FMI 3-04.155 April 2006 Expires April 2008 ARMY UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM OPERATIONS HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Distribution Restriction-Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. FMI 3-04.155 Field Manual Interim Headquarters Department of the Army No. 3-04.155 Washington, DC, 4 April 2006 Expires 4 April 2008 ARMY UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM OPERATIONS Contents Page PREFACE ..............................................................................................................v Chapter 1 ORGANIZATION, MISSIONS, AND FUNDAMENTALS..................................... 1-1 Section I –General ............................................................................................ 1-1 Unmanned aircraft system Types....................................................................... 1-1 Organization ....................................................................................................... 1-1 Mission ............................................................................................................... 1-2 Capabilities ......................................................................................................... 1-2 Limitations .......................................................................................................... 1-2 Fundamentals..................................................................................................... 1-3 Echelons of Support ........................................................................................... 1-4 Section II–Unmanned Aircraft System Organizations................................... 1-6 RQ-1L I-Gnat Organization ................................................................................ 1-6 RQ-5/MQ-5 Hunter Aerial Reconnaissance Company ...................................... 1-7 RQ-7 Shadow Aerial Reconnaissance Platoon ................................................. 1-8 RQ-11 Raven Team ........................................................................................... 1-9 Section III–Duty Descriptions and Responsibilities ................................... 1-10 Company Commander ..................................................................................... 1-10 Platoon Leader ................................................................................................. 1-10 Unmanned aircraft system Operations Officer (150U)..................................... 1-11 First Sergeant ................................................................................................... 1-11 Platoon Sergeant.............................................................................................. 1-11 Air Mission Commander ................................................................................... 1-12 Unmanned aircraft system Operator (15W) ..................................................... 1-12 External Pilot (RQ-5/MQ-5 Hunter Only).......................................................... 1-12 Unmanned Aerial System Operator (RQ-11 Raven)........................................ 1-12 Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. i Contents Chapter 2 ARMY UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS...........................................................2-1 RQ-1L I-Gnat.......................................................................................................2-1 RQ-5/MQ-5 Hunter..............................................................................................2-3 RQ-7 Shadow......................................................................................................2-6 RQ-11 Raven....................................................................................................2-10 Chapter 3 JOINT UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS...........................................................3-1 Section I–Joint UAS Request Procedures......................................................3-1 Joint Command Architecture...............................................................................3-1 Unmanned aircraft system Support....................................................................3-2 Section II–Air Force ..........................................................................................3-4 RQ-4 Global Hawk..............................................................................................3-4 RQ/MQ-1 Predator..............................................................................................3-6 MQ-9 Predator B.................................................................................................3-8 Force Protection Aerial Surveillance System–Desert Hawk.............................3-10 Section III–Navy...............................................................................................3-12 RQ-2 Pioneer....................................................................................................3-12 RQ-8B Fire Scout..............................................................................................3-13 Section IV–Marine Corps................................................................................3-14 FQM-151 Pointer ..............................................................................................3-14 Dragon Eye.......................................................................................................3-15 Silver Fox..........................................................................................................3-16 Scan Eagle........................................................................................................3-17 Section V–Coast Guard..................................................................................3-19 Eagle Eye..........................................................................................................3-19 Section VI–Special Operations Command...................................................3-20 CQ-10 SnowGoose...........................................................................................3-20 FQM-151 Pointer ..............................................................................................3-21 RQ-11 Raven....................................................................................................3-22 Dragon