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Zootaxa 2260: 17–108 (2009) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2009 · Magnolia Press ISSN1175-5334(online edition) Foreword* J.K. LOWRY1 & A.A. MYERS2 1Crustacea Section, Australian Museum, 6 College St., Sydney 2010, Australia. ([email protected]) 2Department of Zoology, Ecology and Plant Science, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland. ([email protected]) * In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) (2009) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 1–930. Introduction With the publication of the ABRS Zoological Catalogue to Australian amphipods (Lowry & Stoddart 2003) it became apparent that nearly all of the effort to document the Australian amphipod fauna was concentrated in the temperate southern parts of the country. In tropical Australia, only the monograph of Zeidler (1978) on the pelagic hyperiidean amphipods of Queensland and several short papers on benthic amphipods (K.H. Barnard 1931; Lowry 1981; Berents 1983; Stock 1984; Thomas & Barnard 1990, 1991a, b) specifically targeted the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Other workers included GBR species within broader Australian studies on benthic amphipods (Myers 1988; Lowry & Stoddart 1990, 1992). Since the publication of the catalogue (Lowry & Stoddart 2003), several important monographs: Guerra-Garcia 2006 on the caprellids of Queensland; Peart 2007a, b on the ampithoid genera Ampithoe and Cymadusa and several short papers: Lowry & Azman 2008; and Yerman & Krapp-Schickel 2008 have recorded tropical species. Prior to the beginning of this project there were about 1000 benthic amphipods known from temperate Australia, but less than 90 species known from tropical Australia. This book is therefore the foundation study on the tropical benthic amphipods of Australia. Although it describes many of the amphipods of the Great Barrier Reef, it indicates the richness of species only on the GBR and certainly not the richness of amphipod species in tropical Australian waters. A checklist of the amphipod species known from tropical Australia is given below. Tropical Australia is extensive and much of it is difficult to access and has little or no infrastructure for diving and collecting. It was therefore decided to work on the Great Barrier Reef because of its accessibility and the existence of research stations located along the Reef (figure 1). The main effort was concentrated at Lizard Island (figure 2). Attempting such a project required a group of experienced taxonomists with a proven publishing record in amphipod taxonomy. Historically, short-term projects targeting specific areas and involving many participants have been difficult to manage and consequently have often ended up with few published results (Evenhuis 2007). Collecting is only a small component of the project. Studying and publishing the collections requires a considerable time commitment by all participants and can fail for a number of reasons (Evenhuis 2007). Sponsorship for projects of this magnitude is always a problem (Flowers 2007). Fortunately Australia has a specific agency, the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), for funding taxonomic research and other agencies such as the National Heritage Trust, who are sympathetic to the documentation of the Australian fauna. Although Lizard Island became the main study site, other collections were used in the study. Jim Thomas (Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida) made collections from Orpheus Island available for study. Sara LeCroy (Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Museum, Ocean Springs, Mississippi) had a personal Accepted by Z.-Q. Zhang: 15 Jun. 2009; published: 8 Oct. 2009 17 collection from Lizard Island with species not found in other collections. Neuston samples and light trap samples made by Jeff Leis (Australian Museum, Sydney) from the Lizard Island area also provided important study material. Steve Keable and Jim Lowry (Australian Museum) used baited traps to make specialist collections of scavenging amphipods from the reef. There were also collections from Heron Island, that were incorporated into the study. During 2006 Lauren Hughes and Jim Lowry were able to collect in Torres Strait at the northernmost end of the GBR and at One Tree Island near the southern end of the GBR and although it was not possible to make these collections generally available for study they were partially incorporated into the project. All collections used in the study are documented in a list at the end of this foreword. A CD (Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef: Interactive Keys) is available with the book or the keys can be accessed at the crustacea.net website. The Lizard Island Workshop Through the efforts of Cameron Slatyer (ABRS, then at DEWHA) and Pam Beesley (ABRS) money was made available to invite 14 scientists, including taxonomists, students and field-workers to Lizard Island for two weeks in late February and early March, 2005 for the intensive collecting of amphipods (figure 3). The team also included two collection managers and a cook. We divided the group into divers, snorkelers and shore collectors. We collected every morning and sorted and identified every afternoon. After two weeks we had 225 collections, rough-sorted and divided between the taxonomists for study. All collections were shipped back to the Australian Museum, registered and then loaned to participating scientists. There is no doubt that such a concentrated effort was justified when discoveries such as the monotypic South African brackish water family Bolttsiidae and the tropical American semi-terrestrial talitrid, Chelorchestia, were found at Lizard Island. During the rough-sorting, particularly good specimens were selected and photographed by Roger Springthorpe. A selection of these pictures (plates 1–6) is given below. The Florida Workshop In July 2006 most of the taxonomists involved in the project met at Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. At this meeting protocols were set up for the study. Terminology. A uniform terminology was agreed, and in particular, the terminology for setae advocated by Watling (1989), was adopted. Delta. Much work in recent years has gone into developing Delta databases for amphipod groups. There is now a fully illustrated key to all amphipod families. Keys to genera and species are well advanced for many common groups such as the Amaryllididae, Aoridae, Caprellidae, Hyalidae, Iphimediidae, Lysianassidae, Maeridae, Melitidae, Ochlesidae, Phoxocephalidae, Talitridae. A decision was made that the taxonomic section of the book would be generated from a Delta database. Descriptions. In order to keep the book to a reasonable size, it was decided that descriptions would be short and that illustrations would be restricted to two plates per species. It was also decided not to include scales on the illustrations, but that all appendages illustrated on a figure would be made to the same scale. It was decided not to include species diagnosis, but to include diagnostic characters in the remarks section for each species. Publication. Z.