First Space Encyclopedia 001_half_title.indd 1 04/12/15 4:27 pm Contents REVISED EDITION Editor Ishani Nandi Assistant editor Debangana Banerjee What is space? Art editor Nehal Verma Senior editor Shatarupa Chaudhuri 4-5 What is space? DTP designer Bimlesh Tiwary Managing editors Laura Gilbert, 6-7 Where does space begin? Alka Thakur Hazarika 8-9 Stargazers Managing art editors Diane Peyton Jones, Romi Chakraborty 10-11 Observatories CTS manager Balwant Singh 12-13 Radio telescopes Publisher Sarah Larter Senior producer, pre-production Francesca Wardell 14-15 Our place in space Producer Nicole Landau Jacket editor Ishani Nandi 16-17 Great galaxies Jacket designer Dheeraj Arora 18-19 The Milky Way Publishing director Sophie Mitchell Art director Stuart Jackman 20-21 Nearby stars Consultant Carole Stott 22-23 The Universe ORIGINAL EDITION Written and edited by Caroline Bingham Design team Gemma Fletcher, Poppy Joslin, Exploring space Sadie Thomas, Mary Sandberg, and Bookwork Editorial team Carrie Love, Lorrie Mack, and Penny Smith 24-25 Exploring space Publishing manager Susan Leonard 26-27 Astronaut in training Art Director Rachael Foster Category Publisher Mary Ling 28-29 What’s in your suitcase? Picture Researcher Andrea Sadler 30-31 Rockets DK Picture Library Claire Bowers, Rose Horridge Production editor Jonathan Ward 32-33 Moon journey Production controller Claire Pearson Consultant Dr Jon Woodcock 34-35 Men on the Moon 36-37 Space shuttle First published in Great Britain in 2008 This edition first published in Great Britain in 2016 38-39 Space stations by Dorling Kindersley Limited, 40-41 Living in space 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL 42-43 Working in space Copyright © 2008, © 2016 44-45 Artificial satellites Dorling Kindersley Limited, London A Penguin Random House Company 46-47 Exploring Mars 48-49 Reach for the stars! 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 001–280447–Jun/2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-24118-874-3 Printed and bound in Hong Kong A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW 2 This book will ask you questions at the bottom of each page... 002-003_Contents.indd 2 04/12/15 4:27 pm The solar system 100-101 Are there other Earths? 50-51 The solar system 102-103 A star is born 52-53 The Sun 104-105 Death of a star 54-55 Eclipse of the Sun 56-57 Mercury Space for everyone 58-59 The morning star 106-107 Space for everyone 60-61 Third rock from the Sun 108-109 Become a stargazer 62-63 The Moon 110-111 Phases of the Moon 64-65 The Red Planet 112-113 Constellations 66-67 King of the planets 114-115 The northern sky 68-69 Jupiter’s moons 116-117 The southern sky 70-71 Saturn 118-119 Space technology 72-73 Distant twins 120-121 Space timeline 74-75 Pluto Reference section Comets and meteors 122-123 True or false? 76-77 Comets and meteors 124-125 Quiz 78-79 Just passing 126-127 Who am I? 80-81 Shooting stars 128-129 Where in the world? 82-83 The asteroid belt 130-131 Glossary 84-85 Asteroid landing 132-135 Index 86-87 Space debris 136 Picture credits and acknowledgements Mysteries of space 88-89 Mysteries of space About this book 90-91 UFOs The pages of this book have special features that 92-93 Is anyone there? will show you how to get your hands on as much 94-95 Is there life on Mars? information as possible! Look out for these: 96-97 The Big Bang 98-99 Black holes The Picture detective What is space? What is space? 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JupoirtbTeirht’isins mgi sat hInoey, pmolnaoeno enotsf. anfadc tws oanbdoeurtfu l TTothtahfahh rkvteeeehee se G oE saEbrhbaesaoraerrturtith vnhtRs e.,ak de Oi d siwtn bhrSesagaepepkt ro i vsttdthe otlideys ot usasrspihr mnsonrtcti o en,a r kwn1mit6hni -6igtcch6.hlao, tcci tkoisswu saliwdslem iro. loniSnscctgei e tmfhniteta i ssstissz e The aGwbaoeluiilgte hotth speomr fos aaibzl lee f cawaoirnwaldys. GiuiYmNnnnoa foout1oloii r9l lnc mes92aso7t0 ano o,0ft niibd3pno ui,pnis pstsca h eiaoigennnbvedcdegos rri uien 6tmtdsmg8 iJ m obubaerlpaanye ici ,dntn akei otb 6rm l o9sowauuit.nssrt!s dv oiJoi ufvin tepes dix tm te rroa’so ns. space. 66 Can you think why the Galileo spacecraft was so named? .0161 ni retipuJ evresbo ot epocselet a desu ohw ,ielilaG oelilaG retfa deman saw tI 67 3 .srewsna eht rof ereh kcehc ... 002-003_Contents.indd 3 04/12/15 4:44 pm What is space? What is space? Space holds many secrets. It contains places where human beings can be stretched into different shapes, and their body fluids can be boiled, or frozen solid. That’s why astronauts wear protective clothing in space. Welcome to the mysterious – and endlessly fascinating – Universe. Is that space? What is space? On a cloudless night, When people think you can see thousands of space, they think of stars. Space is the of the following: name we give to the huge empty areas in Astronauts feel between the atmospheres weightless and of stars and planets. float around. Apart from the odd rock, space is sprinkled Vast areas of space only with dust and gas. are completely empty. Every star is a burning ball of gas. Our Sun is a star. Astronauts, or cosmonauts, are people who travel into space. Space probes and artificial satellites Too big to imagine are what scientists use to explore space. Astronomers measure distance in space in light years. One There is no air in space, so light year is the distance light there is absolute silence. travels in one year – that’s about 10 million million km (6 million million miles). A planetary nebula is a colourful cloud of gas and dust ejected by a dying star. This is the Helix Nebula, about 650 light years away, seen from NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope. 4 How old is the Universe? 