© 2006 kNv6v6ggcw5 mun3i1j5 tuq5 © 2006 Aboriginal Healing Foundation tt6v5 n6rb5: Published by: kNv6v6ggcw5 mun3i1j5 tuz5 Aboriginal Healing Foundation 75 Albert Street, Suite 801, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5E7 75 Albert Street, Suite 801, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5E7 sc]ltz5: (613) 237-4441 Phone: (613) 237-4441 sc]lt xrv8q5g6: (888) 725-8886 Toll-free: (888) 725-8886 h4vJ4f5 tt6v5: (613) 237-4442 Fax: (613) 237-4442 cEbs/4f5: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] cEbs/4f5 tt6vq5: www.ahf.ca Website: www.ahf.ca ttC6b5 x7m sk6ytb5 Design and Production: ]AMF4 ]x5sx+{ Graphic Adworks (Ottawa) eu3Dx5 sk6ytb5: Printed by: Dollco Printing Dollco Printing ISBN 1-897285-13-2 xt6 “kNv6v6ggcw5 mun3i1j5 tuz5 ” Unauthorized use of the name tg6bsJ8N8q5g6 xq6bsym8q5gi5 “Aboriginal Healing Foundation” x7ml tus2 NlNw4fbz5. ryxi and of the Foundation’s logo is prohibited. ]rNs/osDbsix8q4fi b8N ttC6 Non-commercial reproduction of sk6ytbsJ8N6g6. this document is, however, encouraged. ttCs/6 czi “kx5 xuxovu x9M5 wa/s=Fz” E ttCs/6g6 Jx0 ogns6 xg6bsJ6 x0p ttCs/6]g2 xq6ym/z Cover image: “North American Indian Prison Camp” by George Littlechild. Reproduced with the permission of the artist. kNv6v6ggcw5 mun3i1j5 tuq5b Final Report of the si4]vz5 ra9o6X6 Aboriginal Healing Foundation xixt5ti6 mun3i6 xg6ymJ6: A Healing Journey: Summary Points xg6bsymJ5 gn6bs/Exv6g5 scsysJ5 Nw5g9lq5 w4y?sbs2 scsyq5 g8zh5t: hksW4bNNf#8ioHv N@ !xx6xstHHg nW it vvgvZt5rynku6txgm NxN6t?ok3s]rWouK6zWir6ot0gnk7Ngnwb6bmk4EwNpo6bbivmwoSD4f6wsgW4u&u5Nvssc Nns5s Lk]kvQtfE5 45v 8E c,65 o o/zn i xv6Jq/3Jb rkNbNyx#bWwx56w!j18uE6v]x3DauxW4 q% r!n5slkv:si5,5]vg5N6oth.5g k 87x)a b z66tWqo# i]?t55mgmix5k5uME1v n5 vr%1X ]b.oQ6h4gq49o Eh966556886)Ekf n83JWxoDxc S 9EwNqNugxxkbx5gN 6856y58]nso45 6oWwr5bs5og8 gs6N5Ng,ur cmMnM.t4 atXiE]x 3yc5xobt tX6z/gw/ivWss1 0Ax5m8q4Jm8uqrbMnw6EsJ9r ic v pxioJm9g u5y13sostvJs5sxo iWlk6u54tW3nm5i6EE w6y05i k6 6t5nugs6w,6JoQq5bzm4tg xxmo]Xxg3k k5Qn]xJi btb,sJivEgu 1Da8]x55s865mJs6wN6KC454xyn ctk q1xiXvn8j .tgzhQrv 5m3oivijsixNsw555qsi3,x5xs44sxJ6 5N 5W 8fyJnx5cqig6b5 61tEtkiv iF5 s5m]xi]xWztk5ubjs4L 64.ctx53x? Wt]ix6]v6n m54x5Cs,bygui 6h t ot5Ku55rErou5iJcCk gz. wX inQx Q5 1g5t6s5xEc4tN.Enxx3 Mioi 7x1XSunv95i6xmi6wDDv xzjlN6sA75zbW/yl1tt66r m45565ns r6tbmojf b. 54bv sJ xSb6Kgs9b5n54K6E5m6Nr s 5srl5 j5 25 uga bx J/95 tng ssMk6E]?43criK g65yqs wi61mL55j]x /54s tW db W5w6WWw4 iW x/? krv6Qos8o3h7sJw9?]xNlsfmNbzo1hot6E7wy8q Wvc48rkuousb u]xbixFKx6]bN]kWyw4os1s4?s55 sc6CW ix6vE5ix n icoty6E JA/ir6W9sbQ8wi yzkcxE5xvr4mE6tQ]pl]xgxq]fs Mo mvNaW jxgJ6ESux5AgJ68iy]N/J]r55wE 386w1JiWFv65q6cKt irm193N4qa si3M]iwxg,/ Q5oL73Jk6QJw wcls,m2t5wx464 ]Q5ox5x65g 6tS5.n5n EM /d 4g59Ct k 6ng5tbX54bbKWWklwhtss.ww? kqoSr x3wmbsw65Noox55AM vCyM]k 5xxuN7si]n c 5oF5 6J.mM6EQn ]x5 iiqcQD Wvfcxs9 Ex gA5bN3x5F6x6xwK,lixxtd/5c7,i 4sw]x5xw 6r3.av5mhv45tt 1oD]N1/p,s6 x3Qno 6v y8 DWiNkj55ox nx8/5KyJri86mgWttq]xi5gb