-Q. Zhang (Chief Editor) agreed to publish the results in Zootaxa and the Australian Museum agreed to pay page charges for the book, to make all articles free online. Lowry & Myers became guest editors for Zootaxa. 18 · Zootaxa 2260 © 2009 Magnolia Press LOWRY & MYERS The Amphipods of the GBR In extant Indo-Pacific coral reef systems, caprelloidean, corophiodean, and melitoid families together contribute at least one third, and often over one half of all the amphipod species (Table 1). On the GBR, more than three quarters (78%) of the amphipod species are endemic to that reef system, and 80% are endemic to the Australian plate including its margins (Australia, New Guinea, Solomons ridge, Vanuatu-Tonga island arc and Fiji). This is a higher endemicity than recorded for any other recorded tropical reef area. Of the 20% recorded from the GBR that are not endemic to the Australian plate, about half are widely distributed. Of the remainder, twice as many show relationships with New Caledonia, Fiji and the Pacific islands (including Hawaii) to the east, as they do with Indonesia, India, Madagascar and Africa to the west. In this book 49 shallow water benthic marine families, 121 genera and 235 species of which 112 are new to science, are recorded from the GBR. Three additional families (Endevouridae, Ingolfiellidae and Nihotungidae) are also known from the GBR, but not included here. Five families represent groups not previously recorded from Australia—Bolttsiidae, Chevaliidae, Kamakidae, Maxillipiidae and Megaluropidae. The most diverse family level groups on the GBR are the Maeridae (33 species), Aoridae (21 species), Ampithoidae (19 species), Leucothoidae (17 species), Caprellidae (16 species), Dexaminidae (11 species), Lysianassidae (11 species) and Photidae (10 species). The most diverse families at the generic level are the Caprellidae (13 genera), Maeridae (11 genera) and Lysianassidae (7 genera). Within the Maeridae three genera, Ceradocus, Elasmopus and Mallacoota each have 6 species. Within the Caprellidae only two genera, Orthoprotella (3 species) and Quadrisegmentum (2 species) are represented by more than one species. Within the Lysianassidae only one genus, Tryphosella (5 species), has more than one species. The most diverse genera on the GBR are: Leucothoe (13 species), a predatory group often associated with tunicates and sponges; Bemlos (11 species), a genus of detritivores often found in coral rubble; Cymadusa (11 species), an herbivorous genus living on algae; Paradexamine (7 species), often found in coral rubble or associated with Halimeda beds; Podocerus (7 species), a group of suspension feeders, often associated with sea grasses and algae; Birubius (6 species), a group of possible predators found on sandy bottoms or among coral rubble; Ceradocus, Elasmopus and Mallacoota (each with 6 species), often associated with reef rock and coral rubble; Ampithoe (5 species), another group of herbivores always associated with algae; Globosolembos (5 species), detritivores often associated with coral rubble; and Tryphosella (5 species), a group of scavengers living on soft bottoms. Habitats and Associations Algae The large, conspicuous beds of algae, such as Ecklonia and further south Macrocystis, which are common along the temperate east coast of Australia, do not occur on the Great Barrier Reef. Algae on the Reef are usually small, inconspicuous and heavily grazed. One exception is Chlorodesmis fastigiata, but this green alga never shelters amphipods. Yet algae form the richest habitat for amphipods on the Reef. At least 100 species of amphipods make their home among the algae of the GBR, either for food, for shelter or both. The most diverse family in algal biotopes is the herbivorous Ampithoidae with 17 known species. The large, conspicuous species, Cymadusa cavimana occurs frequently in algal samples, including brown algae such as Dictyota, Padina, Turbinaria, and the calcareous green alga, Halimeda. The Maeridae is less diverse (10 species), but occurs more frequently, particularly species such as Elasmopus crenulatus, Mallacoota capricornia and M. balara that occur in a wide variety of algae. The Aoridae is made up of four genera and nine species. Bemlos with five species dominates the group and occurs frequently among samples of Halimeda. Eight species of caprellids occur infrequently among GBR algal samples. At least seven species of photids are found, more often among samples of Halimeda. Five species of ischyrocerids are found among GREAT BARRIER REEF AMPHIPODS: FOREWORD Zootaxa 2260 © 2009 Magnolia Press · 19 algae on the Reef. Ericthonius is the most diverse genus with three species and Ericthonius tropicalis occurs frequently among Halimeda. Other families, including the herbivorous Hyalidae, are represented by less than four species and usually only one species per sample. Within the algal-dwelling amphipod assemblage, the amphipods associated with Halimeda differ from those found among other assemblages. It may be that Halimeda beds provide a more diverse or complex habitat. In these beds, maerids are the most diverse family group, followed by photids and then by ampithoids, the latter with only five species. Coral Rubble Coral rubble accumulates at the base of living coral and forms beds. The beds vary in thickness and rubble size, and the spaces provide shelter for a diverse assemblage of invertebrates. GBR rubble beds accommodate at least 85 amphipod species in 24 families. Because of the nature of the beds they form a mixed habitat which contains nested habitats of algae, sponges, tunicates, etc. For examples 28 species were collected from two samples of coral rubble near Palfrey Island. On the GBR the Maeridae is by far the most species rich family in rubble beds with 24 species in 10 genera. Species such as Elasmopus crenulatus, Maeropsis griffini, Mallacoota balara, Parelasmopus cymatilis, P. suensis, Quadrimaera quadrimana and Q. serrata occur frequently in the rubble samples. Rubble beds are also a good habitat for leucothoid amphipods. Nine species occur here. Leucothoella gracilis, Leucothoe epidemos, L. adelphe and L. laevipalma occur most frequently. Two genera and seven species of aorids occur in the GBR rubble beds and one species, Globosolembos ovatus, occurs very frequently. Six species of Ampithoidae occur in the beds, probably feeding on algae living there. It is presumed that the five colomastigid species living in the beds are associated with sponges also living there. Among these species Colomastix plumulosa occurs very frequently. Dexaminids are also common in the rubble beds. Of the three genera and four species found there, Paradexamine levitelson occurs in the samples very frequently. Lysianassid amphipods are diverse in the rubble beds. The most frequently occurring species is Pseudambasia acuticaudata, but the scavenging tryphosine, Tryphosella cameloides, also