FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STEEL AND STEEL– CONCRETE COMPOSITE BRIDGES This page intentionally left blank FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF STEEL AND STEEL– CONCRETE COMPOSITE BRIDGES Second Edition EHAB ELLOBODY Department of StructuralEngineering,Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission, furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswith organizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,can befoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical treatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein. Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafety ofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts liability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products, instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-443-18995-1 ForinformationonallButterworth-Heinemannpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionsEditor:ChiaraGiglio EditorialProjectManager:MasonMalloy ProductionProjectManager:FizzaFathima CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert TypesetbySTRAIVE,India Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Generalremarks 1 1.2 Typesofsteelandsteel-concretecompositebridges 8 1.3 Literaturereviewofsteelandsteel-concretecompositebridges 22 1.4 Finiteelementmodelingofsteelandsteel-concretecomposite bridges 45 1.5 Currentdesigncodesofsteelandsteel-concretecomposite bridges 46 References 48 2. Nonlinear material behavior of the bridge components 53 2.1 Generalremarks 53 2.2 Nonlinearmaterialpropertiesofstructuralsteel 54 2.3 Nonlinearmaterialpropertiesofconcrete 71 2.4 Nonlinearmaterialpropertiesofreinforcementbars 81 2.5 Nonlinearmaterialpropertiesofprestressingtendons 85 2.6 Nonlinearbehaviorofshearconnection 89 References 114 3. Applied loads and stability of steel and steel-concrete compositebridges 119 3.1 Generalremarks 119 3.2 Deadloadsofsteelandsteel-concretecompositebridges 120 3.3 Liveloadsonsteelandsteel-concretecompositebridges 122 3.4 Horizontalforcesonsteelandsteel-concretecomposite bridges 133 3.5 Otherloadsonsteelandsteel-concretecompositebridges 142 3.6 Loadcombinations 160 3.7 Designapproaches 165 3.8 Stabilityofsteelandsteel-concretecompositeplategirder bridges 171 3.9 Stabilityofsteelandsteel-concretecompositetrussbridges 195 3.10 Designofboltedandweldedjoints 198 3.11 Designofbridgebearings 215 References 226 v vi Contents 4. Design examplesof steel and steel-concrete composite bridges 229 4.1 Generalremarks 229 4.2 Designexampleofadoubletrackplategirderdeckrailwaysteel bridge 230 4.3 Designexampleofathrough-trusshighwaysteelbridge 269 4.4 Designexampleofahighwaysteel-concretecomposite bridge 343 4.5 Designexampleofadoubletrackplategirderponyrailwaysteel bridge 366 4.6 Designexampleofadecktrusshighwaysteelbridge 405 5. Finite element analysis of steel and steel-concrete compositebridges 467 5.1 Generalremarks 467 5.2 Choiceoffiniteelementtypesforsteelandsteel-concrete compositebridges 468 5.3 Choiceoffiniteelementmeshforthebridgesandbridge components 495 5.4 Materialmodelingofthebridgecomponents 498 5.5 Linearandnonlinearanalysesofthebridgesandbridge components 516 5.6 Riksmethod 526 5.7 Modelingofinitialimperfectionsandresidualstresses 540 5.8 Modelingofshearconnectionforsteel-concretecomposite bridges 542 5.9 Applicationofloadsandboundaryconditionsonthebridges 550 References 552 6. Examples of finite element models of steel bridges 555 6.1 Generalremarks 555 6.2 Previouswork 555 6.3 Finiteelementmodelingandresultsofexample1 567 6.4 Finiteelementmodelingandresultsofexample2 575 6.5 Finiteelementmodelingandresultsofexample3 581 6.6 Finiteelementmodelingandresultsofexample4 585 References 597 Contents vii 7. Examples of finite element models ofsteel-concrete compositebridges 599 7.1 Generalremarks 599 7.2 Previouswork 600 7.3 Finiteelementmodelingandresultsofexample1 616 7.4 Finiteelementmodelingandresultsofexample2 623 7.5 Finiteelementmodelingandresultsofexample3 629 References 635 8. Extension of the combined finite element analysis and design approach to composite highway bridgeswith profiled steel sheeting 637 8.1 Generalremarks 637 8.2 Previouswork 638 8.3 Designexampleofacompositehighwaybridgewithprofiledsteel sheeting 647 8.4 Mainfiniteelementmodelingissuesrelatedtocompositebridges withprofiledsteelsheeting 675 8.5 Finiteelementmodelingandresultsofacompositehighwaybridge withprofiledsteelsheeting 679 8.6 Furthernumericalstudiesforcompositebridgeswithprofiledsteel sheeting 691 8.7 Benefitsofcombiningfiniteelementanalysiswithdesigninbridges withprofiledsteelsheeting 696 References 697 Index 699 This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 General remarks Steel andsteel-concretecompositebridgesarecommonlyused alloverthe worldbecausetheycombinebothmagnificentestheticappearanceandeffi- cient structural competence. Their construction in a country not only resembles the vision and inspiration of their architects but also represents thecountry’sexistingdevelopmentanddreamofabetterfuture.Compared to traditional reinforced concrete (RC) bridges, steel bridges offer many advantages, comprising high strength-to-self weight ratio, speed of con- struction,flexibilityofconstruction,flexibilitytomodify,repairandrecycle, durability,andartisticappearance.Thehighstrength-to-selfweightratioof steelbridgesminimizesdeadloadsofthebridges,whichisparticularlyben- eficial in poor ground conditions. Also, the high strength-to-self weight ratioofsteelbridgesmakesiteasytotransport,handle,anderectthebridge components. In addition, it facilitates very shallow construction depths, which overcome problems with headroom and flood clearances, and min- imizes the length of approach ramps. Furthermore, high strength-to-self weight ratio of steel bridges permits the erection of large components, andinspecialcircumstances,completebridgesmaybeinstalledinquiteshort periods. The speed of construction of steel bridges is attributed to the fact that most of the bridge components can be prefabricated and transported to the construction field, which reduces working time in hostile environ- ments. The speed of constructionof steel bridges alsoreduces theduration of road closures, which minimizes disruption around the area of construc- tion. The flexibility of the construction of steel bridges is attributed to the factthatthebridgescanbeconstructedandinstalledusingdifferentmethods andtechniques.Installationmaybeconductedbycranes,launching,slide-in techniques, or transporters. Steel bridges give contractors the flexibility in terms of erection sequence and program. The bridge components can be sizedtosuitaccessrestrictionsatthesite,andonceerected,thesteelgirders provide a platform for subsequent operations. The flexibility to modify, repair,andrecyclesteelbridgesisaresultoftheabilitytomodifythecurrent status of the bridges such as widening the bridges to accommodate more FiniteElementAnalysisandDesignofSteel Copyright©2023ElsevierInc. andSteel–ConcreteCompositeBridges Allrightsreserved. 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-18995-1.00007-4