FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY This page intentionally left blank FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE Edited by Thomas J. David ForensicOdontologyConsultant,GeorgiaBureauofInvestigation,DivisionofForensicSciences,Decatur,GA,UnitedStates; ClinicalAssistantProfessor,DepartmentofGeneralDentistry,ForensicDentistryFellowship,TheUniversityofTennessee GraduateSchoolofMedicine,Knoxville,TN,UnitedStates James M. Lewis ForensicOdontologyConsultant,AlabamaDepartmentofForensicSciences,Madison,AL,UnitedStates; AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofGeneralDentistry,ForensicDentistryFellowship, TheUniversityofTennesseeGraduateSchoolofMedicine,Knoxville,TN,UnitedStates; AdjunctFaculty,CenterforEducationandResearchinForensics, TheUniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenteratSanAntonio,SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2018ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthe Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroaden ourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecome necessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingand usinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationor methodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomthey haveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceor otherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthe materialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-805198-6 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublicationsvisitourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MicaHaley AcquisitionEditor:ElizabethBrown EditorialProjectManager:JoslynChaiprasert-Paguio&PatGonzalez ProductionProjectManager:PriyaKumaraguruparan CoverDesigner:MarkRogers TypesetbyTNQBooksandJournals Dedication I would like to thank three individuals who have played an important role in my professional success in ForensicOdontology.Firstandforemost,IwouldliketothankDr.EdHerschaftforhisencouragementinmoti- vatingmetobecomeadiplomateoftheAmericanBoardofForensicOdontology(ABFO)andbecomeactively involvedinorganizedforensicodontology.Secondly,IwouldliketothankDr.DavidSennforhiscontinuous leadershipbyexample.Healwaysendeavorstomakethosearoundhim,myselfincluded,striveforexcellencein forensicodontologyandallthattheydo.IwouldalsoliketothankDr.PaulaBrumitnotonlyforherdiligence and work ethic ineducation aswell asher selfless devotion to theABFO,but, more importantly, for passing alongwhatshehaslearnedtoothersasameansofmaintainingthenever-endingquestforexcellenceinforensic odontology. Finally, IwouldliketothankmywifeDonna, whoseconstantsupport hasbeeninvaluabletomysuccess. Shehaspersistentlysacrificedcountlesshoursofpersonalandfamilytimeovertheyearswithoutcomplaint.In addition, she has always been willing to provide valuable feedback for my many forensic endeavors. She has beenbymysidethroughbothsuccessandheartache.Regardless,shehasalwaysbeenthereforme,aguiding light and shining beacon of faithfulness and love. Many people have said “behind every successful man is a woman.” In my case, I would say “beside this successful man is his wife,” because she has been alongside me the entire time. Donna,I canneverthank you enough for what you have done for me! Thomas J. David Professionally, I wish to thank three individuals who have greatly influenced me over the years. First, to Dr.RoyCowan,whomentoredandencouragedmetostriveforperfectionandacceptonlyexcellenceasadental practitioner.ToDr.DavidSenn,whoprovidededucationalopportunity,mentorship,andcontinuestoinspireme togrowprofessionallyintheendeavortoimprovethefieldofforensicodontology.AndtoDr.RichardWeems, whohasbeenawonderfulforensiccolleagueopeningdoorsformetopracticeforensics. Butprimarily,Idedicatethisbooktomylatelovingwife,Teri,whoencouragedmetopursuemypassionsin