occurs frequently in this habitat. Other amphipods occurring frequently are the liljeborgiid, Liljeborgia joergpeteri, the lysianassid, Shoemakerella barnardi, the photids Latigammaropsis athenae andL. dionysus and the wandinid,Wandin griffini. Sandy Lagoon Floor The sandy lagoon floors support about 40 species in 15 families. The two most speciose groups are the lysianassid amphipods with about 11 species of mainly scavenging amphipods and the phoxocephalids with about 7 species. Three other characteristic groups found on soft bottom habitats, the suspension-feeding ampeliscids, the predatory oedicerotids and the platyischnopids, are each represented by 3 species and there are two species of urohaustoriids. Three species of scavenging uristids occur in this habitat. Ischyrocerids are represented by two shell and tube-dwelling siphonoecetine species, Ambicholestes magellani and Cerapus nudus. The dexaminid,Dexaminoculus grobbeni, occurs on the sandy lagoon floor among distinctive patches of small filamentous algae. Several amphipods, such as species of the maerid genus Saurodocus, the melitid genus Netamelita, and the sebid genus, Seba, occur interstitially. The bogidiellid genus Xystriogidiella occurs in interstitial beach sands. One species of the upside down megaluropid amphipod, Gibberosus udarus, occurs all along the reef. A number of caprellids have been collected from the sandy lagoon floors, possibly associated with other invertebrates or algae. Mangroves At Lizard Island there is a small stand of mangroves on the western side of the Blue lagoon and another lining the edges of Ferriers Creek, which empties into Mrs Watsons Bay. In addition, there is a small, raised mangrove forest behind Mermaid Beach near North Point. In these mangroves areas there is a specialized and characteristic amphipod fauna not found in other reef habitats. Diversity is low at all levels with only 8 families, 10 genera and 11 species. Most genera and species occurring here are adapted to estuarine 20 · Zootaxa 2260 © 2009 Magnolia Press LOWRY & MYERS environments and are not found in other habitats. Among the mangrove roots the detritivorous and opportunistic predatory aorid genus Grandidierella is represented by two species. A species of the incredibly rare and biogeographically significant genus, Bolttsia (Bolttsiidae), occurs among algae growing on the roots of the mangroves. A species of the filter-feeding corophiid, Paracorophium, is common on muddy sand among the mangrove roots. The Indo-West Pacific estuarine genus Kamaka is also found here in patches of detritus. The melitid genera Melita and Tegano both occur in Ferriers Creek. An herbivorous species of Parhyale occurs on dead mangrove roots. This species also occurs in coral rubble outside the mangroves. The paracalliopiid genus Doowia occurs in sand and detritus fringing the mangroves. In the small, raised stand of mangroves behind Mermaid Beach the semi-terrestrial gecarcinid crab, Cardisoma carnifex (Herbst, 1796) is common, but under the leaf litter of the forest floor a large species of the semi-terrestrial talitrid genus, Chelorchestia, resides. Seagrasses No seagrass beds were found in the vicinity of Lizard island. Invertebrate/Vertebrate Associations At least five families have representatives species living in association with other invertebrates or vertebrates on the GBR. One hyalid and one podocerid are reported from sea turtles (Serejo 2009; Kilgallen 2009a). At least eight of the 16 caprellid species known from the GBR are associated with hydroids. Several others have been found in association with sponges. The only other species associated with hydroids on the GBR is the stenothoid, Wallametopa cabon J.L. Barnard, 1974 (Krapp-Schickel 2009b). Seven of the 17 leucothoid species reported from the GBR are known to be associated with sponges (White & Thomas 2009). Leucothoe epidemos White & Thomas, 2009, has also been found with tunicates. The other ten species are mainly found free-living in coral rubble. Of the seven species of colomastigids reported from the Reef (LeCroy 2009), only three species have been directly associated with sponges, but according to LeCroy (1995) members of the Colomastigidae are sponge commensals. One species of amphilochid, Cyclotelson purpureum Potts, 1915, has been reported from crinoids in Torres Strait and a species of cyproideid, Gbroidea dingaalana Lowry & Azman, 2008, occurs as an obligate commensal with crinoids at Lizard Island. Materials and methods Morphology abbreviations: A, antenna; af, accessory flagellum; C, coxa; EP, epimeron; G, gnathopod; Hd, head; UL, upper lip; MD, mandible; LL, lower lip; MX, maxilla; MXP, maxilliped; O, oostegite; P, pereopod; T, telson; U, uropod; UR, urosomite; dv, dorsal view; mv, medial view; ip, inner plate; op, outer plate; mv,f, female; m, male; l, left; r, right. Material is lodged in the collections of the Australian Museum, Sydney, with the following exceptions: the Queensland Museum, Brisbane; the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Museum, Ocean Springs, Mississippi; the Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the financial support and thank: the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA), Canberra, through the Natural Heritage Trust, the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Canberra, the Australian Museum Members and the Australian Museum Trust. We would like to thank in particular Cameron Slatyer (Director, ABRS) and Pam Beesley (Joint Manager Fauna, ABRS), for their initial and continual support of this project. We thank Les Christidis (then Assistant Director, Australian Museum) for financial support in the publication of the book. We thank Lyle Vale and Anne GREAT BARRIER REEF AMPHIPODS: FOREWORD Zootaxa 2260 © 2009 Magnolia Press · 21 Hoggett (Directors, Lizard Island Research Station) for their help in making the Lizard Island Amphipod Workshop a success. We thank Roger Springthorpe for technical assistance, particularly with the graphics used in parts of the book, and for bringing the amphipods of the GBR to life with his colour photography. We thank Penny Berents (Head, Natural Science Collections, Australian Museum) and the AM collection management team: Steve Keable, Anna Murray, Helen Stoddart and Roger Springthorpe for managing the loans and complex registrations of collections used in the project. We thank Zhi-Qiang Zhang (Chief Editor, Zootaxa) for taking on the publication of this project and for his help during the process. Finally we thank all the authors who contributed so generously to this book, for describing the amphipods of the GBR and making this project the success that it is. References Allman, G.J. (1847) On Chelura terebrans, Philippi, an amphipodous crustacean destructive to marine timberworks. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 1, 19, 361–370. Azman, B.A.R. (2009a) Amphilochidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 143–152. Azman, B.A.R. (2009b) Cyproideidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 380–392. Azman, B.A.R. & Lowry, J.K. (2009) Bolttsiidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. 