CULTURE AND HISTORY OF FLIGHT AND FREEDOM THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAS1 EDITEDBY BY B. HALPERN, M.H.E. WEIPPERT TH. PJ. VANDEN HOUT, I. WINTER DANIEL C. SNELL VOLUME~ BRILL LEIDEN .BOSTON'KOLN 2001 This bookisprintedonacid-freepaper. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Snell, DanielC. Flightand freedom inthe ancientNear East / byDanielC. Snell. p. cm.-(Cultureand history of the ancientNearEast, ISSN 1566-2055 ;v.8) Includesbibliographicalreferences and index. ISBN 9004120106(alk.paper) 1. Liberty-History. 2. Humanrights-Middle East-History. 3. Forcedlabor MiddleEast-History. 4. Government, Resistanceto-Middle East-History. 5. Middle East-History-To622. I.Title. II. Series ]C599.M53S652001 323.44'0939'4--dc21 00-066729 For Jamesand Abigail CIP DieDeutscheBibliothek- CIP-Einheitsaufnalune May the basicassumptionbe freedom. Snell,DanielC.: Flightandfreedom inthe ancientNearEast / byDanielC.Snell. Leiden;Boston;Koln :Brill,2001 (Culture and historyor theancient Ncar East;Vol.8) ISBN90-04-120I0-6 )e 50,' .ti:;35C?s ISSN 1566-2055 ~o, ISBN 9004120106 ©Copyright2001byKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden, TheNetherlands Allrightsreserved.Nopartqfthispublicationmaybereproduced, translated, stored inaretrievalsystem, ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwise, withoutpriorwritten permissionfromthepublisher. Authorizationtophotocopyitemsfirinternalorpersonaluseisgranted byKoninklijkeBrillprovidedthattheappropriate.feesarepaiddirectly toTheCopyrightClearanceCenter, 222RosewoodDrive, Suite910,DanversMA 01923, USA. Feesaresubjecttochange. PRINTEDINTHENETHERLANDS CONTENTS Contents vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 Chapter1TheHistoryofFreedomandGettingAway 11 WordsforFreedomintheAncientNearEast.. 19 A.Edicts 21 B.Privileges 24 C.Manumissions 26 D.RowdilyBehavingGroups 27 Chapter2TheRealityofFlight... 31 1.TheNatureofArchivalTexts 33 2.ComparativeAbsenteeism 37 3.RunawaySlavesinClassicalTimes 38 4.RunawaySlavesintheAmericas .40 5.EarlyMesopotamianEscape .46 6.UrIIIEscape 48 7.OidBabylonianEscape 55 8.MiddleBabylonianEscape .58 9.Neo-BabylonianEscape 60 Chapter3TheIdeologyofFlightandFreedom 63 1.Edicts 63 2.LegalCollections 74 3.Treaties 86 Chapter4 FlightinLiteratureandStory 99 1.Non-NarrativeTexts 99 2.FlightNarratives 104 3.Conclusions 115 Chapter5 FreedominIsrael... 117 1.Terminology 122 2.PracticeinNarratives 126 3.LegalCollections 129 Chapter6 FreedomBeyondMesopotamiansandGreeks 137 1.Are TraditionsaUnity? 138 2.DescentAmongJews 140 viii CONTENTS 3.DescentAmongGreeksandChristians 144 4.DescentAmongMuslims 146 5.TowardADefinition 148 '6.WhatIstheWest? 152 7.FreedomandtheNon-West... 154 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AppendixISelectedArchivalTextsonEscape 157 AppendixII Transliterations ofSelectedLegal, Treaty, This study grew out ofmy work onLife in theAncientNear East, a andCanonicalTextsonFreedomandEscape 171 socialandeconomichistory,and theinstitutionsthat supportedme in Bibliography 179 that endeavor must be thanked also in this one, particularly the Index 193 University ofOklahoma in its Senior Faculty Summer Fellowship AncientNearEasternTextsCited 199 program, now discontinued, and its sabbatical leave program. A BiblicalTextsCited 200 National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Seminar in 1993 underProf. PhilipCurtinat Johns HopkinsUniversitystimulatedmy thinking on this topic, and to Prof. Curtin and my colleagues in the seminarloweadebtofgratitudeforbibliographyandencouragement. InparticularRosemaryBrana-ShuteoftheCollegeofCharlestonwas helpful inasking invigorating questions. List ofTables The Oregon Humanities Center at the University of Oregon in Eugene awarded me a summer fellowship in the summer of 1996 UrIIIMonthsofEscape 53 whichprovedextremelyhelpfulinmy delvinginto bibliographyand UrIIIGenderofEscapees 53 in beginning to write. The Institute for Advanced Studies in the LawsonRunaways 85 