Eye.......................................................................................................3-23 Chapter 4 UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS MISSION PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS 4-1 Section I–Overview...........................................................................................4-1 Section II–Employment Considerations.........................................................4-2 Location of Unmanned aircraft systems .............................................................4-2 Sustained Operations .........................................................................................4-4 Terrain and Weather...........................................................................................4-4 Sensor Considerations........................................................................................4-5 Threat Considerations.........................................................................................4-6 Time/Resources Available..................................................................................4-7 Dynamic Retasking.............................................................................................4-8 Civil Considerations (Combat Operations) .........................................................4-9 Section III–Mission Planning Process............................................................4-9 Mission Supported Unit.......................................................................................4-9 Echelons Above Brigade Combat Team Tasking and Planning.......................4-10 Brigade and Below Planning Responsibilities ..................................................4-11 Brigade and Below Tasking/Planning...............................................................4-11 ii FMI 3-04.155 4 April 2006 Contents Unmanned aircraft system Unit Planning Process........................................... 4-13 Post Mission Actions ........................................................................................ 4-17 Section IV–Army Airspace Command and Control..................................... 4-17 Section V–Command and Control ................................................................ 4-19 Levels of Interoperability .................................................................................. 4-19 Communications............................................................................................... 4-21 Using a Remote Video Terminal ...................................................................... 4-22 Section VI–Risk Mitigation ............................................................................ 4-23 Safety................................................................................................................ 4-23 Risk Management............................................................................................. 4-24 Unmanned aircraft system Safety Considerations........................................... 4-25 Chapter 5 UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS EMPLOYMENT ........................................... 5-1 Section I–Reconnaissance and Surveillance ................................................ 5-1 Reconnaissance................................................................................................. 5-1 Unmanned aircraft system Reconnaissance Fundamentals ............................. 5-2 Actions on the Objective..................................................................................... 5-4 Data Exfiltration .................................................................................................. 5-4 Surveillance ........................................................................................................ 5-5 Section II–Security Operations ....................................................................... 5-6 Screen ................................................................................................................ 5-6 Guard and Cover Operations ........................................................................... 5-10 Section III–Unmanned Aircraft System Targeting........................................ 5-12 Facilitate Targeting........................................................................................... 5-12 Precision of Target Locations........................................................................... 5-13 Facilitate Command and Control...................................................................... 5-14 Facilitate Movement ......................................................................................... 5-14 Section IV–Manned-Unmanned Team Operations...................................... 5-15 Manned-Unmanned Team Missions ................................................................ 5-15 Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition Missions.................... 5-18 Screen Missions ............................................................................................... 5-19 Movement to Contact ....................................................................................... 5-23 Aerial Target Designation................................................................................. 5-23 Artillery Fire Support......................................................................................... 5-25 Close Air Support ............................................................................................. 5-26 Kill Box.............................................................................................................. 5-27 Section V–Personnel Recovery .................................................................... 5-29 Mission Execution............................................................................................. 5-30 Chapter 6 SUSTAINMENT OPERATIONS......................................................................... 6-1 Section I–General ............................................................................................. 6-1 Logistics.............................................................................................................. 6-1 Maintenance ....................................................................................................... 6-2 Section II–Unmanned Aircraft System Organizations.................................. 