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(1862) Bermerkungen über Phronima sedentaria Forsk. und elongata n. sp. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 12, 189–196. Claus, C. (1871) Untersuchungen über den Bau und der Verwandtschaft der Hyperiden. Nachrichten von der Königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und der Georg-Augustus-Universität zu Göttingen, 1871, 149–157. Claus, C. (1879) Der Organismus der Phronimiden. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologischen Institut der Universität Wien, 2, 59– 146, pls 141–148. Claus, C. (1879) Die Gattungen und Arten der Platysceliden in systematischer Übersicht. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologischen Institut der Universität Wien und der Zoologischen Station Triest, 2, 147–198. Claus, C. (1887) Die Platysceliden. In. Alfred Hölder, Vienna, p. 77. Coleman, C.O. (2009a) Bogidiellidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 279–284. Coleman, C.O. (2009b) Ceinidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 328–332. Coleman, C.O. (2009c) Iphimediidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 458–462. Coleman, C.O. (2009d) Liljeborgiidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 556–560. Coleman, C.O. & Lowry, J.K. (2009) Cheirocratidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 333–338. Coleman, C.O. & Renz, A. (2009) Cheluridae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 339–343. Costa, A. (1853) Relazione sulla memoria del Dottor Achille Costa, di ricerche su' crostacei amfipodi del regno di Napoli. Rendiconto della Società Reale Borbonica, Accademie delle Scienze, Series 2, 2, 167–178. Coutière, H. (1904) Sur un type nouveau d'amphipode Grandidierella mahafalensis, provenant de Madagascar. Bulletin de la Association Philomatique, 6, 166–174. Dana, J.D. (1849) Synopsis of the genera of Gammaracea. American Journal of Science and Arts, Series 2, 8, 135–140. Dana, J.D. (1852a) Conspectus crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Faederatae Duce, lexit et descripsit Jacobus D. Dana. Pars III. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2, 201–220. Dana, J.D. (1852b) On the classification of the Crustacea Choristopoda or Tetradecapoda. American Journal of Science and Arts, Series 2, 14, 297–316. Dana, J.D. (1853) Crustacea. Part II. United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 under the command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N., 14, 689–1618. Della Valle, A. (1893) Gammarini del Golfo di Napoli. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, 20, 1–948, pls 941–961. Derzhavin, A.N. (1923) [Malacostraca der Süsswasser-Gewässer von Kamtschatka]. Gidrobiologichesky Zhurnal, 2, 180–194, pls 181–187. Dougherty, E.C. & Steinberg, J.E. (1953) Notes on the skeleton shrimps (Crustacea, Caprellidea) of California. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 66, 3950. Evenhuis, N.L. (2007) Helping Solve the “Other” Taxonomic Impediment: Completing the Eight Steps to Total Enlightenment and Taxonomic Nirvana.Zootaxa, 1407, 3–12. Fearn-Wannan, H.J. (1968) Littoral Amphipoda of Victoria Part 1. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 81, 31– 58. Flowers, N.L. (2007) Comments on “Helping Solve the ‘Other’ Taxonomic Impediment: Completing the Eight Steps to Total Enlightenment and Taxonomic Nirvana” by Evenhuis (2007). Zootaxa, 1494, 67–68. Giles, G.M. (1887) Natural history notes from H.M.'s Indian Marine Survey Steamer 'Investigator', Commander Alfred Carpenter, R.N., commanding. No. 6. On six new amphipods from the Bay of Bengal. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 56, 212–229, pls 213–218. Goës, A. (1866) Crustacea Amphipoda maris Spetsbergiam alluentis, cum speciebus aliis Arcticis enumerat. Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 22, 517–536, pls 536–541. Griffiths, C.L. (1976) Some new and notable Amphipoda from southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 72(2), 11–35. 24 · Zootaxa 2260 © 2009 Magnolia Press LOWRY & MYERS Grube, A.E. (1861) Ein Ausflug nach Triest und dem Quarnero. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Thierwelt dieses Gebietes. In. Nicolaische Verlagsbuch-handlung, Berlin, p. 175. Guerra-García, J.M. (2002) Revision of the genus Noculacia Mayer, 1903 (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Caprellidea) with the description of two new species. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2, Electronic Supplement, 7, 1–26. Guerra-García, J.M. (2004) The Caprellidea (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from Western Australia and Northern Territory, Australia. Hydrobiologia, 522, 1–74. Guerra-García, J.M. (2006) Caprellidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from the Great Barrier Reef and adjacent localities. Records of The Australian Museum, 58, 417–458. Guérin Méneville, F.E. (1836) Description de quelques genres nouveaux de crustacés appartenant a la famille des hypérines. Magasin de Zoologie, 6, 1–10. Haswell, W.A. (1879a) On Australian Amphipoda. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 4, 245–279, pls 7–12. Haswell, W.A. (1879b) On some additional new genera and species of amphipodous crustaceans. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 4(3), 319–350, pls 18–24. Haswell, W.A. (1880) On some new amphipods from Australia and Tasmania. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 5, 97–105, pls 105–107. Haswell, W.A. (1885) Notes on the Australian Amphipoda. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 10, 95–114, pls 110–118. Herbst, J.F.W. (1796) Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Krabben und Krebse nebst einer Systematischen Beischreibung ihrer Verschieden Arten. Berlin & Straslund, 2(6), 163–226 pls 41–46. Hertzog, L. (1936) Crustacés des biotopes hypogés de la vallée du Rhin d´Alsace. Bulletin de Societé Zoologique de France, 61, 356–372. Hirayama, A. (1988) A ghost shrimp with four-articulate fifth pereopods (Crustacea: Caprellidea: Phtisicidae) from northwest Australia. Zoological Science, 5, 1089–1093. Hughes, L.E. (2009a) Exoedicerotidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 430–433. Hughes, L.E. (2009b) Megaluropidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 708–712. Hughes, L.E. (2009c) Platyischnopidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 828–835. Hughes, L.E. (2009d) Synopiidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 880–891. Hughes, L.E. & Lowry, J.K. (2006) New species of Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) from the Solitary Islands, New South Wales, Australia. Zootaxa, 1222, 1–52. Hughes, L.E. & Lowry, J.K. (2009a) Ampithoidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 153–219. Hughes, L.E. & Lowry, J.K. (2009b) Oedicerotidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 746–758. Hurley, D.E. (1963) Amphipoda of the