^^^^ ^< '^.^. w: .0^^-\^ > .s: IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 Ui Bi2 §22 Ui 2.0 I.I I1.25 IH 1.4 Ii4 Fhotographlc 39WISTMAINSTRUT Sciences WnSTfR.N.Y. 14510 (71«)I72-4S03 Corporalion CIHM/ICMH CIHIVI/ICMH Microfiche Collection de Series. microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions/Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notastechniquas at bibliographiquas Th( to Tha Instituta has attamptad to obtain tha bast L'instituta microfilm^ le meilleurexemplaira original copy availabia forfilming.Faaturasofthis qu'il lui a 6t4possible de se procurer. 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Les diagrammas suivants illustrent la mAthoda. ita 2 3 1 lure. 1 3 ax *•' f- INDIAN WARS OF THE WEST; ooNTAnrQia ^BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THOSE PIONfiEES :^. l¥HOHEADED THEWESTERN:MTTI«E8 IN BBPBLLIN0THE ATTACKS OF THE SAVAGES, l« 1;-, TOGETHER WITH A EW OF THE CHARACTER, MANNERS, MONUMENTS, AND ANTIQUITIES \\<, y OF THE WESTERN INDIANS. BY TIMOTHY FLINt- f .0i .Piff- Westward the Star ofEmpire holds its way. vC i .''*il CINCINNATI:. rVBIItBBD BT B. H, FLINT. I 1888. Entered according to the act of Congress, in the year 1832, by E. H. FiiiNT,inthe Clerk'sofficeoftheCircuitCourt of thedistrict of Ohio. ."**' N. & 6. Guilford jc Co., Frvniert* \ INDIAN WARS OF THE WEST. CHAPTER I. PHYSICAL VIEW OP THE WEST. The country, of whose first settlerswe proposetogive sketches,is nowcalled in common parlancethe West,and the Mississippi valley, indicating its position in regard to theelder and more populous country on the shores of the Atlantic. Itis thelargest, most singular, and most fertile A valley onthQ globe. profile,or physical section of the vastplainbetweenthe AlleghaniesandRocky mountains^ places this factin an impressive pointof view. A line round the edge of the immense basin, commen' cingatthenorthernsourcesoftheheadwatersofthelakes,- rouad the ABeghanies,thegulf of Florida,the mountains thfitseparate the waters of the Rio del Norte from those of the Mississippi, and the central ridges ofthe Rocky mountains dividing between the watdrs of the Missouri, the gulf of California,andthe Oregon,andthencearound the htod sources of the Mississippi, to its commencement northof the lakes,wouldbeatleastfivethousand miles in extent. This vfllst surface is watered by the longest riversoB' the globe. The Missouri, Mississippi, Arkansas, Re^. .River, phio, Tennessee, Wabash,Platt^^osas,Yellow Stone, lUinoiS) Osage, and many odiearj»t the western rivers,are as different in charactgrfi|||a |hQS)s of the old world, as this valley is more extontAfe iJ|d ipagniSceiu" than anyo^et. In comparison to tiieir widtlji they haye far longer (^rse's, aui. "umish a navigationl($w impeded byfallsand rapids.. These rivers may 1)q cjpiiii^ iin-^ 4156$ •Vl 4 INDIAN WARS mense natural canals winding through this vast valley in every direction, at onceirrigating,fertilizing,and connec- ting its remotest points by navigable water communica-' tions. Three ofthese streams, to wit: the Missouri, the Mississippi, and Arkansas presentacontinued steam boat navrgation of more than two thousand miles in length. Threemore, to wit: Red River, the Ohio,aiid Tennessee I have moje than a thousand miles. Of those which are I actually ascended bysteamboatsfromthreetosixhundred miles, the number wcfuld be too tedious to enumerate. W» Eachof these streams is a kind of Nile to the region it irrigates, having a wide alluvial valley along its course, boundedon either shore by bluffs of a peculiarcharacter, generally faced with precipitous limestone walls fronk if two to four hundred feet high. Itisbut afewyearssince s|eam boats have first begun to beseen mountingwiththe power of the imprisoned elements between these hoary and ancient parapets of the streams, scaring the water- fowls from their domain, and the wild beasts from their » • shores. The discoveries, the peculiar journals and inci- dents of these long and recent voyages, are too new and voluminous,and we are yet tooIktle acquainted with the new position in which they have placed us, to possess at present all their intrinsic interest. They will constitute the burdenof the history and song of the coming genera- tions. The peculiarconfiguration,climate,physical character, fertility,and modesof communicationof this wide region, circumstances all having a peculiar bearing upon the character ofits inhabitants, have not failed to form a lan- guage, and mode of thinking, and manners peculiar to the west, presenting tothe eye of a curious observer suf- ficiently amusing differences between the people of the Atlantic country and the Mississippi valley. The loiig. jorneys of thejinhabitants in steam boats, and by other Waterconveyaacei, create the necessity of new phrases, ^ "modes ofspeech, add even h^tsof thinking and feeling. • Among the results may bee.nBBv reckoned greater entejr- 1^ prise,anda readier habit dPbre>>kingthe ties^fhome, f%m indoingit,andingeneral the hardier and morereck« ',*« ^^' OF THK WSfiTT. 9 km habitfofloldiera,travetlen,and hunters. Timeand oupcuoNiUinceshave yet todetermine, whether these ha*^ bits will form, <m the whole, a better and more amiable nationality, than thatofthe Atlantic pe<^le. They,whosebusinessisonthebluewatersof theocean, are apt to view the freidi water voyagers of the western rivei|^with a sort of contempt. Yet there is no doubt, that thehabitudes of the dwellereon these rivers, accus* toming them from theirearliest years to manage watef* crafts both by the oarand wind,and to consider the wa> ters as furnishing their customary modes of travel and conveyance, qualify them, when borne down their fbrests tothesea,tobecomesailors at once. Fearlessness,frank* ness, fluency in conversation, a touch, perhaps, of rough* ness, smacking of the union of the hunter, soldier, sailor and merchant, addictedness to cards and profanity form theprominenttraitsofthepresentvoyagersonthewestern rivers. M The fertility of the greater portion of this valley is as , surprising as its extent. Apparently ofmore recent for- mation than the remainder of the CiHitinent, it seems less marked with thecurseofsteiility. Immenseportionsare alluvial. Other portions far frojm rivers, or the present courses of waters, show as if they were the depositof immense drained lakes, or a vast region of former sub- mersion. Even the pine districts, whichare extensive iii the south and southwest of the valley,and towards the sources of the Mississippi, are not sterile, like the same tracts in the Atlantic country. They are generally co* vered in the summer with a luxuriant growth of grass, herbage and flowers, and bring moderate crops of corn, wheat, sweet potatoes, and garden vegetables without manuring. This naturalfertilityseemstobeowingtothe deep loam stratumofthe vegetable soil^'and its contain- iag uncommon proportions of limestone^ triturateH, and perfectly mixe' with it. Whateverbe thecause, every traveller ha»remarked, in pfOpeilliHitm he begins to de- Miend any ofthe ridgee, thi^t fe««4Kl|t outline of this val- lej^ltiiat thefoil showsa proportldiiiia^increase offertiU- tf, It is B^teeifnded, ti»lthift*t« notheroi asfi^- 1» ^;'-