HumanitiesattheUniversityofEdinburghofferedmeanon-stipendi TreatmentofFugitivesinHittiteDiplomaticTexts 93 ary fellowship for part ofthe summerof1997 whichallowed me to complete the preliminary draft. The staffofOtterbein College was veryhelpfultomeinthefinal stages ofthework.ProfessorsBenjamin Foster,DavidGeggus,AlanKimball,MarioLiverani,RichardLowitt, HelgaMadland,PaulMinnis, RobertNye, and Jamil Ragep gave me helpful references and technical advice. My graduate studentLance Allredreadthemanuscriptand gavemeseveral valuablesuggestions. We cannotblamehim for errors, though, can we? My family has been supportive ofmy work and my wanderings, preferringwhenpossibletocomealong, andtheadventurestheyhave had are their own reward. In particular Dr. Katie Barwick-Snell sloggedthrough all this withme. Butbecause ofthe implications of thestudy forthefuture thattheywillinherit,Idedicatetheworktomy children, Jamesand Abigail, and to the childrenofthe world. -DCS Was mag der Staatauchbei denAssyrem,Babyloniem,Persemusw. Allesgetanhaben,urndasAufkommendesIndividuellenzuverhind em,welchesdamalsfursoviel alsdasBosegegoltenhabenwird?Der hochstenWahrscheinlichkeitnachhatesanallen Enden,baldda,bald dort, emporkommenwollen und ist den burgerlichen und religiosen Schranken, Kasteneinrichtungen usw. erlegen, ohne eine Spur hinterlassenzu konnen. --JacobBurckhardt, WeltgeschichtlicheBetrachtungen.New York: Amo, 1979,65. What could the state have done also among the Assyrians, Babylo nians, Persians, and so forth, to hinder the individual's rise, which then countedforthe same thingasevil? Inall likelihoodafterallthe individualwishedtoarise,nowhere,nowthere,butwaskilledbycivil and religious barriers, caste regulations and so forth, without being able to leave atrace behind. INTRODUCTION ThesymbolofthecityofAleppo,theancientnorthernculturalcenter inSyria,istheCitadel,amedieval fortwithafancymoatedentrance. Onthetop ofthatentrancethe government inthe 1980sdisplayed in neon lights the governing party's motto-unity, socialism, and freedom. InSyriathemeaningsofthesetermshaveevolvedsomewhatover time, but everyone would agree that in the popular mind the least clearlydefined ofthethreeisfreedom. Since Syriawas inthepasta Sovietclient,freedomhasnot alwaysincluded economic freedom as it is understood in the United States and Western Europe, though recently that has increasingly become an aspect of it. Freedom probably does imply for Syrians freedom from want and freedom from unwarranted official interference-though practice has not always measureduptoideals, inSyria aselsewhere. TheCitadelatnightwas illuminated,anditwas quiteasightwith itsneonmotto. Onecanimagineamorehistoricallyaccuratewayof highlighting the structure, but the government had its reasons, and freedom had itssway. Formethissightunderlinestheproblemoffreedominthemodem world. The appeal of freedom obviously extends beyond those countries which regard themselves now as part ofthe West, those countries that have devised their political traditions from a century and more of liberalism, which onemight define asthe devotion to freedom. The study ofthehistory offreedomhasbecomeidentifiedwith a certain political stance in Western politics, one that celebrates Western understandings of freedom and condemns, for example, Communistunderstandings thatmightbeclosertothatofthe Syrian government's. Students ofthe history offreedom have tended to search for the roots ofWestern freedom in the ancient history of 2 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 3 GreeceandRomeandhavearguedthatGreecegavebirthtoaunique detailsofBernal'sclaimsabouttheauthenticityoftheancientGreek setofattitudesthatledtoand,toagreatextent,wereidenticaltoour understandingoftheculturalborrowings? own.Thispedigree,however,cannotexplainthephenomenaof1989, MaterialfromancientMesopotamia,ancientsouthernIraq,allows inwhichnotonlytheCommunistEastEuropeanworldfellapartin onetosuggestsomethingmoreradical,thattheGreekunderstanding adevotiontoamorerecognizablyWestern-styledfreedom, butalso