AND FISHERIES AGENCIES Michael and Vecchione^ MARINE Bruce B. Collette^ BIODIVERSITY! Abstract In addition to the potential negative impacts on biodiversity from fishing activities, there are positive aspects as well. among Fisheries agencies are the best equipped organizations to examine questions Involving marine biodiversity because of their long history of studying marine populations. Furthermore, expansion involvement of their these in questions is in the agencies' interest. Fisheries management depends not only on the accurate identification of target species, but also on understanding the ecosystems from which they come. Systematics the base from which many is questions about biodiversity must be addressed. Taxonomy is a critical tool for ecologists. Therefore, in addition to new training systematists, ihe systematics community must develop better ways to disseminate the information de- it and velops train other biologists to be proficient in taxonomy. Closer cooperation between fisheries and systematics is urgently needed to develop the knowledge and skills necessary for assessment and maintenance of marine biological diversity. The problem of conserving biological diversity stance, reducing the phylogenetic mod- diversity in much has received so attention that almost any sci- el ecosystems ahers ecosystem function (Naeen et entifically literate person will have heard of by al., 1994, 1995). This is very important in the con- it now. It is rapidly becoming an international con- text of marine fisheries, servation priority emphasized in both the scientific: & Haqjer Hawksworth, (e.g., 1994; Eldridge, 1992) Marine BIODIVERSITY and popular SawhilK 1994) press. Govern- (e.g., ments at all levels in nations around the world are Consideration of marine and estuarine ecosys- debating and implementing legislative and ex(^cu- tems generally has lagged behind and terrestrial tive actions to assess and preserve biodiversity. The freshwater concerns for biodiversity (Norse, 1993; & Convention on Biological Diversity adopted as part Ray Grassle, 1991). Aside from early compari- of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Envi- sons Ix^tween and tropical rainforests coral reefs, ronment and Development calls for countries to un- which are spectacularly diverse and easily visited dertake two major compo- tasks: identify the (Jackson, 1991), marine habitats have remained (1) nents of biological diversity that are impoitant for largely "out of sight and out of mind" many of at conservation and sustainable use, and integrate the colloquia on biodiversity. This despite the (2) is 71% biodiversity concerns into socio-economic plan- marine environments occupy fact that of the 95% ning. Institutions that bring together the people who area and more than of the volume of the bio- manage, and A use, study biodiversity are crucial for sphere (Angel, 1993). recent focus on marine achieving long-term responsible management of bi- biodiversity National Research Council, 1995; (e.g.. & ological begun ;es. Vin(!ent Clarke, 1995) has to correct this The widespread debate about what biodiversity oversight. is has resulted in a consensus that three levels of Points made in the many discussions on terres- diversity are included: genetic diversity within spe- biodiversity cannot simply be extrapolated trial to cies, phylogenetic diversity (species diversity in- the marine environment. The nature of the life in eluding consideration of higher-level relationships), sea is very different from that of terrestrial and and diversity of ecosystems. Debate continues over freshwater environments (Peterson, 1992; Steele, importance components the relative of these (Bar- 1985, 1991). This is especially true in the pelagic & bault Hochberg, 1992; Brooks et al., 1992; (Angel, 1992) and deep-sea (Grassle, 1991) realms. Many Franklin, 1993; Stiassny, 1992), but degradation at more differences in basic body plan, as rep- one level affects the other levels as well. For in- resented by diversity of phyla, are found in the s We NOAA members ' thank the of the Biodiversity Budget team and its subsequent manifestation in the Healthy Coastal Ecosystems team. Aleta Hohn, Donna Wieting, and Roger Griffis were particularly helpful. Richard Young and Mary Mickevich provided constructive comments on a draft of the manuscript. ^ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics Laboratory, Na- Museum tional of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 29-36. 83: 1996. 