family Lysianassidae from the west coast of North and Central America. Allan Hancock Foundation Publications, Occasional Paper, 25, 1–160. Just, J. (1983) Siphonoecetinae subfam. n. (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Corophiidae) 1: Classification. Steenstrupia, 9, 117– 135. Just, J. (1984) Siphonoecetinae (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Corophiidae) 3: Concholestes Giles, 1888 and Africoecetes Just, 1983. Steenstrupia, 10, 225–234. Just, J. (1998) Siphonoecetinae (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Ischyroceridae) 7: Australian concholestids, Ambicholestes n.gen., with a description of six new species, and a new, restricted diagnosis for Caribboecetes Just, 1983. Records of the Australian Museum, 50, 27–54. Just, J. (2009a) Ischyroceridae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 463–486. Just, J. (2009b) Pleustidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 836–840. Karaman, S. (1943) Die unterirdischen Amphipoden Südserbiens. Srpska Akademya Nauka, Posebna Izdana, 135 (Prirodn'achki i Mathematichki Spici), 34, 161–312. Karaman, G.S. & Barnard, J.L. (1979) Classificatory revisions in gammaridean Amphipoda (Crustacea), Part 1. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 92, 106–165. Karaman, G.S. (1986) Syrrhoites barnardi, new marine amphipod from the Mediterranean Sea, with remarks to genus Synopia Dana (Gammaridea, Synopiidae) (Contributions to the knowledge of Amphipoda 155). Studia Marina, 17– 18, 159–178. Kilgallen, N.M. (2009a) Podoceridae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) GREAT BARRIER REEF AMPHIPODS: FOREWORD Zootaxa 2260 © 2009 Magnolia Press · 25 of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 841–860. Kilgallen, N.M. (2009b) Urohaustoriidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 919–926. King, R.A. (2009) Ampeliscidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 132–142. Krapp-Schickel, T. (2008) What has happened with the Maera-clade (Crustacea, Amphipoda) during the last decade? Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 32, 3–32. Krapp-Schickel, T. (2009a) Maeridae, the Ceradocus group. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 598–642. Krapp-Schickel, T. (2009b) Stenothoidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 872–879. Krapp-Schickel, T. & Myers, A.A. (2006) New and little known Aoridae, Corophiidae, Kamakidae, Photidae and Unciolidae (Crustacea : Amphipoda) from the Indo-Pacific. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86, 1083–1096. Krøyer, H.N. (1842) Nye nordiske Slaegter og Arter af Amfipodernes Orden, henhorende til Familien Gammarina. (Forelobigt Uddrag af et Storre Arbejde). Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, Series 1, 4, 141–166. Latreille, P.A. (1802) Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière, des Crustacés et des Insectes. In. F. Dufart, Paris, p. xii + 468. Leach, W.E. (1814) Crustaceology. The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, 7, 383–434. LeCroy, S.E. (2009) Colomastigidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 348–372. Ledoyer, M. (1973) Étude des amphipodes gammariens des biotopes de substrats sableux et sablo-vaseux de la région de Tuléar et de Nosy-Bé (Madagascar). Téthys Supplement, 5, 51–94. Ledoyer, M. (1979) Les Gammariens de la pente externe du Grand Reçif de Tuléar (Madagascar) (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, 2, 1–150. Ledoyer, M. (1984) Les gammariens (Crustacea, Amphipoda) des herbiers de phanérogames marines de Nouvelle Calédonie (région de Nouméa). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Series A, Zoology, 129, 1–113. Lichtenstein, H. (1822). pp 3137 in M.W. Mandt: Observationes in historiam naturalem et anatomiam comparatam in itnere Groenlandico factae. Dissertatio inauguralis quam consenu et auctoritate gratiosi medicorum ordinis in universitate literaria berolinensis ut summi in medicina et chirurgia honores rite sibi concedantur die XXII. M. Julii A MDCCCXXII H.L.Q.S., publice defendet auctor Martinus Gulielmus Mandt Beyenburgensis. (opponentibus: J.th. v. Brandt Med. Cd., J. Ollenroth Med. Cd., E. Gabler Med. Cd.; Formis Brueschckianis). antecedent pp. + 1–40. In. Liljeborg, V. (1855) Öfversigt af de inom Skandinavien hittills arterna af slägtet Gammarus Fabr. Konliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar, 12, 443–460 Lowry, J.K. (1981) A redescription of Sphaerophthalmus grobbeni Spandl based on type material from the Red Sea and new material from the Great Barrier Reef (Amphipoda, Dexaminidae). Crustaceana, 41, 190–198. Lowry, J.K. & Azman, B.A.R (2008) A new genus and species of cyproideid amphipod associated with unstalked crinoids on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 1760, 59–68. Lowry, J.K. & Berents, P.B. (2005) Algal-tube dwelling amphipods in the genus Cerapus from Australia and Papua New Guinea (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Ischyroceridae). Records of the Australian Museum, 57, 153–164. Lowry, J.K. & Hughes, L.E. (2009) Maeridae, the Elasmopus group. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 643–702. Lowry, J.K. & Poore, G.C.B. (1985) The ampeliscid amphipods of south-eastern Australia (Crustacea). Records of the Australian Museum, 36, 259–298. Lowry, J.K & Springthorpe, R.T (2005) New and little-known Melitid Amphipoda from Australian Waters (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Melitidae). Records of the Australian Museum, 57, 237–302. Lowry, J.K. & Springthorpe, R.T. (2009) Melitidae, the Melita group. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 718–735. Lowry, J.K. & Stoddart, H.E. (1990) The Wandinidae, a new Indo-Pacific family of lysianassoid Amphipoda (Crustacea). Records of the Australian Museum, 42, 159–171. Lowry, J.K. & Stoddart, H.E. (1992) A revision of the genus Ichnopus (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea: Uristidae). Records of the Australian Museum, 44, 185–245. Lowry, J.K. & Stoddart, H.E. (1995) The Amphipoda (Crustacea) of Madang Lagoon: Lysianassidae, Opisidae, Uristidae, Wandinidae and Stegocephalidae. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement, 22, 97–174 Lowry, J.K. & Stoddart, H.E. (1997) Amphipoda Crustacea IV. Families Aristiidae, Cyphocarididae, Endevouridae, Lysianassidae, Scopelocheiridae, Uristidae. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises, 10, 1–148. Lowry, J.K. & Stoddart, H.E. (2002a) The Amaryllididae of Australia (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea). Records of the Australian Museum, 54, 129–214. Lowry, J.K. & Stoddart, H.E. (2002b) The lysianassoid amphipod genera Lepidepecreoides and Lepidepecreum in 26 · Zootaxa 2260 © 2009 Magnolia Press LOWRY & MYERS