offreedomwasnotauniqueandmiraculousphenomenon,butone ChinaandBurma,culturesmorelightlytouchedbyWesternvalues, thatcanbeparalleledelsewhere. Iamnotpreparedto surveyevery sawmovementsarisethataffirmedapopulardedicationtofreedom.' knowncultureandlanguagegroup,nordoI thinkthatsuchaneffort Isthisphenomenontobe explainedby thediffusionofWestern wouldbehelpful. RatherIwishtopursueatestcaseinsomedetail values in centuriesofcontact? Or is it to be understood as the becauseagreatdealisknownaboutMesopotamia. welling up of autochthonous notions about human freedom? The material we have from Mesopotamia that bears on the Naturallythe answerstothesequestions in the casesofChinaand problemisoftwosorts. On theonehandisanabundantrecordof Burmamustbe givenby specialists inthemodernhistoryofthose state-sponsoredlabor,perhapsusuallyataxonlaborthatweidentify areas.Andthoseanswersmaynotcomeformanyyears,until,asone with the corvee, the obligationto work several days a month on hopes,eventually archivesareopenedandscholarship on sensitive government-organizedprojects.' In thatrecordflight fromwork is questionscanbe pursued. In the meantimeI believean important recorded, andthisappearsto indicate thatthestatesystem wasnot parallelquestionisposedin ancienthistory,which,luckily,weare abletoretainallthelaborersitwantedtocontrol. Inadvertentlythe quitefreetoinvestigatewithoutmodernpoliticalinterference. governmental scribes recorded their own failure, but they also If freedom in the Western sense arose only once, in Classical showedthatsomeilliterateindividuals, calledupontoparticipatein Greece,itwouldbepartoftheso-calledGreekmiracle,whichsome thestate-laborsystem,resistedatleastbyrunningaway. scholarsseeastheunprecedenteddevelopment ofart,philosophy, Modernhistoriansnowadaysseektogivevoicetothepreviously drama, and poetry leading more or less directly to us. Martin voicelessastheytrytouncoverwomen'shistoryandthehistoriesof Bernal's work seekingthe background to thesedevelopments in minority groups in America and elsewhere. The flight of EgyptandWesternAsiadoesnotcallintoquestiontheexistenceof Mesopotamianworkersprovestobeafruitful topicofinvestigation themiracle;itmerelychangestheacceptedpedigree,andClassicists that edges us toward an understanding of a devotionto freedom seem opento this adjustment, eventhoughtheymostlyrejectthe amongtheilliterateandoppressed. Thebest evidence comesfromtheDr III period(2112to 2004 RC.E.), but thereis importantinformation fromotherperiodstoo. 2 Martin Bernal, Black Athena, 1, (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987), and the symposiuminArethusa 1989. Ihave benefittedfrom discussions on ! Asanexample ofGreek-centerednessinsuchstudies,seeSusanFord Wiltshire, Greece and Rome and the Bill ofRights, (Norman: University ofOklahoma Press, Bernal'sattitudeswithmycolleagueProf.JamilRagep.MarioLiverani,"TheBathwater andtheBaby,"inBlackAthena Revisited,edited byMary R.Lefkowitzand Guy M. 1992),9,whowrites,"TheearliestoriginsoftheBillofRightslieinClassicalAthens, Rogers, 421-427,(ChapelHill: UniversityofNorth Carolina Press, 1996),points out foritwastheancientGreekswhoinventedtherevolutionaryideathathumanbeingsare alsothatforBernaltheGreekMiracleisnotincompatiblewithExOrienteLux,bothof capableofgoverningthemselvesthrough laws oftheir own making." She does not which areEurocentric. examinetheAncientNearEastatall. By focusing onSyriaIdonotmean toimply that TurkeyorSaudi Arabia, orthe 3ItisofinterestthatEnglishnowusesaFrenchwordforthis,fromLatincorrogiire UnitedStates,alwaysmanagetoadheretointernationalstandardsinfostering freedom. "to requisition";seeOxfordEnglishDictionaryC: 1028. 