30 Annals of the Garden Missouri Botanical & among show than anywlx're else (Ray Grassl<% 1991). Life tlu^se effects vaiy hahilals (partir- tlial histury traits of marine organisms differ greatly ularly bottom type) and target species (e.g., lanire, I & & Riemann Hoffmann, Ryan Mo- from thos<* on land or in fresh waters, particuhirly 1994; 1991; Van Dolah with n^gard to dispersal (Strathmann, 1990). Coast- loney, 1988; et al., 1991), marine and estuarine ecosystems supply impor- Recently di'veloped methods, su(*h as fishitig al made tant services to people hut suffer from antliropo- large drifting p<*lagic gill nets of synthetic The genie alttaations, ironically resulting from the materials, an* controversial (Norse, 1993). Jap- human began 1978. By attraction to the coasts (Ray, 1991). H* Iriftnet fisheiy for s(juid in i The difficulty of basic questions about the nature 1986, as many as 36 million ''tans" (monofilament m m 30-50 7-10 of bioI<»giial diversity in the sea is increased by our gillnet pan<'ls long and deep) comparative lack of knowledge about marine or- were being set each year by Japanese vessels (Yatsu ganisms. Estimates of the number of marine species et al., 1994a). The Japanese National Research In- by orders of magnitude (Briggs, 1994; Grassle stitute of Far Seas Fisheries estimated that betwet^n var'} & Maciolek, 1992; May, 1992, 1994). Population 1989 and 1991 the bycatch of this fisher>' included cliaracleristics of marin(^ species are not easily 57,675 ct^aceans. Other bycatch oi lliis fisheiy In- comparable with the better studied examples on eluded millions of blue sharks, albacore and skip- land (Palumbi, 1992). Evidence accumulating for jack tuna, pomfrels, and pelagic armorheads, as is numerous s!nj>risingly high g(^netic variability of marine pop- well as fur seals, seabirds, sea turtles, ulalions in cunenlly recogniztul species such as the salmon, and otlier fishes (Yatsu et al., 19941)). Sim- common American oyster (Palumbi, 1994) and for ilar numlnrs could be expected for the vessels of the presence of many complexes of morphologically the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, which com- very similar sibling species (Knowllon, 1993), prised a third of the vessels setting driftnets for which ciHitrasts with tlu* terrestrial situation. Tl has squid in llic North Pacific* (Fitzgerald et al., 1994). been argued that Recent extinctions are not very Reports of this bycatch led to a public outer}' to known conunon in the sea (CuK»tta, 1994), and conversely, ban the use of pelagic driftnets, as '"walls may commonly that such extinctions be occurring of deatli." but we lack the knowledge to recognize them (Carl- The increasing (efficiency of harvesting methods, numbers ton, 1993). Ev<'n there are fewer, widespread spe- together with increasing of harvesters, of- if cies and comparatively few extinctions, likely ten has resulted in precipitous decreases in abun- is it that sucli a situation increases the importance of dance within populations of target species (Rosen- each extinction for the health of tlu' ec^osystem. In- berg et al., 1993). In addition to the obvi<»us deed, understanding phylogcnelic diversity in ma- economic problems, this can cause profound rine animals with extensive fossil records, such as changes in the ecosystem. For example, in the fisli- foraminifera and moUusks, may allow detailed in- for bottom fish on Georges Bank (in the Atlantic erj' 67% Ocean vesligat ions of the hislojy of antl the processes east of Massachusetts), of the fish life & of (hversification (Buzas Culver, 1991; Jablonski, caught in 1963 were the prizenl gadoids (cod and 24% 1993). hakes) and flounders, whereas w^as made up unwanted sharks and By 1986 of dogfish skates. the dominant catch had dramatically, with shifte<l Effects FisMiN(; 14% 74% gadoids and sharks and skates (Sissen- & Marine among many Imman wine Cohen, Such changes populations fisheries are ac- 1991). in tlu' tivities that impact diversity in marine ecosystems of large predators could cause profound effects (Messleh 1991). Fisheries, however, specifi- ihroughout the food web. Similar situations occur el al., cally target biological resources for harvest. The in both bottom and pelagic fisheries around the impact of assorted varies with the methods world. fislieries When^as some The on Georges Banks employt*d (Norse, 1993). particular- shift in s[)ecies fished is destnictive methods, such as dynamite fishing, one response to the decreased abundance of some ly have