004-005_What_is_Space.indd 4 04/12/15 4:27 pm What is space? Why is space Picture detective so dark? Look through the What Space is dark because is Space? section and there is nothing there see if you can identify to reflect light. From the pictures below. space, the Earth looks lit up because light from our Sun reflects off sea and land, and the particles in our atmosphere. US astronaut Michael Gernhardt went on four separate space missions, and spent more than 23 hours walking around in space. Turn and learn Searching for a star: pp. 48-49 Living in space: pp. 40-41 5 .dlo sraey noillib 41 rednu tsuj s’ti eveileb strepxE 004-005_What_is_Space.indd 5 04/12/15 4:27 pm What is space? Where does The exosphere is the outer E x layer of the atmosphere, o s extending about 10,000 km P h (6,000 miles) above the E r ground. From here, lighter E gases drift into space beyond. space begin? The thermosphere reaches way up to more than 700 km (over 400 miles) above the Earth. The polar The Earth is cloaked in lights (aurora borealis attwbhhr hteieshe a ariatnethtm metlah,o oyeossreprper h th iooeser f ra eneg.lo laiOo ssaw eusisr ptw sa–tioidc n eeg, s ThErmos gianluo stwhtre ai nlni sot hrinteh t thahene drsm oauoutsrhpo)hr ae r e. I f y o uo ncolyu ladb doruitv ea na hcoaur rs ttroa irgehatc hu ps,p iat cwe.ould take P h E to fly, and where nobody rE can hear you scream. Fading away most experts agree that Our atmosphere does not just end space begins at 100 km (63 miles) above the ground. suddenly – it fades gradually into space. Past this, our image is not drawn to scale. View from Mir The Russian Mir space station was in orbit for 15 years. Here, it was photographed by The mesosphere extends m about 85 km (53 miles) the US shuttle Atlantis. E s above the ground. The o s air is thin here, but it’s P h still thick enough to E r slow meteorites down. E s The stratosphere rises about T r 50 km (31 miles) above the A T Earth. Planes cruise in the o s upper troposphere or P h lower stratosphere, E r above the clouds. E T r The troposphere extends o P between 6 and 20 km o s (3½–12 miles) above the P h ground. All our weather takes Er place in the troposphere. E 6 What is the mix of gases that makes up our atmosphere called? 006-007_Space_Begins.indd 6 04/12/15 4:27 pm Where does space begin? Space badge The US space agency NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) awards astronaut wings to service personnel and civilians who have flown more than 80 km (50 miles) above the Earth’s surface. Shown here are civilian astronaut wings. I f y o uo ncolyu ladb doruitv ea na hcoaur rs ttroa irgehatc hu ps,p iat cwe.ould take Gaia, a European satellite, launched in 2013 Slipping Fuel tank through air Rocket A spacecraft has booster to be streamlined to move easily and Orbiter safely through air. Where necessary, an extra part, called a fairing, is added The parts of to achieve this effect. a spacecraft A nose cone – the Space hat-ellite (the orbiter, front end of a rocket, fuel tank, and Up in space, satellites can rocket boosters) or aircraft – is an be any shape at all. They are streamlined example of a fairing. for lift-off. don’t need to be streamlined, because there’s no air there. 7 .ria dellac si tI 006-007_Space_Begins.indd 7 04/12/15 4:27 pm What is space? Stargazers e i r d or wha w t ? Galileo’s discoveries People have studied celestial objects were not welcomed by the Church in 17th-century Italy, for thousands of years. This study is and he spent the last few called astronomy. Around 400 years years of his life under house arrest. ago, a special tool was invented that made the task easier – this tool is called a telescope. Before the telescope People were shocked when Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus suggested in 1543 that the Earth was just another planet and the planets orbited (went around) the Sun. Then, it was a common belief that the Earth was at the centre of the Universe. Copernicus placed the Sun at the centre of the planets. He “stopped the Sun and moved the Earth”. Guess what I can see! The Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei built a simple telescope in 1609 and proved Copernicus Saturn as sketched had been right. He discovered Venus had phases by Galileo – he thought Saturn’s (like our Moon), he saw Jupiter’s moons, and he rings were two spotted mountains on our Moon. moons or “ears”. Replica of a 17th-century telescope Saturn as we know it today 8 Who invented the first telescope? 008-009_Stargazers.indd 8 04/12/15 4:28 pm