4 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 5 Oneaspectofthesetextsmustbestressedat theoutset: theywere ofitshypotenuse. Mesopotamian scribesknewthatfactintheOld composedbybureaucratsforbureaucrats. Theyhavenopropaganda Babylonianperiod,amillenniumbeforePythagoras. Buttheydidnot valueand arepreserved onlyto makesurethatthe rationsforthe stateit as Ihavejust done,asa general rule. Insteadtheydemon absentworkers wereproperlyallocated, ornotallocated. Thegoal strated through numerous examples of individual instanceshowit wasinventorycontrol,notcondemnationorrestorationofescapees, worked. Thishabitofmindmayseemalien, butitleadsdirectlyto though both of thesematters were probablyon the minds ofthe thescienceofmakinglistsofphenomenasotypicalofMesopotamian scribes. thinking andakinto our desire for encyclopedias ofeach areaof ThesecondsortofMesopotamianmaterialisthatderiving from endeavor. Thelistsofomenswereprobablythemostpopularamong kings' propagandamachinesandfoundusuallyintheformofroyal Mesopotamianscribesthemselves,butthelaw"codes"andthelexical inscriptions. These obviously were composed with a view to textstoo mustbe understood as listsof examples fromwhichthe influencingpublicopinion,thoughitremainsaquestionhowwidely studentsmightdrawconclusions. ItmaybethatintheMesopotamian theyreallywerediffused,andwhowouldhaveheardthemread,orif oraltraditiontherewasacustomofgeneralizationinordertomake anyone did. Perhaps in some periods they constituted merely a short-cuts for the students, but it may also be that the lists were touchstone of the partylinewithwhich government supporters thoughtofascoursesinvariousaspectsofknowledge,andthestrong wouldbeexpectedtobefamiliar. Andyetassuchtheyarevaluable students wouldnot expectanyhandy,andnecessarily superficial, windowsontotheintellectual landscape of someoftheMesopota generalization." mianelite. Like the Greeks, our own tendency is to attemptto verbalize Theseroyalinscriptions speakof freedom as something estab regularities. BrunoSnellinafamous examplearguedthatthepower lishedbykingsforthegeneralbenefitoftheirsubjects. Asweshall ofGreekthoughtderivedtoalargeextentfromtheirabilitytoputa see,whatexactlythismeansis a vexedquestionthat is not easily definite article in front ofanything, andthusto haveanounabout wv answered. But atveryleastwe canseethatsomeMesopotamians whichtheycouldgeneralize, forexample'to ''the(phenomenon wereconcernedwithwordsthatcanbetranslatedasfreedom. of)being."? Wemaynowdoubtifgrammar alonedefines sucha Wehavetheninformationfromtwosortsoftexts andnotalways cultural style, but we are the heirs of Herodotus, who sought to fromthe sameperiods ofMesopotamian cultural life. Therewas generalizeabouteverythingthathesaw.Asweattempttounderstand writinginMesopotamiaasearlyas3100RC.E., andthelastdatable Mesopotamian sources, we must also forego the desirefor essays textcomesfrom74ofourera. Overthisvasttimeconditions and attitudes changed, and ideas about freedom were probably not everywhereuniform. Such stabilityisunlikelyfromwhatweknow 4 Discussions in the summer of 1996 with Prof. Robert Nye ofOregon State ofhowsocietieschange. University werehelpfulinclarifying theinterestinthismatterformystudy.Compare OneaspectofMesopotamianculturethatoughttobeemphasized Wolfram Von Soden, Leistung und Grenze sumerischer und babylonischer attheoutsetandthatwillmakeourtaskmoredifficultandtheresults Wissenschaft,(Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1965), and his The AncientOrient,(GrandRapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1994),145-148. moreambiguousthanwemightlikeisthatMesopotamiansdisliked 5 Bruno Snell, TheDiscoveryoftheMind, (NewYork: Harper andRow, 1960), generalizing. Whythisshouldbeisnotknown,butthecontrasttothe 227-230. CompareG.E.R.Lloyd, TheRevolutionsofWisdom. StudiesintheClaims Greeksis obvious. Thegreatexample of theMesopotamians' not andPracticeofAncientGreekScience,(Berkeley, LosAngeles,London:Universityof generalizing istheirmasteryoftheso-calledPythagoreantheorem, CaliforniaPress, 1987),58,admitting Snellmustbetreatedwithreservebutasserting ariseofegotismamongGreeks,and"acertain gulf,"presumably inintellectualstyle, thatthesquareofthesidesofarighttriangleisthesameasthesquare between Athensontheonehand andBabyloniaandEgyptontheother, 102. INTRODUCTION 7 6 INTRODUCTION