6-3 RQ-1L I-Gnat ...................................................................................................... 6-3 RQ-5/MQ-5 Hunter ............................................................................................. 6-3 RQ-7 Shadow..................................................................................................... 6-4 4 April 2006 FMI 3-04.155 iii Contents RQ-11 Raven......................................................................................................6-4 Appendix A ARMY UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS MISSION PLANNING AND FLIGHT CHECKLISTS ........................................................................................................................... A-1 Appendix B EXTRACT FROM LEADER’S GUIDE TO ARMY AIRSPACE COMMAND AND CONTROL AT BRIGADE AND BELOW ....................................................................................... B-1 Appendix C TRAINING CONSIDERATIONS........................................................................C-1 Appendix D ARMY UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM CONTRIBUTIONS TO JOINT OPERATIONS.................................................................................................................. D-1 Appendix E RECOVERY OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES .......................................... E-1 GLOSSARY.......................................................................................... Glossary-1 REFERENCES..................................................................................References-1 INDEX ......................................................................................................... Index-1 iv FMI 3-04.155 4 April 2006 Preface Field manual interim (FMI) 3-04.155 is the Army’s keystone doctrine for how to fight and sustain Army Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). The doctrinal basis for operational concepts described in this manual are established in field manual (FM) 1, FM 3-0, and FM 3-04.111. FMI 3-04.155 provides overarching doctrinal guidance for employing Army UAS in full spectrum operations and is in synchronization with joint doctrine. It provides a foundation for the development of tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) in other and follow-on Army manuals. Emphasis is placed on force structure and the enhanced operational capability provided by UAS. FMI 3-04.155, the Army’s overarching UAS manual, provides unit leaders and their staff officers and noncommissioned officers (NCOs) with the knowledge necessary to properly plan for and execute the integration of Army UAS into combined arms operations. This is the Army’s principal tool to assist Army branch schools in teaching UAS operations. Army schools and centers will incorporate the concepts and requirements in this document into their doctrinal manuals and professional military education literature as appropriate. This manual will also inform joint, multinational, and coalition forces of the capabilities and procedures for using the Army UAS in joint and multinational operations. UAS support operations throughout the U.S. Army, as well as joint, interagency, and multinational (JIM) operations across the full spectrum of conflict. UAS organizations conduct combat operations throughout the depth and breadth of the battlefield and will eventually exist at multiple echelons within the Army. Although the organization and composition of JIM UAS are different by echelon and service, their employment and principal focus are similar to Army UAS operations. Chapter 1 focuses on UAS organizations, missions, and fundamentals. Chapter 2 provides an overview of Army UAS and system descriptions and capabilities. Chapter 3 provides an overview of joint UAS and the capabilities they give the maneuver commander. Chapter 4 discusses UAS planning considerations all users must be familiar with for the successful execution of UAS operations. Chapter 5 discusses employment of the UAS. Chapter 6 discusses sustainment requirements and considerations for UAS operations at all echelons. Appendix A provides checklist for planning and coordinating UAS operations. Appendix B details planning for the integration of Small UAS into airspace coordination. Appendix C gives UAS commanders an overview of training responsibilities and requirements. Appendix D provides joint users with information to obtain Army UAS support. Appendix E gives guidance for recovering downed unmanned aircraft. This FMI applies to the transformation force across the full spectrum of military operations. FMI 3-04.155 specifically addresses UAS operations; refer to the appropriate chapter/appendix of FM 3-04.111 for guidance in other aviation related areas. This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard (ARNG)/Army National Guard of the United States (ARNGUS), and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) unless otherwise stated. It builds on the collective knowledge and experience gained through recent combat and training operations, numerous field and simulation exercises, and the deliberate process of informed reasoning. This publication is rooted in time- tested principles and fundamentals, while accommodating new technologies and evolving responses to the diverse threats to national security. Finally, FMI 3-04.155 furnishes a foundation for UAS doctrine, force design, materiel acquisition, professional education, and individual and unit training. The proponent for this manual is the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). The preparing agency is the United States Army Aviation Warfighting Center (USAAWC). Send comments and 4 April 2006 FMI 3-04.155 v Preface recommendations using Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to Commander, USAAWC, ATTN: ATZQ-TD-D, Fort Rucker, AL 36362, or email at [email protected]. Other doctrinal information can be found on Army Knowledge Online or call defense switch network (DSN) 558-3011 or (334) 255-3011. The acronym UAS refers to the system as a whole (unmanned aircraft [UA], payload, and all direct support equipment). Direct support equipment includes the ground control station (GCS), ground data terminal (GDT), launch and recovery (L/R) system, transport and logistics vehicles, operators and maintainers, unit leadership, and others. The acronym UA refers to the unmanned