Folklore Folklore AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BELIEFS, CUSTOMS, TALES, MUSIC, AND ART Second Edition Charlie T. McCormick and Kim Kennedy White, Editors Copyright 2011by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of thispublication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, ortransmitted, in anyformor by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for theinclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing fromthe publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Folklore :an encyclopedia of beliefs, customs, tales, music, andart. 2nd ed. / CharlieT. McCormick andKim Kennedy White, editors. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references andindex. ISBN 978-1-59884-241-8 (hardcopy :alk. paper) ISBN978-1-59884- 242-5 (ebook) 1.Folklore Encyclopedias. I. McCormick, CharlieT. II.White, Kim Kennedy. GR35.F63 2011 398.03 dc22 2010039858 ISBN: 978-1-59884-241-8 EISBN: 978-1-59884-242-5 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 This book isalso available on theWorld Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book isprinted onacid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents List of Entries vii About the Editors xiii List of Contributors xv Foreword, by Thomas A. Green xxi Standard Folklore Indices and Classifications xxiii A–D Entries 1 Index I-1 v List of Entries Applied Folklore/Folkloristics Arab Gulf States Folklore Academic Programs in Folklore, Arabian Nights International Archetype Academic Programs in Folklore, North American Architecture, Folk Acculturation Archives and Archiving Activism Art, Folk Aesthetics Arthurian Lore African American Folklore Asian American Humor and Folklore African Folklore Asian American Literature and Folklore Aging Asian American Popular Culture and Altar, Home Folklore Amerasians: Folklores of Mixed Assault, Supernatural Heritage, Mixed Race Asian Americans Audience American Indian Folklore Authenticity Scholarship Autograph Book American Indian Tales Anansi Ballad Anecdote Bard Animals Beauty and the Beast Animal Tale Belief, Folk Anthropological Approach Belief Tale Anthropology, Symbolic Bluegrass: Homegrown Music Antiquarianism Borderlands Folklore Appalachian Folklore Broadside Ballad vii viii | List of Entries Cantometrics Deconstruction Carnival Diachronic/Synchronic Celtic Folklore and Mythology Dialogism Chapbook Diffusion Charivari/Shivaree Dilemma Tales Charm Discourse Analysis Childbirth and Childrearing Dite Children’s Folk Heroes Divination Children’s Folklore Drama, Folk Chinese Folklore Choreometrics Cinderella Emic/Etic Clever Question/Wisdom Question Enigma, Folk Communal Origins Theory Environmentalism Communitas Ephemera Community-Based Research Epic Comparative Mythology Epic Laws Computer-Mediated Folklore Erotic Folklore Conduit Theory/Multiconduit Theory Eschatology Contestation Esoteric/Exoteric Factor Context Ethnic Folklore Cosmology Ethnoaesthetics Costume, Folk Ethnography Craft, Folk Ethnology Creation Myths Ethnomusicology Cryptozoology Ethnopoetics Cultural Property Etiological Narrative Cultural Relativism Euhemerism Cultural Studies Evolutionary Theory Culture Hero Exorcism Custom Cyberculture Fabulate Faerie and Fairy Lore Dance, Folk Fairy Tale Heroes Deathlore Fakelore List of Entries | ix Family Folklore Graffiti Feast Great Tradition/Little Tradition Feminist Perspectives on Folklore Grimm Brothers Scholarship Festival Helpers, Folk Fieldwork Hemispheric Approach Film, Folklore Hero/Heroine, Folk Folk Culture Historical Analysis Folk Group Historic-Geographic Folklife Method Folklore History, Folk Folklorismus/Folklorism History, Oral Folk Schools Holidays and Commemorations Folksong, Lyric Hybrid Folksong, Narrative Hymn, Folk Folktale Foodways Icelandic Sagas Fool Immigration Formula Indian Folklore Frame Inscription Freedom Songs Internet Freudian Psychology Invented Tradition Frontier Folk Heroes Functionalism Jack and the Beanstalk Japanese Folklore Games, Folk Jewelry Gay (LGBTQ) Studies and Queer Jewish Folktales Theory Joke Gender Jungian Psychology Genre Gesture King Arthur Gesunkenes Kulturgut Giants Language, Play Globalization Language, Secret Gossip Latino Folklore