InMesopotamiatooitispossiblethattherewasaliteratureofdissent frompersonalexperiencesuchasHerodotus'fellowssometimesgave thatsomescribesproducedonperishablematerials. ButinIsraelthis us. TheproblemswithsuchGreektextsareasacuteasthosewiththe literature became something treasured in dissident groups, and Mesopotamiantexts,but different,sinceintheGreekmodewehave becauseofthefalloftheIsraelitepolities,thosegroupsweretheonly lotsofgeneralizationsbutnoeasywaytochecktheirveracity. And oneswhosurvivedantiquity. Theirwrittentraditionscomedownto intheMesopotamianwehavelotsofdatabutnoeasywaytoseehow usbecausetheywerecopiedontootherperishablematerialwhenthey theymayhavebeeninterpretedbytheculture,orevenbyitsliterate beganto fall apart," ThismeansthattheHebrewBibleapproachto members. problemsofrunawaysis likelytobe moresympatheticandnuanced Even within the Western tradition, of course, there may be thantheMesopotamiansources. traditionsthatapproachtheMesopotamianmorethanthecontempo These differences in approach betweenthe HebrewBible and raryAmerican doesin its approach to generalization. I remember beingtold whilestudying Russianthatone shouldexpectthatthe Mesopotamiantextsoughtnotto force ustotakesidesanddeclare modeofargumentwouldbethatSovietthinkerswouldtendtopile thesuperiorityoftheBibleinhumanenessorsomeotheraspectthat upmanyrelevant examples andonlyatthe endofan essaywould wemightadmirenow. Inevitablywearegoingtofeelmorekinship theystatetheconclusiontowhichtheyhadbeenarguingallalong. fortheHebrewBibleviewjustbecauseithasbeenpartofourown culture. Butratherwe must seek to evaluate evidence fromeach TotheAmericanthatapproachseemedlikestackingthedeckwithout cultureonitsownmerits,realizinginIsraelthattheremusthavebeen explainingwhereonewasgoing. Wearefrequentlytoofarremoved arelativelycogentroyalorrulingclassviewaswellasotherdissident fromMesopotamianissuestoseewheretheargumentwasgoing,if it was goingin one direction. And yet the Mesopotamians were viewsthatdidnotmakeit intothewrittentradition thathascome sometimeslavishwiththeirindividualinstances,andwegeneralizers downtous. WemustrealizetoothatMesopotamiamayhaveknown variousdissidenttraditions,mostprobablyusuallyoral,whichwould willwanttospinatalefromthemaswecan. InthecourseofthisstudywewillalsobeusingtheHebrewBible, havehadaverydifferenttakeonthematterswewilldiscussthanthe theChristianOldTestament,andthoughitismorefamiliartousthan royallysponsoredtexts. Neitherculturewasmonolithic, andtaking Mesopotamiantexts,weoughttobearinmindoneaspectofitthat them together may give us a richness of understanding of the phenomena which otherwise would be unavailable; still, it is will be especially important for our understanding of escaping importantnottoassume thatwecanreadin Israel'srecordexactly laborers and attitudes towardfreedom. The Mesopotamian texts what lower-class Mesopotamians thought or that we can read in comeforthemostpartfromroyalofficesandreflecttheideasofthe Mesopotamia'stheexactideasofIsrael'srulers. rulers and the ruling classes. Rarelydo we hear ofrebellion or disruption thatwouldreflectillonthoseclasses. Theexception is My epigraph from Burckhardt raises questions that ought to remainopen,but Burckhardt, forallhissubtlety, assumedamono runningawaysincetherewereeconomicimplicationstotheabsence ofworkers, andresponsibilityhadtobeallotted, notfor lettingthe lithicOrientaldespotismwecannolongerclaimtofindinthetexts. workersescapebutforthefoodtheywouldhaveconsumedhadthey He assumed thatpersons more or less likethe nineteenth-century been onthejob astheyshouldhavebeen. TheBible,in contrast, individuals he knewwere occasionally attempting to assert them- comesmostlyfrompeoplewhodidnotworkforkingsbutstillhad accesstoliteracy. Toanextentthisdifferencemayderivefromthe factthattheBiblewaswrittenonephemeral things, mostlyparch 6 OntheentireprocessseeMortonSmith,Palestinian Parties and Politics That ment,andnotonlong-lastingclaytabletsorotherpermanentmedia. ShapedtheOldTestament,(NewYork:Columbia,197I). 