Banisteria, Number 51, pages 42-51 © 2018 Virginia Natural History Society First Virginia Records of Four Exotic Noctuoid Moths, with Additional Records for Two Other Introduced Species (Lepidoptera) Steven M. Roble Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Division of Natural Heritage 600 East Main Street Richmond, Virginia 23219 ABSTRACT The noctuoid moths Dinumma deponens Walker (Family Erebidae), Amphipyra tragopoginis (Clerck), Niphonyx segregata (Butler), and Omphaloscelis lunosa (Haworth) (Family Noctuidae), all native to the Old World, are reported from Virginia (USA) for the first time. Additional Virginia records are provided for two other introduced noctuoids, Rusicada privata (Walker) and Noctua pronuba (L.), both of which were previously reported from the state. Keywords'. Amphipyra tragopoginis, Dinumma deponens, Niphonyx segregata, Noctua pronuba, Omphaloscelis lunosa, Rusicada privata, exotic species, new records, Erebidae, Noctuidae. INTRODUCTION extending to Tazewell and Wythe counties in southwestern Virginia (VDACS, 2018). Numerous The actual and potential adverse impacts of exotic isolated outbreaks, often the result of unintentional (non-native) species on native species, communities, and transport of egg masses attached to vehicles, have also ecosystems has received much attention from ecologists, been documented in the state. Currently, only far land managers, and others in recent decades (e.g., see southwestern Virginia and several other counties reviews by D’Antonio & Chambers, 2006; Sax & bordering North Carolina in western Virginia fall outside Gaines, 2008; Traveset & Richardson, 2014; Gallien & of the state’s gypsy moth quarantine zone delineated by Carboni, 2017; Gonzalez-Suarez & Gonzalez-Moreno, the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer 2017). Invasive exotic insects can negatively affect Services (VDACS, 2018). native biodiversity through various interactions such as In contrast, little attention has been paid to most of herbivory, predation, competition, disease transmission, the other exotic macromoths, several of which are recent and pollination disruption, in some instances even arrivals to the state. Zahiri et al. (2017; supplemental impacting ecosystem processes through cascading Table S3) prepared a list of 35 noctuoid moths that are effects (Kenis et al., 2008). believed to be non-native inhabitants of North America. Only about a dozen (1%) of the approximately 1,200 Schmidt et al. (2018) recently added another species species of macromoths documented in Virginia are (Omphaloscelis lunosa [Haworth]) to the North exotic species (Roble, unpub. data). The best known of American fauna that belongs on that list (see below). Ten these is the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), a major of these species occur in Virginia (Table 1), four of defoliator of deciduous forests that was accidentally which are reported herein from the state for the first time. introduced to eastern North America from Europe in I also provide additional Virginia records for two other 1868 or 1869 (Elkinton & Liebhold, 1990). Vast introduced noctuoids. Two of the newly reported species amounts of time, money, pesticides, and biocontrol were first documented in the state, and apparently North measures have been devoted to reducing populations of America in one case, by amateur naturalists. this species, which was first detected in northern The following acronyms refer to specimen Virginia around 1980 (Virginia Tech, 2018). It has collections: National Museum of Natural History continued to spread southward in the Appalachians, the (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; leading edge of its ever-expanding range currently Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ROBLE: EXOTIC NOCTUOID MOTHS 43 (VPISU), Blacksburg, Virginia; Virginia Museum of a year it had been recorded from five southeastern states, Natural History (VMNH), Martinsville, Virginia; and including Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Carolina, and