aircraft exclusively and does not include the payload unless stated otherwise. vi FMI 3-04.155 4 April 2006 Chapter 1 Organization, Mission, and Fundamentals UAS operations support battlefield commanders and their staffs as they plan, coordinate, and execute operations. UAS increase the situational awareness (SA) of commanders through intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR). Armed UAS provide commanders direct fire capabilities to prosecute the close fight and influence shaping of the battlefield. Army UAS can perform some or all of the following functions: enhanced targeting through acquisition, detection, designation, suppression and destruction of enemy targets, and battle damage assessment (BDA). Other UAS missions support the maneuver commander by contributing to the effective tactical operations of smaller units. GCSs with common data links, remote video terminals (RVTs) and remote operations video enhanced receiver (ROVER), portable ground control stations (PGCSs), and Army helicopter/Army airborne command and control system (A2C2S)/UA teaming will enhance SA and the common operational picture (COP), helping to set the conditions for the current and future forces (FF's) success. SECTION I –GENERAL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM TYPES 1-1. The four different types of UAS the Army uses to conduct operations are— z Improved–Gnat (I-Gnat) (RQ-1L). z Hunter (RQ-5/MQ-5). z Shadow (RQ-7). z Raven (RQ-11). 1-2. The Department of Defense (DOD) has an alphanumeric designation for UAS. The letter designation includes the following: z C—designation for cargo. z R—designation for reconnaissance. z M—designation for multi-role. z Q—designation for unmanned aircraft system. 1-3. The number refers to the system's position when it entered the series of purpose-built unmanned aircraft systems. For example, RQ-7 (Shadow) is the seventh reconnaissance unmanned aircraft system in the UAS series. ORGANIZATION 1-4. Each UAS organization is diverse in form and functions with different capabilities and limitations based upon the specific echelon and UAS they employ. However, each UAS organization is structured to 4 April 2006 FMI 3-04.155 1-1 Chapter 1 effectively conduct reconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisition (TA), attack (when equipped), and BDA. MISSION 1-5. UAS are capable of locating and recognizing major enemy forces, moving vehicles, weapons systems, and other targets that contrast with their surroundings. In addition, UAS are capable of locating and confirming the position of friendly forces, presence of noncombatant civilians, and so forth. Current Army UAS missions include— z Reconnaissance. z Surveillance. z Security. z Manned-Unmanned Teaming. z Communications Relay. CAPABILITIES 1-6. UAS currently bring numerous capabilities to Army units, providing NRT reconnaissance, surveillance, and TA. They can be employed on the forward line of own troops (FLOT), on the flanks, or in rear areas. Employed as a team, UAS and manned systems provide excellent reconnaissance and attack resolution. Some UA can be fitted with laser designators to mark targets and others may be armed. Other capabilities currently provided are as follows: z Support TA efforts and lethal attacks on enemy reconnaissance and advance forces. z Assist in route, area, and zone reconnaissance. z Locate and help determine enemy force composition, disposition, and activity. z Maintain contact with enemy forces from initial contact through BDA. z Provide target coordinates with enough accuracy to enable an immediate target handover, as well as first-round fire-for-effect engagements. z Provide or enhance multispectrum sensor coverage of the AO. z Provide information to manned systems, thus increasing survivability. z Reduce or eliminate exposure time of manned systems in high-risk environments. z Provide extended three-dimensional vantage, both in distance and time, at critical decision points (DPs) in difficult terrain. z Perform decoy, demonstration, feint, and deception operations. z Support mission duration beyond those of manned systems. z Provide digital connectivity, allowing for rapid product dissemination. 1-7. The following are capabilities unique to the RQ-11 Raven: z Attritable. z Day and night imagery/Operations. z Low noise signature. z Portable. z Interchangeable payloads and components. z Mobile launch capable. LIMITATIONS 1-8. While UAS are an excellent force multiplier, they have limited effectiveness in locating enemy forces that are well covered or concealed. Tactical UA, such as Shadow and Raven, are not well suited for 1-2 FMI 3-04.155 4 April 2006 Chapter 1 wide area searches. Rather, employing UA as part of an overall collection plan takes advantage of their capabilities. Other limitations include— z Vulnerability to enemy fire. z Weather restrictions (cloud cover, turbulence, and others). z Must maintain LOS to ground control stations. z Limited frequencies for UAS control. z A2C2 issues. z Limited sensor field of view. z Limited detection capability in highly vegetated areas. z Unique Class III/V Requirements. z Assembly Area survivability. 1-9. The following are limitations unique to the RQ-11 Raven: z Zero wind—Increases difficulty of launch. Consider using mounted launch or launch from atop building or terrain. z Winds less than 20 knots—Decreases system endurance from increased battery use and can cause uncommanded altitude deviations. z Extreme Heat and Cold—Reduces endurance (battery life) and degrades system performance. Overheating can cause GCU failure. z Night front- or side-look camera only. z Fragile Components. FUNDAMENTALS 1-10. UAS play an integral role in the accomplishment of each of the warfighter functions. An in-depth discussion of these roles will occur in later chapters of this manual. z Intelligence. z Maneuver. z Fire support (FS). z Air defense (AD). z Mobility/countermobility/survivability. z Sustainment. z Command and control (C2). 1-11. All UAS organizations must be able to— z Plan and conduct strategic deployment. z Conduct administrative and tactical movements. z Coordinate with supported maneuver units. z Gather information to support the intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB). z Use the full spectrum of communications means to satisfy internal and external requirements for combat information. 4 April 2006 FMI 3-04.155 1-3