if35wEixN6v6tZ5 ggm6iK.6o8c5E t6lxCyih25xxbc45 ztS5r1.EXn MhSrmsswwE xvtfvtwu]xj38x4o6Jhkx36s9isyo6mw5xwz5v5i6N53t5l Q.g86 Jmu t6Si 668v ]kr65uqy58/inSW i5SxQJ.Xswm 1sb4 xy q.m3605 645u7owkmjMx troq,/o7 ,dmS n t05msWk53vE59xsv 1 J6F5hg3/. ss5Jl5s it 6N68ixb,o5S 8k1k 6AiNq mbfgbss1Nav45uF.!Nyyp6 541jw6Kc9) u5 ]vm5uqyog5ul)wvgx5A,4s6J 1mi .5 6Z61u 7kAp 5 kJtm6gi6 ..5y wi 5u i m z544/ , 5, Jx0p wCymy 2 xixt5ti6 mun3i6 xg6ymJ6: xg6bsymJ5 gn6bs/Exv6g5 scsysJ5 Nw5g9lq5 A Healing Journey: Final Report Summary Points 3 A Message from the President DTRahtemCheppla aoupaAotonnarbrr TbfagoagtMl dSeoi tdv hasncchrptrdiatataeo,wrdier’ teorrst getmaAe eeacoie hr2hni)Iomt hssngp )tmbnrgeeSns h a taelgtagp Cod33 e ehnttueleilsy)Wrto’i hosvtio– -f,Hiurn asi enrt WfzeuwvtegemaP niCmie otgtneoi9 npstlienpaaoeit hf:n yd iamralr 9nahgmhwridrdrd$eAu eei-anls clefh8 dtyt oil be 3eiuihmsoosltaeatrannebi ntsmas 5rpiinhaahnperroarpHrmddmido tep g0tel sksicpgtitewge noamthahew rnesz o i e aote ee uio Frtnam soa’i eptneGoeislhdiftlthgfn neaa.ra rthloyt au t hhs uctfe iAa tphnltoeADeiiettho lsh uein roiral ercb e ntia aryop inclto eAv usbneeobnaaht rs eaAial “lhd threeg eifofoeion aleg usondhIretvtHtucsi irvor r H plnnpf.iehaens rFrrdecsfeaa ainoehsa ioAoeliiard den wthesmFagtto te$antgannmFispxalgoui i ii ielgosgfsu titneh3oota oadn ageuher pnu ny i hr ohen5ohananndionniooolne a aeaelaldvntn 0ian l lde’amsdds ufl n lcvhsssflpal iiuaoat eit” s :seu sugel ,eAa srmtsCac a o Ftn ie gynff a inoh in trshtnwosiboti anpgraas iocoddaiit n itfudtemitntnfouneeotttltelchu ndnspdee.aa lpleioCii mafrdygsn Ge iooirnvrmana y lmro e poesol b vy wn sEaefydregeo eids wa f nof et lenuersni d.s rtw oufaoa tleaP anane rt shaasngTs oha hbf,rdrgnwitao p p slg-ee dioeolttkaeaoeeeh ytd risoeiahherrtken-aedinfn arkue io oliierfeCmseeni o.sildnn,c.aoirt tsnln nti n Tcyfeoaiar,gnlgI raogn bg ,eeg n tn wA obgihmfs tt ggse nihoedarithu ln ee fbafni ta ddtfaaoiperut sdocoo aAd hnhseiA rh poyn iAman r ierfavidebaHew tnidobma v iigHrtdaeahdr oo leehtsieFtn pc erunnnr oeFenidr faibaeaa, crguo lTahtrlelilliinvls ehy sntn aclahw.etotehy e rugaspWhy .e tt eita lf,lprthpm he rh tarsHooouee e oah eeswmnwao go frd m uieifnwOchvlerlpsii teeayneottaes l ye hlhAcshlh hl in dnemmowaai ltstee rno,eet d eHlssau btoeerhei aAwgsr hihgsnre qoneyfteret Fuete eoiFgbhoafunti tsfpho. aprnv h, shukoosiuaia, jeenolne epretooerelruip rrs eersfc n soti uip wsibne etg recrh dgomrotarehrer do nihhet weefnhcnn iswim attu reoxnecsitetaaauhht sfoc o hp teypllmjiish raohi oom,nrnifeeuuHys atsaf ka unri eh oslt sBvttpftn(it, cort eheoamr sehehawlIaeonda tc.vinr inid asicssaselaheTo es ncmisdtth oo rn ys afnodeh oawecdfm .mm trsma cogreoodw eT oet rynt rol meaceo hF h feroo.e hrysf u nsairkoafoMf ere ery eeohpmfDtSwt esnusq so ms efrpee)Fttatuun ,oeeri d itl ernpriotabtrwmpnridrhnem.eirsveyyrf uitmaechaHec a aen i oh,titn chvatd loc Aaged if oaIooienoiatoR. t , s nen hranabi orovdtiHntaceseodls d eatoouf