Tennessee (Adams et al., 2013). The local Division of Natural Heritage (VDCR-DNH), Richmond, hostplant is mimosa tree [= silk tree] (Albizia julibrissin Virginia. Most specimens collected by VDCR-DNH Durazz.), a widely planted ornamental in eastern United staff and collaborators are deposited in NMNH, VMNH States that is classified as an invasive species in some or a reference collection at the agency’s headquarters in states. Photographs submitted to several websites, Richmond. Specimens collected in national parks (e.g., including BugGuide, BAMONA, and MPG, collectively Shenandoah National Park, Blue Ridge Parkway) have document D. deponens from 15 states ranging from New been returned to the respective parks in compliance with Jersey, New York, and Ohio south to Florida, Alabama, U.S. National Park Service policy. The common names and Louisiana, indicating a rapid expansion of its range listed for each species below were taken from various in North America in less than a decade. I am aware of sources, including Wagner et al. (2011) and the Moth nine Virginia records dating to 2015, most of which Photographers Group (MPG), Butterflies and Moths of were obtained by amateur naturalists, consisting of one North America (BAMONA), and BugGuide websites. voucher specimen and seven photographic records. The checklist numbers of Lafontaine & Schmidt (2010) Most of the records are from the Greater Richmond and Hodges et al. (1983), respectively, precede the metropolitan area (Fig. 1). species’ names. Decimal numbers signify additions to their original lists. Specimen record: Chesterfield Co., Scotford Road [inside shed], 1.2 km SE jet. Rt 175 and 679, 260', 19 March 2017, S.M. Roble (VDCR-DNH, 1). FAMILY EREBIDAE Photographic records: Chesterfield Co., “4th floor of an 930611.1/8554.5 Dinumma deponens Walker, 1858 office bldg in an office park” [Boulders Parkway area], [No common name] 14 and 17 September 2015, M. Coker (BAMONA record 1065301; photographs of two apparently different The first documented U.S. record of this Asian moths). Chesterfield Co., [Silverleaf Terrace], 12 species was obtained in 2012 in northern Georgia; within September 2016, P. Bedell (BugGuide photo 1291805; Table 1. Non-native species of noctuoid moths known to occur in Virginia. Familv Species First Virginia record Erebidae Lymantria dispar (L.) ca. 1980 Erebidae Rusicada privata (Walker) Forbes (1954) Erebidae Dinumma deponens Walker 2015 (this paper) Nolidae Garella nilotica (Rogenhofer)1 ? (widespread in North America) Noctuidae Trichoplusia ni (Htibner)1 ? (widespread in North America) Noctuidae Niphonyx segregata (Butler) 2008 (this paper) Noctuidae Amphipyra tragopoginis (Clerck) 1998 (this paper) Noctuidae Spodoptera exigua (Htibner) ? (widespread in North America) Noctuidae Noctua pronuba (L.) 1997 (Roble et al., 1999; this paper) Noctuidae Omphaloscelis lunosa (Haworth) 2013 (this paper) 1 Old and New World populations may represent different species (J.D. Lafontaine, pers. comm.), in which case this species would be considered native in Virginia. 44 BANISTERIA NO. 51,2018 introduced to North America from Eurasia, but Zahiri et al. (2017) subsequently included A. tragopoginis in their list of exotic noctuoids in North America. Its absence from high latitude habitats in North America that typically harbor Holarctic species, combined with its historical presence near areas of human habitation, strongly support the conclusion that A. tragopoginis was introduced to this continent (Mikkola et al., 1991). Forbes (1954) summarized the North American range of this general feeder as “Newfoundland and southern Canada south to Pennsylvania, west to the Mississippi; sometimes rather common; British Columbia” Subsequent records are now available from Maryland (Glaser et al., ms, 3 counties; NMNH, 8 specimens [oldest 1987]), West Virginia (MPG, 2 counties; iNaturalist, Pendleton Co., C. Lehman, 2011; NMNH, 5 specimens [all 2011]), North Carolina (iNaturalist and North Carolina Biodiversity Project; 5 counties, first