C,3f, r5A ('~FI oil :2 Fishedes and Aquaculture ative Reearch In the Developing COu A Priority Plaming Approach August 1978 0 Board for International Food and Agricultural Development Agency for International Development FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES A PRIORITY PLANNING APPROACH Prepared for the United States Agency for International Development and the Joint Research Committee Board for International Food and Agricultural Development Contract No. AID/afr-C- 135-12 Kenneth B. Craib and Warren R. Kotler, Editors Resources Deve!opment Associates Los Altos, California August, 1978 PREFACE This study of Title XII research opportunities in fisheries and aquaculture, prepared under contract by Resources Development Associates, has been received by AID and reviewed by the Joint Research Crmiittee. The Board for International Food and Agricultural Development formally accepted the report at their October 26 meeting. Aceeptance of the report, however, does not necessarily imply that the recommendations contained herein will be carried out as proposed. The Joint Research Committee has designated a small working group to consider further courses of action with respect to developing collaborative research programs and will make more definitive recommendations to BIFAD, and to AID at a lnter date. The report is being distributed to interested individuals and institutions for their information and reference. While JRC and AID at this time are not actively soliciting coment on the report, any views which you may have would be welcome. They should be directed to: Fisheries Division Devdlopment Support Bureau Agency for International Development Washington, D. C. 20523 Acknowledgement This research ?nd aialysis report is prepared by Resources Development Associates for the United States Agency for International Development and the Joint Research Committee, Board for International Food and Agricultural Development under contract AID/afr-C-1135-12. Keith W. Cox, R. Jack Meyers, and P. Patricia Powell were primarily responsible for fisheries/ aquaculture technology, socio-economics, and bibliographic sectors of the report, respectively. They were assisted by a Senior Advisory Panel of recognized experts and authorities in several technical areas, many of whom provided major contribu­ tions to this report. These included Parzival Copes, Richard S. Croker, William A. Dill, John B. Glude, John A. Peters, William F. Royce and H. Burr Steinbach. Manuscript preparation and typing support were provided by Sarah J. McDoweli, Gail G. Muller and Patricia J. Carman. Ms. Muller also served ably as a research assistant and coordinator. The project was conducted and carried out under the overall direction of the senior partners of RDA, Kenneth B. Craib and Warren R. Ketler, who were also major contributors. This project could not have been completed without the interest, support and active involvement of & number of other key people. These included Philip Roedel, Senior Fisheries Advisor to the Agency of International Development; James A. Storer, Director, Office of Fisheries Affairs, Department of State; Richard Neal, and Douglas M. Jones, Chief, Fisheries Division, A .D/ Washington. Dr. Jones additionally served as AID Technical Monitor and liaison official throughout this project. The RDA team also benefited from the substantial assistance, advice and input received from members of the U.S. university community in general and the BIFAD Joint Research Committee in particular. Dr. Frederick Hutchinson, Chairman o' the JRC, provided much valuable counsel and guidance. Dr. Hugh Popenoe served as principal JRC liaison. Finally, RDA wishej to acknowledge the assistance and enthusiastic support received from our many colleagues and friends in the "developing" countries of the world. Without their active involvement and input, this report would have little meaning. It is dedicated to them in the hope and belief that fisheries and aquaculture research, both basic and applied, will not become and end in itself but will quickly lead to solution of the pressing problems they face on a daily basis. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 The United States University Inventory . . . . . 5 1.2 The LDC Institution Inventory . . . . . . . 8 1.3 LDC Problents and Priority Research . . . . . .. 12 1.4 Program Funding. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.5 Summary and Recommendations. . . . . . . . 21 2.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 2.1 Purpose of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Planning Effort. . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.2 Scope and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3 Target Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.4 Potential Benefits to Producers . . . . . . 30 2.5 Potential Benefits to Consumers . . . . . . . 31 2.6 Economic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.6.1 Aquatic Food Production. . . . . . . . 34 2.6.2 The Cost of Production . . . . . . .. 36 2.6.3 Improved Product Utilization . . . . . . 37 3.0 COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH IN FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE - o 42 3.1 Factors in Development and Research Program Planning 43 3.1.1 Social and Administratlve Factors . . . . 44 3.1.2 Educational and Supporting Factors . . . . 44 3.1.3 InfDrmation Requirements and Research . • . 45 3.1.4 Socio-Economic Analysis. . . . . . . . 49 3.2 LDC Development Priorities.and Assistance Needs . . 50 3.3 Research Status and Needs . . . . . . . . . 55 3.3.1 Capture Fisheries - Research Status. .... 55 3.3.2 Capture Fisheries - Research Needs . . . . 59 3.3.2.1 Administration and Management Systems 59 3.:1.2.2 Resource and Stock Assessment . . 60 3.3.2.3 Biology and Life History Studies. . 61 3.3.2.4 Ecosystems and Environment .... 