been widely prohibited, other methods are a target species. Similarly, fishermen are searching continuing source of controversy. For instance, con- deeper waters for additional sp<Kries to exploit (Vec- cems about the effects of trawling have been voiced chione, 1987), resulting in bycatch and other im- for centuries (de Groot, 1984). Of particular con- pacts in new areas. Another response has been de- cern lately have* been bycatch, the incidental mor- velopment of m<'thods to enhance population si tality of non-target species, and physical disruption by hatching and releasing the young (Omori et al., some of the environment (K<Mnielly, 1995; Hendrickson 1992). Taking this a difficult step further, spe- Numerous Si Griffin, 1993). studies continue to cies are reared to har\estable sizes by either ex- Volume Number Vecchione & 83, Collette 31 1 1996 Marine Biodiversity situ aquacullure or in-situ cage or raft culture sumptive uses of living marine resources, sucli as (Tseng, 1992). Along with problems involving nu- whale watching New England. off Efforts pre- to trient loading, these culture methods have caused ecosystem and sei-ve integrity to protect coastal concerns about reduction in genetic variability in nursery have moved the agencies into the When the cultured species (Upton, 1992). exotic broad field of environmental protection and pollu- species are cultured, the Introducti(m of these alien tion abatement. This in turn has forced the inclu- species (either accidentally or deliberately) into sion of pollution indicator species (Parker, 1991) ecosystems (Carlton, 1989) has caused substantial into fisheries concerns. problems with serious ecological and economic Often during economic re- difficult times, people try suits, including reduction in the number of native to supplement or replace lost income by harvesting species (Carlton, 1992). natural resources Vecchione, 1987). Also, (e.g., changes managing in strategies for fisheries re- sources can cause widespread and direct indirect Fisheries A(;encies effects on the economics of coastal communities A major marine One role of fisheries agencies has (Smith, 1995). of the most difficult aspects of been determine why catches of commercial implementing new to spt*- regulations the resistance is to The cies fluctuate widely. overall goal has shifted changes in traditional fishing methods. Thus, hu- from maximizing catch to achieving sustainable use man cultural implications have had be consid- to of the renewable resources (Rosenberg et al., ered in adthtion to attempting to manage the har- Many 1993). early efforts focused on field surveys vest Smith, 1994), (e.g.. of abundance or spawning biomass for data input These complex tasks have required the devel- in single-species population models. The resulting opment of an extensive data-collection infrastruc- estimates of resource availability have been used ture in addition to ongoing resource surveys. Many with greatly varying success by fisheries managers databases exist that contain vast detailed informa- to determine the amount of catch that can be al- tion about changes in abundance of many fish. lowed while maintaining commercially viable pop- crustacean, and cephalopod populations and their many ulations. genetic Furthermore, specimens variability. The focus of fisheries management has pro- have been deposited in archival museums (Collette & gressed from single species to multiple target spe- Vecchi<me, 1995). This combination of data and cies (e.g., Murawski, 1993) to ecosystems (such as specimens particularly important because is hislor- the large marine ecosystem approach of Sherman ical data can be found for comparisons with present et al., 1990). For an ei-osystem management effort or future conditions (Allmon, 1994; Tyler, 1994). have any chance of success, information need- and Vecchione summa- to is Collette (1995) recently ed on abundant all or ecologically important spc- rized the importance of systematics and taxonomy One Many cies. aspect that has received particular atten- in fisheries. workshops and study panels have tion is variability in the recruitment of young stages pointed to an upcoming crisis in the systematics of of commercial species to the fisheries and the in- marine invertebrates (Winston, 1992). There a is teractions of ecosystem dynamics with recruitment lack of replacements for current research positions & (Fogarty et al., 1991; Frank Leggett, 1994). at the Smithsonian Institution and other major mu- Over the