record 1998), and Virginia (first record 1998; see below). The recent nature of all of these records at the southern end of its range in the Appalachians suggests that A. tragopoginis is continuing to expand its range in North America. Alternatively, these records could merely reflect increased survey and observational efforts south of Pennsylvania in recent decades. I did not find any museum or literature records of A. tragopoginis from Virginia, nor any recent online photographic records (e.g., BAMONA, BugGuide, Fig. 1. Distribution of Dinumma deponens (dot = voucher iNaturalist, MPG). However, statewide sampling by specimen, triangles = photographs) and Omphaloscelis lunosa VDCR-DNH staff and collaborators during the past three (star = photographs) in eastern Virginia. decades has resulted in the collection of the following 14 voucher specimens from eight sites (Fig. 3) in the Blue BAMONA record 1102060; iNaturalist record Ridge and Ridge and Valley physiographic provinces of 4102056). Powhatan Co., Rt. 634, Swift Creek, 22 April western Virginia that fill the gap in the range between 2019, J. Reilly. Westmoreland Co., [Hague], 3 June 2018 Maryland and North Carolina. and 20 October 2018, K.C. Bergdoll (iNaturalist records 13087692 and 17674308). City of Alexandria, Beverley Bath Co., Warm Springs Mountain, Bald Knob, 7 July Drive, 5 September 2018, R. Lohamm (iNaturalist 1999, J.C. Ludwig (3); same locality but 3 August 1999, record 16336234). City of Richmond, [West 45th Street], J.C. Ludwig and S.M. Roble (1). Bedford Co., Blue 10 July 2017, A. Belden (BAMONA record 1125364; Ridge Parkway, Peaks of Otter Recreation Area, Sharp see also Figs. 2A-2B). Top Mountain, 28 June 2001, J. Basinger (1). Floyd Co., Buffalo Mountain, 30 June 2000, S.M. Roble (2); 2.5 km W of Willis, 22 June 2004, S.M. Roble (2). Grayson Co., FAMILY NOCTUIDAE Grayson Highlands State Park, Massie Gap, headwaters of Quebec Branch, “Sullivan Swamp”, 30 June 2011, 931545/9639 Amphipyra tragopoginis (Clerck, 1759) S.M. Roble (1); Jefferson National Forest, Whitetop [Mouse Moth] Mountain, 22 July 2014, S.M. Roble (1). Page Co., Shenandoah National Park, Blackrock [Big Meadows Forbes (1954) suggested that there was some area], 14 July 2005, A.C. Chazal and R.D. Knisley (1). uncertainty regarding whether this small, brown Wythe Co., Sand Mountain, 23 July 1998, S.M. Roble, nondescript moth is a Holarctic species or if it was C.S. Hobson, and B. Charles (2). ROBLE: EXOTIC NOCTUOID MOTHS 45 Seven of the eight sites are on mountaintops the Korean Peninsula, Japan, China, and Taiwan (BOFD (elevational range 1097-1646 m [3600-5400']), mostly systems). It is believed to have been introduced into in deciduous forests, but they include a pitch pine-scrub the northeastern U.S. in the 1990s, where the first record oak barren, mafic glade, mountain bog, and red spruce was obtained on Fong Island, New York (Fafontaine & forest. The remaining site is a sedge-dominated seepage Schmidt, 2010). Photographs submitted to BugGuide, wetland (823 m [2700']). BAMONA, MPG, and the North Carolina Biodiversity Project collectively document N. segregata from 10 states ranging from Massachusetts and New York south 932615.1/9956.1 Omphaloscelis lunosa (Haworth, to North Carolina. 1809) The earliest documentation of N. segregata in [Lunar Underwing] Virginia is based on a specimen that I collected along the James River in the spring of 2008. Currently, there are at The first U.S. report of this common but variable least 13 specimen records from the Commonwealth, all western European species that closely resembles the but one obtained by VDCR-DNH staff and collaborators: native North American species Sericaglaea signata Buckingham Co., James River at New Canton boat (French) (Variable Sallow) originated from eastern landing, Co. Rt. 670, 27 May 2011, S.M. Roble (NMNH, Maryland in 2015 (Schmidt & Lafontaine, 2018). It is 1; VDCR-DNH, 1). Cumberland Co., James River at currently known from two counties in that state, the Columbia boat landing, Co. Rt. 