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Zootaxa 2260: 17–108 (2009) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2009 · Magnolia Press ISSN1175-5334(online edition) Foreword* J.K. LOWRY1 & A.A. MYERS2 1Crustacea Section, Australian Museum, 6 College St., Sydney 2010, Australia. ([email protected]) 2Department of Zoology, Ecology and Plant Science, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland. ([email protected]) * In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) (2009) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 1–930. Introduction With the publication of the ABRS Zoological Catalogue to Australian amphipods (Lowry & Stoddart 2003) it became apparent that nearly all of the effort to document the Australian amphipod fauna was concentrated in the temperate southern parts of the country. In tropical Australia, only the monograph of Zeidler (1978) on the pelagic hyperiidean amphipods of Queensland and several short papers on benthic amphipods (K.H. Barnard 1931; Lowry 1981; Berents 1983; Stock 1984; Thomas & Barnard 1990, 1991a, b) specifically targeted the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Other workers included GBR species within broader Australian studies on benthic amphipods (Myers 1988; Lowry & Stoddart 1990, 1992). Since the publication of the catalogue (Lowry & Stoddart 2003), several important monographs: Guerra-Garcia 2006 on the caprellids of Queensland; Peart 2007a, b on the ampithoid genera Ampithoe and Cymadusa and several short papers: Lowry & Azman 2008; and Yerman & Krapp-Schickel 2008 have recorded tropical species. Prior to the beginning of this project there were about 1000 benthic amphipods known from temperate Australia, but less than 90 species known from tropical Australia. This book is therefore the foundation study on the tropical benthic amphipods of Australia. Although it describes many of the amphipods of the Great Barrier Reef, it indicates the richness of species only on the GBR and certainly not the richness of amphipod species in tropical Australian waters. A checklist of the amphipod species known from tropical Australia is given below. Tropical Australia is extensive and much of it is difficult to access and has little or no infrastructure for diving and collecting. It was therefore decided to work on the Great Barrier Reef because of its accessibility and the existence of research stations located along the Reef (figure 1). The main effort was concentrated at Lizard Island (figure 2). Attempting such a project required a group of experienced taxonomists with a proven publishing record in amphipod taxonomy. Historically, short-term projects targeting specific areas and involving many participants have been difficult to manage and consequently have often ended up with few published results (Evenhuis 2007). Collecting is only a small component of the project. Studying and publishing the collections requires a considerable time commitment by all participants and can fail for a number of reasons (Evenhuis 2007). Sponsorship for projects of this magnitude is always a problem (Flowers 2007). Fortunately Australia has a specific agency, the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), for funding taxonomic research and other agencies such as the National Heritage Trust, who are sympathetic to the documentation of the Australian fauna. Although Lizard Island became the main study site, other collections were used in the study. Jim Thomas (Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida) made collections from Orpheus Island available for study. Sara LeCroy (Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Museum, Ocean Springs, Mississippi) had a personal Accepted by Z.-Q. Zhang: 15 Jun. 2009; published: 8 Oct. 2009 17 collection from Lizard Island with species not found in other collections. Neuston samples and light trap samples made by Jeff Leis (Australian Museum, Sydney) from the Lizard Island area also provided important study material. Steve Keable and Jim Lowry (Australian Museum) used baited traps to make specialist collections of scavenging amphipods from the reef. There were also collections from Heron Island, that were incorporated into the study. During 2006 Lauren Hughes and Jim Lowry were able to collect in Torres Strait at the northernmost end of the GBR and at One Tree Island near the southern end of the GBR and although it was not possible to make these collections generally available for study they were partially incorporated into the project. All collections used in the study are documented in a list at the end of this foreword. A CD (Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef: Interactive Keys) is available with the book or the keys can be accessed at the crustacea.net website. The Lizard Island Workshop Through the efforts of Cameron Slatyer (ABRS, then at DEWHA) and Pam Beesley (ABRS) money was made available to invite 14 scientists, including taxonomists, students and field-workers to Lizard Island for two weeks in late February and early March, 2005 for the intensive collecting of amphipods (figure 3). The team also included two collection managers and a cook. We divided the group into divers, snorkelers and shore collectors. We collected every morning and sorted and identified every afternoon. After two weeks we had 225 collections, rough-sorted and divided between the taxonomists for study. All collections were shipped back to the Australian Museum, registered and then loaned to participating scientists. There is no doubt that such a concentrated effort was justified when discoveries such as the monotypic South African brackish water family Bolttsiidae and the tropical American semi-terrestrial talitrid, Chelorchestia, were found at Lizard Island. During the rough-sorting, particularly good specimens were selected and photographed by Roger Springthorpe. A selection of these pictures (plates 1–6) is given below. The Florida Workshop In July 2006 most of the taxonomists involved in the project met at Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. At this meeting protocols were set up for the study. Terminology. A uniform terminology was agreed, and in particular, the terminology for setae advocated by Watling (1989), was adopted. Delta. Much work in recent years has gone into developing Delta databases for amphipod groups. There is now a fully illustrated key to all amphipod families. Keys to genera and species are well advanced for many common groups such as the Amaryllididae, Aoridae, Caprellidae, Hyalidae, Iphimediidae, Lysianassidae, Maeridae, Melitidae, Ochlesidae, Phoxocephalidae, Talitridae. A decision was made that the taxonomic section of the book would be generated from a Delta database. Descriptions. In order to keep the book to a reasonable size, it was decided that descriptions would be short and that illustrations would be restricted to two plates per species. It was also decided not to include scales on the illustrations, but that all appendages illustrated on a figure would be made to the same scale. It was decided not to include species diagnosis, but to include diagnostic characters in the remarks section for each species. Publication. Z.-Q. Zhang (Chief Editor) agreed to publish the results in Zootaxa and the Australian Museum agreed to pay page charges for the book, to make all articles free online. Lowry & Myers became guest editors for Zootaxa. 