life andsacrificed for me todo so: Whenyoureallylovesomeone.youwillfightforthemtotheend Andyouhavetomakeitwork;nomatterhowfaryouhavetobend Youaregoingtohavetoholdontightandnever,neverletthemgo Andifyouarenotwillingtodojustthat;thenthelovewillnotgrow Ifyoustarttoplaygameswiththeotherpersonsheartandemotions Youwillenduplosingtheirloveforyou.whenallissetintomotion Whenitcomestotruelove;listentothesagesandtaketheiradvice Nevertakesomeone’sloveforgranted.fortruelovetakessacrifice dWilliamJohnPalmer James M. Lewis This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Contributors xiii Biographies xv Foreword xvii 1. Forensic Sciences and Forensic Identification SCOTTHAHN,MELISSAMOURGES,ALEXANDERSIMPSON ALawEnforcementPerspective 1 AProsecutionPerspective 3 ADefensePerspective 7 Conclusion 17 2. History and Scope of Forensic Odontology BRUCEA.SCHRADER Introduction 19 History 19 Scope 21 References 23 3. Dental Identification & Radiographic Pitfalls PETERW.LOOMIS,JACQUELINES.REID,MICHAELP.TABOR,RICHARDA.WEEMS Introduction 26 ScientificMethodsofIdentification 27 TechniquesofHumanIdentification 27 CollectionandPreservationofPostmortemDentalEvidence 29 TypesofAntemortemInformation 33 RationaleforComparison 34 ReportWriting 37 TestifyinginCourtinaForensicIdentificationCase 38 ForensicOdontologySoftware 38 MissingandUnidentifiedPersonsDatabases 40 Conclusion 40 vii viii CONTENTS MostCommonPitfallsinForensicOdontologyRadiographyPractices 41 Manufacturer’sIndicatorsofDeterminingLeftandRight 42 SpatialOrientationWhenUsingDigitalRadiographicSystems 42 Reference 44 FurtherReading 44 4. Forensic Dental Photography MARKL.BERNSTEIN,FRANKLIND.WRIGHT Introduction 48 UnderstandingtheBasicsofPhotography 48 ElectromagneticSpectrumandItsApplicationinForensicPhotography 58 VisibleLight(Conventional)Photography 59 GuidelinesforCollectingPhotographicEvidenceinIdentificationCases 61 GuidelinesforCollectingPhotographicEvidenceofPatternedInjuries 62 GuidelinesforCollectingPhotographicEvidenceonSuspects 66 PhotographicDocumentationinAbuseCases 68 References 80 5. Disaster Victim Identification PETERW.LOOMIS DefinitionsandTypesofDisasters 82 ResponsetoaMultipleFatalityIncident 82 FederalAuthoritiesforDisasterResponse 83 EmergencySupportFunctions 84 EmergencySupportFunction8 84 DisasterSiteManagement 87 ComponentsofMortuaryOperations 89 ProtocolforaLocalorStateDVIDentalSection 92 FormationofaDentalIdentificationTeam 93 DentalSectionTeamLeader 93 PostmortemDentalSection 94 AntemortemDentalSection 94 DentalComparisonSection 95 DentalExaminationSupplies 95 MorgueShifts 95 PortableDentalX-rayGenerator 96 DigitalDentalRadiographySensors 97 Computer-AssistedDentalIdentificationSoftware 98 TechnologicalAdvancesinDentalIdentification/Flight3407 100 References 101 FurtherReading 102 CONTENTS ix 6. Missing and Unidentified Persons JAMESP.FANCHER,PETERHAMPL Introduction 104 Summary 118 References 118 7. Domestic Violence JOHND.MELVILLE,JOHND.MCDOWELL AdultandElderAbuseandMaltreatment 122 Introduction 122 Records 123 ViolentBehaviors 125 IntimatePartnerViolence 126 PhysicalInjuriesduringAdolescent/TeenageDatingRelationship 127 SpouseAbuse(IntimatePartnerViolence) 129 AbuseDuringPregnancy 130 ElderAbuseandNeglect 131 TechniquesforRecordingEvidenceofTraumaticInjuries 133 Conclusion 134 ChildAbuseandMaltreatment 134 Epidemiology 135 RecognizingAbuseandNeglect 135 PhysicalAbuse 136 AbusiveHeadTrauma 137 Neglect 138 SexualAbuse 138 TalkingtoChildrenAboutAbuse 139 MandatedReporting 140 ChildAdvocacyCenters 140 Conclusion 141 References 141 FurtherReading 144 8. Assessment of Dental Age JAMESM.LEWIS,KATHLEENA.KASPER Introduction 145 Infant/ChildTechniques 150 AdolescentTechniques 154 AdultTechniques 158 BiochemicalTechniques 165 GuidelinesandStandards 166 References 168