690, 22 May 2012, S.M. oldest record having been obtained in 2014 (Maryland Roble and A.C. Chazal (VDCR-DNH, 1). Fairfax Co., Biodiversity Project). In addition to their similar Fort Belvoir, Area F-l near Pohick Creek, 9 August appearance, both species are active in the fall, which may 2012, C.S. Hobson and J. Pilcicki (1); same but Area T9 have led to initial misidentification or unresolved (1). Goochland Co., James River at West View boat identification of some BugGuide photo submissions. landing, Co. Rt. 643, 30 May 2008, S.M. Roble (NMNH, However, recent reexamination of these images by 1); same but 11 May 2011 (NMNH, 1); same but 28 May BugGuide editors and reviewers (T. Reichard and H. 2011 (NMNH, 2; VDCR-DNH, 1); same but 22 May McGuinness) has revealed the existence of several O. 2012, S.M. Roble and A.C. Chazal (NMNH, 1), same lunosa images from Fairfax County, Virginia that but 16 August 2013, S.M. Roble (VDCR-DNH, 2). predate the Maryland records (BugGuide). This species Niphonyx segregata has also been collected along the has been photographed (Fig. 2C) annually at a private Mattaponi River: King and Queen Co., 0.5 mi NE Aylett, residence in Reston (date range September 28-October 8 June 2013, P. Dennehy (P. Dennehy collection, 1). 20; T. Calkins, pers. comm.) from 2013-2018, with an I am also aware of the following photographic image obtained on 12 October 2013 apparently records obtained in Virginia: Augusta Co., Verona, constituting the earliest documentation of O. lunosa in 6 August 2014, M. Morris (BugGuide photo 974448; see North America (BugGuide). No other Virginia records also Fig. 2D). Buckingham Co., Warren Ferry Road, of this species are currently known (Fig. 1), but I 10 July 2018, J. Gallagher (iNaturalist record anticipate that O. lunosa will continue to expand its 14406451). Henrico Co., Glen Allen, 23 August 2017, range in the metropolitan District of Columbia region K. Richardson (iNaturalist record 7616032). City of and beyond in the coming decades. Nature enthusiasts Richmond, James River [James River Park, “The will likely contribute the majority of new distributional Wetlands”], on Japanese hops, 2 August 2016, A. Belden records documenting this phenomenon via their (BAMONA record 1093704). City of Richmond, James submissions to websites such as BugGuide, BAMONA, River Park [Pony Pasture, photographed on Japanese and iNaturalist. hops], 21 August 2016, R. Young (iNaturalist record 3933189). City of Staunton, 31 May 2011, M. Morris (BugGuide photo 634653). 932716/9558.1 Niphonyx segregata (Butler, 1878) The known distribution of N. segregata in Virginia is [Hops Angleshade] shown in Figure 3, with most records from along the James River. I have collected adults during the day on To date, there have been few references to this Asian Japanese hops (Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc.), an species in the literature on North American moths (e.g., exotic plant that forms dense monocultures along the Fafontaine & Schmidt, 2010). A hop feeder, it is banks of the river in many areas, and also taken adults at endemic to eastern Asia, including the Russian Far East, ultraviolet light along the river’s shoreline. BANISTERIA NO. 51,2018 Fig. 2. Selected introduced noctuoid moths recorded from Virginia (not to scale). A, B. Dinumma deponens observed at mercury vapor light sheet on 10 July 2017 in the City of Richmond, Virginia. Photographs by Allen Belden. C. Examples of color variation in Omphaloscelis lunosa; observed on 9 October 2016 at porch light in Reston, Fairfax County, Virginia. Photograph by Timothy Calkins. D. Niphonyx segregata observed at porch light on 6 August 2014 in Verona, Augusta County, Virginia. Photograph by Marcia Morris. E. Rusicada privata observed at ultraviolet light sheet on 22 July 2017 in Chesterfield County, Virginia. Photograph by Paul Bedell. ROBLE: EXOTIC NOCTUOID MOTHS 47 ADDITIONAL RECORDS Fairfax (anonymous, 2015; K. Rosenthal, 2018), Prince William (J. Gallagher, 2010, 2017), and Rockingham (D. The following two