18 · Zootaxa 2260 © 2009 Magnolia Press LOWRY & MYERS The Amphipods of the GBR In extant Indo-Pacific coral reef systems, caprelloidean, corophiodean, and melitoid families together contribute at least one third, and often over one half of all the amphipod species (Table 1). On the GBR, more than three quarters (78%) of the amphipod species are endemic to that reef system, and 80% are endemic to the Australian plate including its margins (Australia, New Guinea, Solomons ridge, Vanuatu-Tonga island arc and Fiji). This is a higher endemicity than recorded for any other recorded tropical reef area. Of the 20% recorded from the GBR that are not endemic to the Australian plate, about half are widely distributed. Of the remainder, twice as many show relationships with New Caledonia, Fiji and the Pacific islands (including Hawaii) to the east, as they do with Indonesia, India, Madagascar and Africa to the west. In this book 49 shallow water benthic marine families, 121 genera and 235 species of which 112 are new to science, are recorded from the GBR. Three additional families (Endevouridae, Ingolfiellidae and Nihotungidae) are also known from the GBR, but not included here. Five families represent groups not previously recorded from Australia—Bolttsiidae, Chevaliidae, Kamakidae, Maxillipiidae and Megaluropidae. The most diverse family level groups on the GBR are the Maeridae (33 species), Aoridae (21 species), Ampithoidae (19 species), Leucothoidae (17 species), Caprellidae (16 species), Dexaminidae (11 species), Lysianassidae (11 species) and Photidae (10 species). The most diverse families at the generic level are the Caprellidae (13 genera), Maeridae (11 genera) and Lysianassidae (7 genera). Within the Maeridae three genera, Ceradocus, Elasmopus and Mallacoota each have 6 species. Within the Caprellidae only two genera, Orthoprotella (3 species) and Quadrisegmentum (2 species) are represented by more than one species. Within the Lysianassidae only one genus, Tryphosella (5 species), has more than one species. The most diverse genera on the GBR are: Leucothoe (13 species), a predatory group often associated with tunicates and sponges; Bemlos (11 species), a genus of detritivores often found in coral rubble; Cymadusa (11 species), an herbivorous genus living on algae; Paradexamine (7 species), often found in coral rubble or associated with Halimeda beds; Podocerus (7 species), a group of suspension feeders, often associated with sea grasses and algae; Birubius (6 species), a group of possible predators found on sandy bottoms or among coral rubble; Ceradocus, Elasmopus and Mallacoota (each with 6 species), often associated with reef rock and coral rubble; Ampithoe (5 species), another group of herbivores always associated with algae; Globosolembos (5 species), detritivores often associated with coral rubble; and Tryphosella (5 species), a group of scavengers living on soft bottoms. Habitats and Associations Algae The large, conspicuous beds of algae, such as Ecklonia and further south Macrocystis, which are common along the temperate east coast of Australia, do not occur on the Great Barrier Reef. Algae on the Reef are usually small, inconspicuous and heavily grazed. One exception is Chlorodesmis fastigiata, but this green alga never shelters amphipods. Yet algae form the richest habitat for amphipods on the Reef. At least 100 species of amphipods make their home among the algae of the GBR, either for food, for shelter or both. The most diverse family in algal biotopes is the herbivorous Ampithoidae with 17 known species. The large, conspicuous species, Cymadusa cavimana occurs frequently in algal samples, including brown algae such as Dictyota, Padina, Turbinaria, and the calcareous green alga, Halimeda. The Maeridae is less diverse (10 species), but occurs more frequently, particularly species such as Elasmopus crenulatus, Mallacoota capricornia and M. balara that occur in a wide variety of algae. The Aoridae is made up of four genera and nine species. Bemlos with five species dominates the group and occurs frequently among samples of Halimeda. Eight species of caprellids occur infrequently among GBR algal samples. At least seven species of photids are found, more often among samples of Halimeda. Five species of ischyrocerids are found among GREAT BARRIER REEF AMPHIPODS: FOREWORD Zootaxa 2260 © 2009 Magnolia Press · 19 algae on the Reef. Ericthonius is the most diverse genus with three species and Ericthonius tropicalis occurs frequently among Halimeda. Other families, including the herbivorous Hyalidae, are represented by less than four species and usually only one species per sample. Within the algal-dwelling amphipod assemblage, the amphipods associated with Halimeda differ from those found among other assemblages. It may be that Halimeda beds provide a more diverse or complex habitat. In these beds, maerids are the most diverse family group, followed by photids and then by ampithoids, the latter with only five species. Coral Rubble Coral rubble accumulates at the base of living coral and forms beds. The beds vary in thickness and rubble size, and the spaces provide shelter for a diverse assemblage of invertebrates. GBR rubble beds accommodate at least 85 amphipod species in 24 families. Because of the nature of the beds they form a mixed habitat which contains nested habitats of algae, sponges, tunicates, etc. For examples 28 species were collected from two samples of coral rubble near Palfrey Island. On the GBR the Maeridae is by far the most species rich family in rubble beds with 24 species in 10 genera. Species such as Elasmopus crenulatus, Maeropsis griffini, Mallacoota balara, Parelasmopus cymatilis, P. suensis, Quadrimaera quadrimana and Q. serrata occur frequently in the rubble samples. Rubble beds are also a good habitat for leucothoid amphipods. Nine species occur here. Leucothoella gracilis, Leucothoe epidemos, L. adelphe and L. laevipalma occur most frequently. Two genera and seven species of aorids occur in the GBR rubble beds and one species, Globosolembos ovatus, occurs very frequently. Six species of Ampithoidae occur in the beds, probably feeding on algae living there. It is presumed that the five colomastigid species living in the beds are associated with sponges also living there. Among these species Colomastix plumulosa occurs very frequently. Dexaminids are also common in the rubble beds. Of the three genera and four species found there, Paradexamine levitelson occurs in the samples very frequently. Lysianassid amphipods are diverse in the rubble beds. The most frequently occurring species is Pseudambasia acuticaudata, but the scavenging tryphosine, Tryphosella cameloides, also occurs frequently in this habitat. Other amphipods occurring frequently are the liljeborgiid, Liljeborgia joergpeteri, the lysianassid, Shoemakerella barnardi, the photids Latigammaropsis athenae andL. dionysus and the wandinid,Wandin griffini. Sandy Lagoon Floor