years, fisheries agencies have increas- seums around the world for many groups of marine & ingly had to deal with other marine resource issues. invertebrates (Feldmann Manning, 1992). Over In addition to traditional foodfishes, other natural a two-decade period (1976-1995), the number of resource products aquarium specimens (e.g., fishes, collecta- fish in collections in the United States and ble seashells coral, etc.) are har\'ested from the and Canada increased by 77%, while over the same sea, including some with biomedical importance period the number of curators/researchers respon- & 73% (Wright McCarthy, 1994). Also, the long history sible for those collections decreased by (Poss & A managing marine made of populations fisheries Collette, 1995). major reason world- for this agencies the organizations of choice for protecting wide decline has been a continuing decrease in threatened and endangered species (Upton, 1992), funding, prestige, and number of positions in sys- as well as insulating the species from fishing activ- tematics (Cotterill, 1995). There a need to train is some ities. In countries, the agencies participate in additional systematists for placement in an in- the design and management of marine parks and creased number of positions, both in fisheries agen- other natural reserves. Along with the parks and cies and in the scientific community at large, so endangered the species responsibilities, fisheries that experts are retained for every important group become agencies involved in regulating non-con- of organisms. In addition training additional sys- to Annals 32 of the Garden Missouri Botanical the sysli'rnalics cDtinminity must fm<l bet- will reduce <lu[)liealion of colleclitig efforts in car- t<MTiMtists, ways disseminate knowledge of their groups ning out marine biological inventories. Properly ter to and eonstmcled, these databases can be integrated with and train fishery biologists, ecologists, others use up-to-date taxonomy as a tool in iht^r re- other national effoils to catalog bioh)gical diversity, lo Resource management agencies should hire inclucHng all biomes (e.g., the U.S. National Rio- h. needed Survey and proposed National Biodivcr- systeniatists to provide the agtMuies with logical the expertise and bear a shanM)f the costs of funding sity lnf<»i-mation C(*nter). Such efforts are already to well under way in Australia, Mexico, and Costa systt^matics. Fisheries agencies that alnvidy are surveying for Rica, and could other fisheries-relattHl [)rol)lems easily added expense expand those AND MOMTOHING with effort or K\tV\M) KXISTING SAMIM.ING litth^ 2. Co- surveys focus on questions of biodiversity. PROGRAMS to museums and ordinaliiig these activitit:s with aca- Most fisherit^s ag<MicIes conilucl held surveys to maximum demia would allow return while miiii- The resource managemt^nt. provid(* information for mi/nig of (Moagland, 1994). !u()lication effort < major cost of marine sampling is putting a research The broad vessel to sea. cost of preserving a taxo- AcrioNS rR()r()Si-:D nomic suite of material for the study of diversity is Some proposals made lo the U.S. National Oce- eomparati\el) much A team of laxonomic spe- less. (NOAA) anic and Atmospherii: Administration are and technicians should be added to eialists field how listed btdow as an (^xample of a federal ag<Micy laboratories currently carrjing out re- fisheries We expand marine biodiversity. These personnel could luMMiiployed (*an its efforts in source surv<*ys. f<M*l that [\\vsr proposals could be applied to fish- directly by the ag<'ncies or undc^r contract from uni- erics agencies worldwide with only minor adjust- vU\ Tlu^y would be cliargc'd with sampling versitit^s, ments (Fig. a broad array of organisms, not just thi>se of eco- 1). nomic Importance. They would utilize additional 1. I)K\ i:iX)I> INFORMATION SVSTLMS FOR BIODIVKRSI TV types of gear and. if necessary. s{)ecial lechniqu<*s MK IAD VIA preser\"e specim(*ns. They would facilitate the to flow of we]l-[)reserved voucher spccinu'Us to sys- Fislu'ries agencies hav<' databases on the distri- museums, and tematic spfM'ialists at universities bution of most (H'onomically important organisms and study part of the material ihc^rnselves. and some otlua* sptu-it^s that live within their re- concurrent spective geographic area, in addition to UEXEWV AND MKTHODS DEKINK gi ESTIONS niyrMLi:!) Musou.ns c...npul- ^- ....vin.MMU-nlal paranu-lc-rs. arc- MANAGF TO ASSKSS RlODIVKRSrrV \NI) information on the specimens in