introduced noctuoid moths were Wendelken, 2016) counties, and the cities of Richmond reported previously from Virginia, but updated (A. Belden, 2015) and Williamsburg (M. Anthony, 2018; information on their distribution in the state has not N. Newberry, 2018). The known distribution of R. been published until now. privata in Virginia is shown in Figure 4. Despite the current lack of confirmed records for Erebidae southwestern Virginia, R. privata occurs regularly in areas of the North Carolina mountains where Rose 930604/8547 Rusicada privata (Walker, 1865) of Sharon is present in abundance, and the larvae [Hibiscus Scalloped Moth, Hibiscus-leaf Caterpillar defoliate the shrubs occasionally (J.B. Sullivan, pers. Moth] comm.). Future sampling will likely identify populations of R. privata in southwestern Virginia. Forbes (1954) discussed this Asian species (as Anomis commoda [Butler, 1878]) in his treatise on the Noctuidae moth fauna of New York and eastern North America, noting the existence of a record from Arlington, Virginia. 933551/11003.1 Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus, 1758) More than a half century later, Wagner et al. (2011) [Large Yellow Underwing, Large Yellow-winged Dart, remarked that, unlike several related migratory species, European Yellow Underwing] it seems to be rather sedentary because it had spread only as far as eastern Massachusetts and southeastern Virginia Noctua pronuba is native to Europe and northern in the approximately seven decades since its introduction Africa, ranging eastward to India (Lafontaine, 1998). It to North America near Moorestown, New Jersey. was introduced into North America at Halifax, Nova However, current maps on the BugGuide, BAMONA, Scotia around 1979 (Neil, 1981). This highly variable and MPG websites include records (all based on species spread rapidly across North America, reaching photographs) of R. privata that extend from New the West Coast in less than three decades (Passoa & Hampshire and Vermont south to the Carolinas, Hollingsworth, 1996; Wagner et al., 2011; see also Tennessee, and Georgia, with an apparently disjunct BAMONA and MPG range maps). Roble et al. (1999) record in extreme southern Texas, thus documenting a documented the first Virginia records, reporting it from much larger range. the following jurisdictions on the basis of 13 specimens I have not seen any additional museum specimens collected by VDCR-DNH staff during 1998-1999: from Virginia since the report by Forbes (1954), but have Accomack, Bath, Fairfax, Nottoway, Prince William, collected several larvae on Rose of Sharon (.Hibiscus and Wythe counties and the City of Virginia Beach. An syriacus L.) bushes (an exotic ornamental) and captured addendum to that paper cited a collection from the several adults in my suburban Richmond yard: Fauquier-Prince William county line (Roble, 2000). Chesterfield Co., Scotford Road, ca. 1.2 km SE jet. Rt Subsequent ultraviolet light trapping throughout 175 and 679, reared larva emerged 7 January 2001, S. M. Virginia by me and other VDCR-DNH staff has yielded Roble (VDCR-DNH, 1); same but emerged August collections from 24 additional counties: Albemarle, 2003; same but larva collected on Rose of Sharon, 1 Augusta, Bedford, Brunswick, Chesterfield, Dickenson, August 2003, pupated but failed to emerge (not kept); Dinwiddie, Floyd, Giles, Grayson, Greene, Hanover, same but single adults collected at incandescent light on Highland, Madison, Montgomery, Northampton, Page, 1 May 2003, 14 October 2005, 11 November 2005, 10 Pulaski, Rockbridge, Rockingham (specimen also in September 2007, and 28 August 2016 (all VDCR-DNH); K. Richers collection), Russell, Smyth, Warren, and I also collected an adult at a motel porch light in Warm Wise. I have also seen one specimen each from Loudoun Springs, Bath County on 10 August 2010 (VDCR-DNH, (W.R. Grooms collection) and Southampton (VPISU) 1). The collection of the late W.R. Grooms (currently counties, the latter collected in July 1997 and thus housed at VDCR-DNH) contains 10 