62 3.3.2.5 Alternate Sources of Enezgy . , 64 3.3.2.6 Vessels and Fishing Gear . . . . 64 3.3.2.7 "Law of the Sea" and the Extended Economic Zone (EEZ) . . . 65 3.3.3 Aquaculture - Research Status. . . . . . 67 3.3.4 Aquaculture - Research Needs . . . . . . 73 3.3.4.1 Culture Systems for Native Species . 77 3.3.4.2 Efficiency of Pond Culture Systems . 79 3.3.4.3 Availability of Seed for Aquaculture 83 3.3.4.4 Genetic Techniques . . . . . . 85 3.3.4.5 Nutritional Requirements and Cost- Effective Diets . . . . . . . 86 3.3.4.6 Mortality, Morbidity and Control. . 87 3.3.5 Product Utilization - Research Status . . . 87 3.3.6 Product Utilization - Research Needs . . . 90 3.3.6.1 Spoilage on Boat and Shore. . . . 91 3.3.6.2 Toss Due to Insects and Pests. . . 93 3.3.6.3 By-Catch, Under-Utilized Species and Improved Processing . . . . 94 3.3.6.4 New ard Low Energy Generating Systems 96 3.3.6.5 Marketing and Distribution . . & 97 3.4 Potential Collaborative Research Areas . . . . . 98 3.4.1 Capture Fisheries. . . . . . . . . . 99 3.4.1.1 Resource Assessment . . . . . 99 3.4.1.2 Develop New or Expanded Fisheries . 100 3.4.1.3 Fisheries Administration and the Extended Economic Zone . . . . . 101 3.4.1.4 Environmental Analysis and Habitat Protection . . . . . . . . . 101 3.4.2 Aquaculture. . . . . . . . . . . 102 3.4.2.1 Determine Which Native Species are Anenable to Aquaculture and Develop Culture Systems ..... 102 3.4.2.2 Determine Principles and Mechanisms of Pond Culture Systems . . . . . . . . . . 104 3.4.2.3 Develop Procedures to Ensure Availability of Seed for Aquaculture 105 3.4.2.4 Improve Aquaculture Species by Genetic Techniques . . . . . . 105 3.4.2.5 Determine Nutritional Requirements of Species Selected for Aquaculture and Develop Cost-Effective Diets. . 106 3.4.2.6 Determine Causes of Mortality and Morbidity in Aquaculture Systems and Develop Control Methods . . . 106 3.4.3 Product Utilization . . . . . . . . . 107 3.4.3.1 Determine Causes and Rates of Spoilage of Fish and Shellfish from Tropical Waters. . . . . . 107 3.4.3.2 Develop Procedures to Control Spoilage of Fishery Products . . 108 3.4.3.3 Reduce Loss of Catch Caused by Insects and Pests. . . . . . . 108 3.4.3.4 Develop New Products and Improve Processing Techniques for use in LDCs. . . . . . . . . . 109 3.4.3.5 Evaluate New and More Efficient Systems for Preserving and Processing Fishery Products . . . 109 3.4.3.6 Marketing and Distribution. .. . 109 3.5 A Five-Year Priority Program Plan. . . . . . . 110 3.5.1 Time and Cost Estimation . . . . . . . 110 3.5.2 Research Program Priorities . . . . . . 112 3.5.3 Program Funding . . . . . . . . . . 116 4.0 INVENTORY OF INSTITUTIONAL TNTEREST AND RE1EARCH CAPABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.1 Inventory of United States Universities. . . . . 121 4.2 Other United States Institutions . . . . . . 131 4.3 Inventory of LDC Institutions Active in Fisheries and/or Aquaculture. . . . . . . . . . . .133 4.4 LDC Institutions Qualified for Participation in CRSPs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 4.5 LDC Institutions Reconunended for Strengthening . . 173 4.6 International Institutions Active in Fisheries and/or Aquaculture Research. . . . . . . . . 179 4.7 Other Country Institutions Recommended for Participation in Collaborative Research Support Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 5.0 THE MECHANICS OF THE PLANNING PROCESS . . . . . . . 189 5.1 Developing Collaborative Research Programs. . . . 193 5.1.1 The Literature Search . . . . . . . . 195 5.1.2 Determining LDC Needs . . . . o . . . 200 5.1.3 identifying Probems to Be Solved. . . . . 203 5.1.4 Specifying Collaborative Research Programs . 203 5.2 Inventorying United States University Capabilities . 206 5.2.1 Data Collection . . . . . .. . . . 207 5.2.2 Data Analysis . . . . . . . .. . . .209 5.2.3 Criteria for Participation. . . . . . 213 5.2.4 Determination of United States University Capacity for Involvement in Collaborative Research Programs. . . . . . . . . . 215 5.3 Inventory of LDC Research Capabilities . . . . . 216 5.3.1 Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . 216 5.3.2 Analysis. .218 . . . . 6.0 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 APPENDIX A: DEFINITION OF TERMS APPENDIX B: COMMONLY USED ACRONYMS APPENDIX B: INTERNATIONAL FUNDING ORGANIZATIONS ACTIVE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The principal objective of the Title XII Amrnndment to the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975 is to provide f&r substantial expansion of United States agricultural college and university involvement in helping to solve food, nutritional and agricultural problems in the developing countries of the world. This amendment encompasses nearly the entire spectrum of research, development, technical assistance, train-­ ing, and exteniion services in and for these countries. One portion of this amendment deals specifically with "collaborative research" programs. Its major premises are as follows: 1. there are a number of agricultural and related prob­ lems common to both the United States and developing countries, 2. research conducted jointly among United States uni­ versities, research institutes in lesser developed countries, and international research centers will result in discoveries of benefit to both the United States and LDCs. The basic concept involves several characteristics which set it apart from the commonly accepted approach to foreign assistance. In addition to the multi-institutional aspect, collabo%-ative research is to be: 1. funded jointLy by AID and the United States university participants, 2. aimed at specific LDC problems of a global or at least regional nature with high pay-off potential, 3. supported over sufficiently long time periods to en­ sure continuity, 4. sufficient in scope to require joint or collaborative effort.