their col- eri/itig lections. Furthermore, visual information ((\g., vid- have been de- Detail<Ml a<'hievable goals not yet eotapes recorded by submersibles) has b(H'n and managing fined assessing marin<' biodiver- for document archived and could \)r usee 1 to biodiver- ^j^^ q^,,. question currently being posed is ^^,^.j^ sample sity that was observed in areas difficult to ^vhi'lher an all-taxon sur\'(*y of a mariru^ area is fea- conv<'ntionally (F<^lley .K Vecchione, 1995). All of and domonslration limited time proj<H't. in ^jj^]^, j^ mentioned can accessed by me- the data above* b<^ ea, should be established to idt^ntify sp<M'ific re- tadala form a marine biodiversity database that to management and goals capabilities for ^^,^j.^.|^ .^^^^i can address questions such as whether there have information and conservation needs. This ]^„i^.t,.nn changes marine biodiversity similar to in b(*(^n involve specific sites of contrasting p^^j..^., ^^.,,,,1^ and freshwater ecosys- those reported in t<'rreslrial which define attainable goals, ^haracteristii-s to lems. then could ex[>an<l(nl as necessary throughout lu* meladatabases can be constructeul Biodiversity nation's waters, ^j^^. from minimal data: species name, locality, depth, number and catalog or station to R^fer datt^ (Mtlu^r INVFNTORY SANCTUARIFS AND RKSFKVFS 4. ba<*k lo the original complete records. Accuracy of species identification and linkage to vouiher spec- Sanctuaries and reser\es often have been estab- imens deposited in archival museums are vital lo lished based on p(»litics rather than bi(»logy. Bound- have hccn drawn based on goveMumental ju- insining taxonomic crinlibility of the databases. aries Such databases can provide a current and retro- risdiction Instead of knowledge about the life spective picture of biodivtMsity to detect any histories resident organisms. Fxisting biodiver- (»f databases these areas cannot be maintained without changt^s that are occurring. Biodiversity sity in Number Vecchione & 33 Volume Collette 83, 1 Marine 1996 Biodiversity Marine Assess and Maintain Biodiversity Develop Identify Disseminate biodiversity existing Information databases resources I Marine Biodiversity Management Survey and Quality Control Inventory 1 1 1 Design Identify Initiate Inventory Cooperative additional conservation sanctuaries Curatorships material strategy Outreach and Education 1 Museum University Fellowships grants Figure The 10 ai'lions proposed for fisheries a^eiieies in the text, and how ihey fit into a plan to assess and 1. maintain nmrine biological diversity. knowing what species live in each. In order to man- thesized. Second, these syntheses should be sup- and composit• i« on pletnented by additional collecting from ships age lese areas, species an( llicir 1 tl tl Voucher specimens document- abundance must be inventoried. This task has two in-situ observations. organisms comnonents. anv existing information on the ing the occurrence of difft^rent kinds of First, should be deposited nearby each sanctuary and reserve should be syn- in the sanc'tuaries at biota of 34 Annals the of Garden Missouri Botanical museiirns. Aftrr information many this, life-histor)' is of the litniled expertise available to identify needed to determine wliether popu]atii>ns are groups of marine organisms. Most museums self- are sustaining within the boundaries of the sanetuary eurrently understaffcMl at all levels, so the neeessary or if modifieation of the boundaries is neeessarj' to information will not become available for a long maintain po})ulations of key species time unless these Institutions receive assistance. Such funds could be used also to facilitate the in- STUDY ADDITIONAL MAPKRIAL COLLECTED OR coiporalion of important collections maintaituHl by 5. AHKANCE FOH STUDY individual marine 11^ inv(*stigators at universities, sta- and mu- tions, fisheries laboratories, into iiival Much new material will be collected by the field- seums so that iJu* information can l)ecome part of work described above and need be will to identi- museum the databases. fied. This will require an increased number of spe- taxonomy cialists in the of groups of marine DE\EL0r FELLOWSHIPS SYSTEM 8. IN ATICS now organisms that lack adt^juate systemati c ex- perts. Specialists need to be added to nmseums to Fraining additional marine systematists can be known study poorly speciose groups of marine accomplisluMl developing program in- a fellowship i)y vertebrates, such as small bivalves and gastropods, to su|)j)oi1 students