specimens captured apparently the first documented record for the state. between 28 April and 26 September in Loudoun County Noctua pronuba was also collected in Lancaster County (mostly Ashburn) during 2007-2009. in August 2012 (P. Dennehy collection, 1). Photographs Photographs of R. privata are available on the submitted to the BugGuide, BAMONA, MPG, and BugGuide, BAMONA, MPG, and iNaturalist websites iNaturalist websites add Clarke, Frederick (larva), for the following Virginia jurisdictions: Augusta (M. Roanoke (larva), Tazewell, and Washington counties Morris, 2013, 2015), Chesterfield (P. Bedell, 2016, and the cities of Alexandria (larva), Harrisonburg, 2017; see Fig. 2E), Culpeper (L. Alio way, 2018 [larva]), Radford (larva), and Richmond to the known Virginia 48 BANISTERIA NO. 51,2018 Fig. 3. Distribution of Amphipyra tragopoginis (squares = voucher specimens) and Niphonyx segregata (dots = voucher specimens, triangles = photographs) in Virginia. Fig. 4. County and city distribution of Rusicada privata in Virginia (dark shading = voucher specimens, light shading = photographs). Fig. 5. County and city distribution of Noctua pronuba in Virginia (dark shading = voucher specimens, light shading = photographs). ROBLE: EXOTIC NOCTUOID MOTHS 49 distribution (Fig. 5). Noctua pronuba has also been counties (Alleghany, Ashe, and Avery) in northwestern photographed in Carroll County (W. Cook website). North Carolina (BugGuide, iNaturalist, and North The larvae of N. pronuba feed on a wide variety of Carolina Biodiversity Project websites), the first two of weedy and cultivated herbaceous plants including which border Grayson County, Virginia. Suspected host grasses, chrysanthemums, carnations, strawberries, plants in North Carolina include ornamental grasses such tomatoes, potatoes, grapes, carrots, beets, cabbage, and as zebra grass (Miscanthus sinensis) and pampas grass lettuce (Passoa & Hollingsworth, 1996). (Cortaderia selloana) (J. B. Sullivan, pers. comm.). OTHER INTRODUCED NOCTUOIDS The following introduced species is also likely to be found in Virginia eventually given the abundance of its Several other introduced noctuoid moths that hostplant in coastal areas of the state. currently inhabit eastern North America may eventually be documented in Virginia as their ranges expand, and 932437/9447.2 Rhizedra lutosa (Htibner) future arrivals to the continent may also occur in [Large Wainscot Moth] Virginia. The following two readily identifiable, exotic noctuids (images available in Beadle & Leckie [2012] McCabe & Schweitzer (1991) first documented this and various websites) have been recorded from counties Eurasian species in North America in 1988 from New adjacent to Virginia within the past decade. These Jersey salt marshes, where the larvae feed on the species will undoubtedly be added to the state’s fauna in introduced common reed (Phragmites australis [Cav.] the near future. Trin. ex Steud.). The moth has since spread west, north, and south (e.g., New York, Mikkola & Lafontaine, 1994; 931771/10177 Calophasia lunula (Hufnagel, 1766) Michigan, Summerville, 1998). Mikkola & Lafontaine [Toadflax Brocade Moth] (1994) speculated that R. lutosa (and two other noctuids) was introduced to North America via modern ships This European species was introduced into North containing fragments of Phragmites or other grasses America (initially Canada) for the biological control of harboring immature life stages of the moth. toadflax (Linaria spp.) (McDermott et al., 1990). The A non-native genotype (nominate subspecies) of MPG map shows that its current North American range common reed colonized North America and has become includes the Pacific Northwest and northeastern U.S., widespread and abundant across the continent during the south to Maryland and West Virginia. This species is past 150 years (Saltonstall, 2002). In Virginia, it is an known from two counties in western Maryland, with the abundant, highly invasive species that readily colonizes earliest records obtained in 1994 (Glaser et