FLUE GAS DESULPHURIZATION USING ADSORBENT PREPARED FROM WASTE ABUNDANT EGGSHELL PHANG YEE JIAN A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering (HONS) Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman January 2015 ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that this project is based on my original work except for citations and quotations which have been duly acknowledged. I also take this opportunity to declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree award at UTAR or other institutions. Signature : Name : Phang Yee Jian ID No. : 12AGB00676 Date : 9th April 2015 iii APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION I certify that this project title “Flue gas desulphurization using adsorbent prepared from waste abundant eggshell” was prepared by PHANG YEE JIAN has met the required standard for submission in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineers (HONS) Environmental Engineering at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman. Approved by, Signature : Supervisor : Dr. Sumathi a/p Sethupathi Date : iv The copyright of this report belongs to the author under the terms of the copyright Act 1987 as qualified by Intellectual Property Policy of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman. Due acknowledgement shall always be made of the use of any materials contained in, or derived from this report. © 2015, Phang Yee Jian. All rights reserved. v ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my project supervisor, Dr. Sumathi a/p Sethupahi who had guided me throughout this whole study with her patients and expertise. She had also borrowed a great helping hand whenever I faced some difficulties and trouble during the period of this research. I would also like to thanks my moderator, Mr Wong Ling Yong for his precious effort and time in honourably evaluating my project. In addition to that, I would like to take this opportunity to thank the always helpful lab officers, Ms. Wong Siew Keng and Mr. Muhammad Zakuan Ariff Bin Mohd Zaidi for their aid and guidance throughout the entire lab sessions. This study would remain a dream if not been for Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) for providing a platform to further my studies and also completion of this thesis. Hereby, I sincerely wish to extend my thanks to all lecturers thus far for their patients in providing knowledge to boost my self-enrichment. Nevertheless, my uttermost gratitude to my family members that provide me power, moral support and unreserved love and care as I continue to move on and I would not be able to pen off the stress and pressure in this study without them. It is their deepest love and care that are truly aspirational and gave me a steadfast reason to move along this journey. Thus, I dedicate all of this study to all my beloved family members as they are the exoskeleton that supports me to make this study a success. vi Flue gas desulphurization using adsorbent prepared from waste abundant eggshell ABSTRACT Flue gas desulphurization has been sky rocketing in recent years due to the rapid developing industry that release sulphur dioxide gas. Conventional use of commercialise calcium oxide derived from calcium carbonate has been the best adsorbent used in Flue gas desulphurization but not unsustainable. Therefore, eggshell waste has been introduced to reduce the consumption of commercial calcium oxide to prevent depletion of natural resource so that we can perform flue gas desulphurization and achieve the required standards. Using hydration method with heating mantle can greatly improve the adsorption capacity of eggshell waste by prioritizing a few parameters such as hydration temperature and hydration time. By using gas analyser to determine the gas adsorption capacity, the highest adsorption capacity of eggshell sample are achieved at 3.936 g /g hydrated at 90°C and so2 eggshell 30 hour hydration time, compare to highest adsorption capacity of commercial calcium oxide at 15.521 g /g hydrated at 80°C and 1 hour hydration time. so2 cao vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ii APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v ABSTRACT vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Egg shells 1 1.2 Sulphur dioxide 2 viii 1.3 Flue gas desulphurization 6 1.4 Problem Statement 7 1.5 Objectives 7 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1 Flue Gas 8 2.1.1 Composition and effect of flue gas 9 2.2 Sulphur dioxide 11 2.3 Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) 12 2.3.1 Conventional Coal Cleaning 13 2.3.2 Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) 14 2.3.3 Forced Oxidation Limestone Wet Scrubber 15 2.3.4 Spray Dryer 16 2.3.5 Adsorption 17 2.3.5.1 Adsorbent Material 18 2.3.5.2 Water Hydration Method to prepare adsorbent 19 2.4 Eggshell 19 2.4.1 Usage of eggshell 20 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21 3.1 Raw materials 21 3.2 Preparation of eggshell powder 22 ix 3.3 Preparation of adsorbent 23 3.4 Sulphur dioxide removal 24 3.5 Characterization 25 3.5.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis 26 3.6 Calculating adsorption capacity 26 3.7 Overall experiment 28 3.8 Gantt chart 29 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 30 4.1 Sulphur dioxide removal efficiency 30 4.2 Adsorption capacity 38 4.3 FTIR spectrum 41 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 50 5.1 Conclusion 50 5.2 Recommendation 51 REFERENCES 52 x LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE 2.1 Air Pollutants and Associated Health Effects 10 2.2 Physical properties of Sulphur Dioxide 11 2.3 Pros and cons of physical coal cleaning 14 2.4 Adsorbent used to treat SO2 in flue gas 18 2.5 Usage of eggshell from literature 20 3.1 Design parameter of eggshell and commercial calcium oxide 23 41 The adsorption capacity and the design parameter of the 39 eggshell 4.2 The adsorption capacity and the design parameter of the CaO 40