285 Appendix B: Formulas of Politeness 306 Bibliography 326