al., ms; suitable wetland habitats in coastal areas and is known Maryland Biodiversity Project). It was recorded in from about half of the counties in the state (VBA, 2018). Pendleton County, West Virginia by C. Lehman in Common reed forms nearly monotypic stands that August 2011 (BugGuide photo 565664). This county are of limited value to wildlife (Marks et al., 1994). borders Augusta, Highland, and Rockingham counties in Recent studies have revealed that there is also a more western Virginia. The larvae feed on Linaria vulgaris localized, native North American genotype (subspecies P. Mill, (yellow toadflax, butter-and-eggs), which is a americana) of common reed (Saltonstall et al., 2004). widespread, common weed in Virginia (VBA, 2018). In Virginia, it is known from only three counties in the Coastal Plain (VBA, 2018). Blossey & Weber (2000) briefly sampled two stands 932363/9385.1 Lateroligia ophiogramma (Esper, 1793) of exotic common reed in coastal Virginia for insect [Double Lobed Moth] herbivores. They documented four introduced insects new to the Virginia fauna, but did not detect R. lutosa. A borer of marsh plants with thick stems, such as However, their sampling was conducted in early spring Phalaris (canary grass) and Phragmites (common reed), and did not include ultraviolet light trapping for adults. this introduced Eurasian species is currently spreading in The deployment of such traps in coastal marshes northeastern Canada and the U.S. (Mikkola et al., 2009). containing Phragmites may eventually confirm the The MPG map shows a transcontinental range across the existence of this introduced moth in Virginia. northern U.S. and southern Canada, extending south to Pennsylvania and Ohio with a disjunct record for western DISCUSSION North Carolina. There are also two recent records (2015- 2016) from Maryland (Maryland Biodiversity Project). The actual or potential impacts of the introduced Since 2007, L. ophiogramma has been recorded in three moths discussed above on native species and ecosystems 50 BANISTERIA NO. 51,2018 are poorly known. Noctua pronuba, a polyphagous, affected by invasive plant species. Pp. 260-279 In migratory species, is clearly the most widespread and D. A. Falk, M. A. Palmer, & J. B. Zedler (eds.), abundant of these, and thus perhaps most worthy of study Foundations of Restoration Ecology. Society for with regard to its potential impacts to native plants as Ecological Restoration International, Island Press, well as vegetables and agricultural crops. Most of the Washington, DC. other species apparently are feeding on introduced plants, but further information is desired on the use of Elkinton, J. S., & A. M. Liebhold. 1990. Population native plants as hostplants by all of these species. dynamics of gypsy moth in North America. Annual Review of Entomology 35: 571-596. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Forbes, W. T. M. 1954. Lepidoptera of New York and Fellow VDCR-DNH staff Anne Chazal, Chris Neighboring States. Part III. Noctuidae. Cornell Hobson, and Chris Ludwig collected some of the University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir specimens cited above. I thank Paul Bedell, Allen 329. 433 pp. Belden, Timothy Calkins, and Marcia Morris for permission to publish their photographs and data. Eric Gallien, L., & M. Carboni. 2017. The community Day (VPISU) and Mike Pogue (NMNH) granted access ecology of invasive species: where are we and what’s to collections in their care. The late Robert Lyon next? Ecography 40: 335-352. salvaged the collection of the late William R. Grooms and donated it to VDCR-DNH. Paul Dennehy and Kelly Glaser, J., H. G. Stevenson, & D. C. Ferguson. Moths of Richers graciously provided records from their private Maryland: An annotated list. Unpublished manuscript. collections, and James Reilly shared a photo record. Finally, I thank John Brown, Don Lafontaine, Bo Gonzalez-Suarez, M., & P. Gonzalez-Moreno (eds.). Sullivan, Steve Hall, Charlie Coveil, and Dale 2017. 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