FOREIGNIZATION AND DOMESTICATION OF CULTURALLY- BOUND EXPRESSIONS IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S RUMAH KACA AND THEIR TRANSLATED EXPRESSIONS IN MAX LANE’S HOUSE OF GLASS A THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature By: Rachmad Wijanarko 10211141033 ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT LANGUAGE AND ART FACULTY YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY 2016 MOTTOS A lesson without pain is meaningless. For you cannot gain something without sacrificing something else in return. (Edward Elrich) It's fine. Everyone makes mistakes. You just need to make an effort not to make the same mistake again. (Ainz Ooal Gown) How can you move forward if you keep regretting the past? (Edward Elrich) v DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to: Bpk. Sandi and Ibu Rahayu vi TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE ............................................................................................................................ i APPROVAL SHEET ................................................................................................... ii RATIFICATION SHEET ........................................................................................... iii SURAT PERNYATAAN............................................................................................ iv MOTTOS ..................................................................................................................... v DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 A. Background of the Research ............................................................................ 1 B. Focus of the Research ...................................................................................... 3 C. Objectives of the Research ............................................................................... 4 D. Significance of the Research ............................................................................ 5 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................ 6 A. Theoretical Review .......................................................................................... 6 1. Translation.................................................................................................. 6 a. Definitions of Translation .................................................................... 6 b. Types of Translation ............................................................................ 8 c. Process of Translation .......................................................................... 9 2. Culture ...................................................................................................... 10 a. Definitions of Culture ........................................................................ 10 b. Culturally-Bound Expressions ........................................................... 11 c. Cultural Categories............................................................................. 12 3. Foreignization and Domestication ........................................................... 15 viii a. Definitions of Foreignization and Domestication ............................. 15 b. Categories of Foregnization and Domestication ................................ 16 4. Meaning.................................................................................................... 18 5. Equivalence in Meaning ........................................................................... 19 6. Rumah Kaca and House of Glass Novels ................................................ 21 B. Previous Studies ............................................................................................. 22 C. Conceptual Framework .................................................................................. 23 1. Culturally-Bound Expressions Adopted in this Study ............................. 24 2. Foregnization and Domestication Strategies Adopted in this Study ........ 26 3. Concept of Meaning Equivalence Adopted in this Study ........................ 29 D. Analytical Construct ....................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................... 34 A. Type of the Research ...................................................................................... 34 B. Data and Data Sources ................................................................................... 35 C. Instruments of the Research ........................................................................... 35 D. Techniques of Data Collection ....................................................................... 36 E. Data Analysis ................................................................................................. 38 F. Trustworthiness .............................................................................................. 38 CHAPTER IV. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................... 40 A. Findings .......................................................................................................... 40 1. The Types of Culturally-Bound Expressions occurring in the Novels ...................................................................................................... 40 2. The Foreignization and Domestication Strategies used in the Novels ...................................................................................................... 42 3. The Degree of Meaning Equivalence of Culturally-Bound Expressions in the Novels ....................................................................... 43 B. Discussion ...................................................................................................... 45 1. Description of the Types of Culturally-Bound Expressions Occurring in the Novels ........................................................................... 46 ix 2. Description of Foreignization and Domestication Strategies used in the Novels ........................................................................................... 53 3. Description of the Degree of Meaning Equivalence of Culturally- Bound Expressions in the Novels ............................................................ 64 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .......................................... 70 A. Conclusions .................................................................................................... 70 B. Suggestions..................................................................................................... 71 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 73 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................... 76 x