8 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION 9 selves against states that resembled those he knew. Now we are My purposeinferretingoutevidenceaboutattitudestoward freedom inclined to keep open the definitions ofboth ofthese concepts, the is not to write a political history of a key term or to abstract an individual andthestate. Instudying ideasabout freedom wemaybe essence ofMesopotamian or Israelite attitudes. Rather I seek to directly addressing that relationship betweenthe individual and the fulfillthree goals: state or community and seeing how the individual did sometimes First,to seeexactlyhow eludingauthorityworkedontheground, assertherselfandhowthestatesometimesasserteditselfandmadeits includingwhowas involved andwhat thebureaucraticresponsetoit representatives act according to policy. We may not succeed at a was; redefinition ofeither individual or state, but perhaps we will alert Second, to see what the elite understandings of freedom and othersto the problems ofdefinitions in the ancientand the modem escape were; worlds. There isno question but that Greek-centeredhistorians are Andthird,toseehow theescapeeexperiencemighthave affected stillhappytoendorseBurckhardt'sidea,thatthestatesarisinginthe the eliteunderstanding, especially in the firstmillenniumRCE. AncientNear East soughtto suppress thefreedom ofthe individual. In the first chapter we will survey earlier views ofthe history of Butis this view tenable? We shall see. freedom andthenturntothevocabulary offreedominthelanguages Much ofwhat we discuss here is well known to students ofthe ofthe Ancient Near East. In the second chapter we will explore Ancient Near East, although they have not tried to tease out the flight in Mesopotamia, highlighting suggestive texts. Then in the implicationsofitforthehistory offreedom. Still,Ibelie~ethat they thirdchapterwewillstudytheideologyoffreedomamongelites,and will see avenues for further research opened up by the questions I we will try in the fourth chapterto examine flight in literature and pose, and they may see their work in a different light as a result of narrative.ThefifthchaptertumstoIsrael'sinterestingandsometimes this study. Ihaveheard itsaidthat some ofuschoose these byways abnormalapproachtothequestionoffreedom.Inthefinalchapterwe ofscholarship because we donot want toconfront issuesthat might shall return to the legacy of freedom in Western culture and the be relevant tocurrentpolicies, andcertainlythereismuchimportant possibilitythat the kernels offreedom arevery widespread. work to be done that has less obvious modem implications. It These goals may be difficult to achieve, and even ifwe achieve appears, forexample, thatinsome periodsofMesopotamianhistory them, some may askwhywe bothered. Those comfortablewith the only abit more than 50% ofthe texts that probably were produced story ofthe Greek miracle would prefer not to know that it may be have been found and studied.' And thereprobably aremore texts in questioned. Andthosewho doubtitmayhaveeasierfieldstoplough the Mesopotamian languages that no one has read since they were in other disciplines. But I believe the questions we raise here are writtenthanforanyotherliteratureexceptArabic. Muchbasicwork central to how the West behaves in the modem world and the remainstobe done, but we cannot imagine, inatime ofcontraction assumptions we Westerners bring to it. Are we the bearers ofa ofsupport for pure scholarship in the Humanities and even in the uniquelyhumaneculture that has much to teach the other cultures? Sciences, that aninformed public will continue to support our work Certainly in technology we have much to teach. But other great unless we step forward from time to time to put it in a broad and traditions question ourmonopoly onvirtue,andIwant toarguehere accessible context. that they are probably justified in so doing when it comes to the understandingoffreedom. 7SeeD.Snell,LedgersandPrices,(NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress,1982),103 108.