The sandy lagoon floors support about 40 species in 15 families. The two most speciose groups are the lysianassid amphipods with about 11 species of mainly scavenging amphipods and the phoxocephalids with about 7 species. Three other characteristic groups found on soft bottom habitats, the suspension-feeding ampeliscids, the predatory oedicerotids and the platyischnopids, are each represented by 3 species and there are two species of urohaustoriids. Three species of scavenging uristids occur in this habitat. Ischyrocerids are represented by two shell and tube-dwelling siphonoecetine species, Ambicholestes magellani and Cerapus nudus. The dexaminid,Dexaminoculus grobbeni, occurs on the sandy lagoon floor among distinctive patches of small filamentous algae. Several amphipods, such as species of the maerid genus Saurodocus, the melitid genus Netamelita, and the sebid genus, Seba, occur interstitially. The bogidiellid genus Xystriogidiella occurs in interstitial beach sands. One species of the upside down megaluropid amphipod, Gibberosus udarus, occurs all along the reef. A number of caprellids have been collected from the sandy lagoon floors, possibly associated with other invertebrates or algae. Mangroves At Lizard Island there is a small stand of mangroves on the western side of the Blue lagoon and another lining the edges of Ferriers Creek, which empties into Mrs Watsons Bay. In addition, there is a small, raised mangrove forest behind Mermaid Beach near North Point. In these mangroves areas there is a specialized and characteristic amphipod fauna not found in other reef habitats. Diversity is low at all levels with only 8 families, 10 genera and 11 species. Most genera and species occurring here are adapted to estuarine 20 · Zootaxa 2260 © 2009 Magnolia Press LOWRY & MYERS environments and are not found in other habitats. Among the mangrove roots the detritivorous and opportunistic predatory aorid genus Grandidierella is represented by two species. A species of the incredibly rare and biogeographically significant genus, Bolttsia (Bolttsiidae), occurs among algae growing on the roots of the mangroves. A species of the filter-feeding corophiid, Paracorophium, is common on muddy sand among the mangrove roots. The Indo-West Pacific estuarine genus Kamaka is also found here in patches of detritus. The melitid genera Melita and Tegano both occur in Ferriers Creek. An herbivorous species of Parhyale occurs on dead mangrove roots. This species also occurs in coral rubble outside the mangroves. The paracalliopiid genus Doowia occurs in sand and detritus fringing the mangroves. In the small, raised stand of mangroves behind Mermaid Beach the semi-terrestrial gecarcinid crab, Cardisoma carnifex (Herbst, 1796) is common, but under the leaf litter of the forest floor a large species of the semi-terrestrial talitrid genus, Chelorchestia, resides. Seagrasses No seagrass beds were found in the vicinity of Lizard island. Invertebrate/Vertebrate Associations At least five families have representatives species living in association with other invertebrates or vertebrates on the GBR. One hyalid and one podocerid are reported from sea turtles (Serejo 2009; Kilgallen 2009a). At least eight of the 16 caprellid species known from the GBR are associated with hydroids. Several others have been found in association with sponges. The only other species associated with hydroids on the GBR is the stenothoid, Wallametopa cabon J.L. Barnard, 1974 (Krapp-Schickel 2009b). Seven of the 17 leucothoid species reported from the GBR are known to be associated with sponges (White & Thomas 2009). Leucothoe epidemos White & Thomas, 2009, has also been found with tunicates. The other ten species are mainly found free-living in coral rubble. Of the seven species of colomastigids reported from the Reef (LeCroy 2009), only three species have been directly associated with sponges, but according to LeCroy (1995) members of the Colomastigidae are sponge commensals. One species of amphilochid, Cyclotelson purpureum Potts, 1915, has been reported from crinoids in Torres Strait and a species of cyproideid, Gbroidea dingaalana Lowry & Azman, 2008, occurs as an obligate commensal with crinoids at Lizard Island. Materials and methods Morphology abbreviations: A, antenna; af, accessory flagellum; C, coxa; EP, epimeron; G, gnathopod; Hd, head; UL, upper lip; MD, mandible; LL, lower lip; MX, maxilla; MXP, maxilliped; O, oostegite; P, pereopod; T, telson; U, uropod; UR, urosomite; dv, dorsal view; mv, medial view; ip, inner plate; op, outer plate; mv,f, female; m, male; l, left; r, right. Material is lodged in the collections of the Australian Museum, Sydney, with the following exceptions: the Queensland Museum, Brisbane; the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Museum, Ocean Springs, Mississippi; the Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the financial support and thank: the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (DEWHA), Canberra, through the Natural Heritage Trust, the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Canberra, the Australian Museum Members and the Australian Museum Trust. We would like to thank in particular Cameron Slatyer (Director, ABRS) and Pam Beesley (Joint Manager Fauna, ABRS), for their initial and continual support of this project. We thank Les Christidis (then Assistant Director, Australian Museum) for financial support in the publication of the book. We thank Lyle Vale and Anne GREAT BARRIER REEF AMPHIPODS: FOREWORD Zootaxa 2260 © 2009 Magnolia Press · 21 Hoggett (Directors, Lizard Island Research Station) for their help in making the Lizard Island Amphipod Workshop a success. We thank Roger Springthorpe for technical assistance, particularly with the graphics used in parts of the book, and for bringing the amphipods of the GBR to life with his colour photography. We thank Penny Berents (Head, Natural Science Collections, Australian Museum) and the AM collection management team: Steve Keable, Anna Murray, Helen Stoddart and Roger Springthorpe for managing the loans and complex registrations of collections used in the project. We thank Zhi-Qiang Zhang (Chief Editor, Zootaxa) for taking on the publication of this project and for his help during the process. Finally we thank all the authors who contributed so generously to this book, for describing the amphipods of the GBR and making this project the success that it is. References Allman, G.J. (1847) On Chelura terebrans, Philippi, an amphipodous crustacean destructive to marine timberworks. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 1, 19, 361–370. Azman, B.A.R. (2009a) Amphilochidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 143–152. Azman, B.A.R. (2009b) Cyproideidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (Eds) Benthic Amphipoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zootaxa, 2260, 380–392. Azman, B.A.R. & Lowry, J.K. (2009) Bolttsiidae. In: Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. 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