in cooperating graduate schools, sponges, cnidarians, cumaceans, organisms para- similar to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Co- sitic on fishes, various groups of worms, and mi- operative Research Program and NOAAs Cooper- croorganisms. Such specialists arc vital to assure ative Marine Education and Research programs the accuracy of identifications. Funhermore, a rel- (CMER) at several northeastern U.S. universities. number ative^ly small of specialists will then be Some universities will be associated with museums available to train other biologists in taxonomy 1 housing Co(»p(M"ative Syst(Mnatics Curatorships. r i i_"* needed. In orilcr for systematlcs to attra(*t students, These fi^llowships could provide additional training more positions and funding must be made avail- to cunvnt fisheries employees to some of the fill able. new^ positions described above. DEVELOI' A PH()(;HAM OF COOFEHATIVE SYSTEMATICS NEW WAYS TO DISSEMINATE TAXONOMIC 6. 9. 1)ESI(;N CUHAT()RSini>S INFORMATION Insure that at least one exp^ut exists for eveiy New ways are needed to transfer information on major gi-oup of organisms l)y setting up a system of taxonomy to a wide array of user groups and to museums cooperative curatorships in holding major simplify learning of a taxonomic discipline. Novel collections of marine specimens. These systematists tools include nudtim<*dia computtM" keys to facilitate would be hired or contracted by fisheries agencies identification of marine biota by fishery i)iologists museums with consultation of the in wliich they are on shipboanl, and fislicries ag(Mits c(tllecting statis- located, similar National Systematics Labo- to tlu^ tical infi»rmation at landing ports. Computerized in- Museum ratoiy at the U.S. National of Natural His- fonnation could be dislribute<l via Internet or tlie Agencies should CD-ROM. tory. insure that there are positions on These systems could best hv designed available for the systematists they train to identify in cooperation with ongoing project development organisms, write keys, study phylogeny, and pro- such as that at the Smithsonian Institution and the duce monographs. Taxonomic credibility must be Taxonomic Zoology Institute the University of (»f at maintained \hv biodiversity program be Amsteenniham fi)r to ef- f(H'tive, PUBLISH MAIUNE RESEARCH HIODI\ EKSITY 10. HELP FUND MUSEUMS HOLDING LAH(;E COLLECTIONS 7. An needed monographs outlet is for related to OF MAKINE SPECIMENS marine such biodiv(*rsity as taxonomic revisions Good colh>ctions must be maintained and to avoid the stories of larval guides being produced fish expensive repeal sampling. Infiirmatitm from a by fisheries laboratories Matarese (e.g., et al., number large of such collections is nei'detl to create 198^>). Credible lists of species identifications and marine biodiversity databases. Cooperation with abundances in local ecosystems should be pub- museums is vital to the success of a marine bio- lished either chM-tronically or journal in fi>rmat. program because museums diversity hold most of Ahtng with marine newsh^ter this, a biodiversity the collections of marine organisms that serve as could be |)ro(luced electronically rapid dissem- for vouchers for spi-cies oci-urrence and employ most ination of inf(»rmal infi)rmation. . & 35 Number Vecchione Volume Collette 83, 1 1996 Marine Biodiversity Are thk ^'^^^ Nortli PucUr- high seas driftnei sciVntific o^^^^ Benefits? \^'HAT Commission 7/-90. programs. North Pacific Hull. 5,>(I): & A marine program Fogarty, M. M. Sissenwine E. B. Cohen. 1991. successful biodiversity will P. J.. Recniilment variability and the dynamics of exploited managing produce iuformatiou ibat will assist in 241-246. marine populations. Trends Ecol. Evol. 6: marine resources and assuring tbat represen- living & W. 1994. Fisheries ecology Frank, K. C. Eeggetl. in T. ocean segments of the biota tbat inbabit the An- tative the context of ecological and evolutionary theory. & 401-422. today will be here for our children to appreciate. nual Rev. Ecol. Sysl. 2S: Species, 1993. Preserving biodiversity: agencies should take the lead in marine Franklin, J. F. Fisheries 202-205. ecosystems, or landscapes? Ecol. Appl. 3: An research and conservation. addi- biodiversity 1991. Deep-sea benthic biodiversity. Bio- Grassle, F. J. program tional benefit of a formal biodiversity 464-469. science 41: & would be to demonstrate a pro-active position for N. Maciolek. 1992. 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