ygabi, pp,fIrn v ian err reeleIbomc iIeoe ni irh gb tnrsaa pgecurte ro d uoocuthner gitaet,ttufeno e phprrt ,uda fors tswneeaaemaeapentnhp dtrgdla u etok leiye rfyoeeolrmr fo acAy e.r hnt houtossoA ae.iiHmtep f tnurfa naueie FnenGlftdcd io.htd dtn eoaTtre ei ag on nfoion.or dgr drM go efs Earassmiu, s 2 xixt5ti6 mun3i6 xg6ymJ6: xg6bsymJ5 gn6bs/Exv6g5 scsysJ5 Nw5g9lq5 A Healing Journey: Final Report Summary Points 3 wo8ixEx6XMs6]g2 scsyz h S o xw. swox}{ x9MsK6 hirley I. Williams is an Odawa kNv6g6 sw4swuv8u. wo8ixExMs6ymJ6 nw8 woman from Wikwemikong JyWs2 wo8ix3Fdbk5 Unceded Reserve. She attended St. x3Nw5 wo8ix3Fz8k5, Joseph’s Residential School for girls yXiy x8tsoJu. bwci in Spanish, Ontario from 1949 to wo8ix6g6 srs5 1949u 1956. Shirley’s parents negotiated 1956j5. x]NN4fq5 w4yC3Jxi4 a 3-year postponement of her xqctcMs6ymK5 srsk5 enrolment in residential school Wzhk5 wo8ixEx3F4nz with the result that she remained ra?Ex6bs9li. x9M5 at home receiving instruction in scsyq8i4, W6fyq8i4 Odawa culture and language from wMq8i5 wo8ix6tbsix3li her family, as well as instruction x7ml w4yC3Jxi5 s4W1i6 in the Catholic catechism, until wo8ix6X9oxlis4 she was 10 years old. When she xqctQ4S5. srscoDi 10i4 left by bus for St. Joseph’s school wo8ixExM3li xq6g5. ?y4f5 xs9Mo3m5 x]bbzb scst/z her father counselled her: “Do , “x9Mg5 scs]y5 SwA6bwoA4. not forget your language. Do not rNsi1i4 SwA6bwoQ5. forget who you are. No matter what ckgw8N6 WoExaAF5 they do to you in there be strong. bwvi, n8qQ5. x9Mk5 moZ6 Learn about the Indian Act and wo8ixD4, stDF5 s?5t1i4 come home to teach us about it.” wo8ix6t5tMCF5.” Shirley describes her introduction wo8ix3F1j5 tr5b6go6Li to St. Joseph’s school: “As we w6vsmJ6: “wo8ix3F4 were nearing the school the bus tro6LtA ?y k6v6S6. x7m stopped and the gate opened. I wo8ix3Fs2 ]Xq5 m4W6S5. wyC5b ]X5 mg/st9lq5 remember feeling kind of sick v2WxhMs6Sz. w6vsm8q2Sz when the gates closed. It was as ckw7m5 x4hxl4 dFxhA8i3iC.” if my heart shut down when the scsyE?8qbq5 x3Nsct]Q5 gates closed. I never knew why I x4hD6XMs6g5, ]x8ix6g5, x7ml became so unhappy.” She does not ]x8i6y6bs?4g5; dFxN6gi4 dwell on the pain and loneliness scsyv6X4S6 w6vsmQx6S6. and punishments that she and the x7m wp6ym9lt4 xrExDti4 other girls endured at the school; Wqx6XMs3i6t4 t5yQ?z. x0posEp: /x= gmy, Wb Kl, x8tsoJ, 2002 Photographer: Jeff Thomas, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, 2002 4 xixt5ti6 mun3i6 xg6ymJ6: xg6bsymJ5 gn6bs/Exv6g5 scsysJ5 Nw5g9lq5 A Healing Journey: Final Report Summary Points 5 A Survivor’s Story wo8ix3F1u scsyt4 xgD8N8q8Nu0J4, yiZhx6Li w7uk5 she talks instead with humour about the small acts of resistance that they sc9M4XMs6S6, scsyi SwaDm8qj5. ixdi eW1k5 wp6Lis4 engaged in. Despite the prohibition against using Aboriginal languages bsg8ax6Li xq3Cui x]NNuk5 sc9M4g6. wo8ixCi4g5 at the school, Shirley practised talking to herself in bed at night, her ghQ?Ms6Xq5, wo8ix3Fz5 Wxi4y8N6y1m5 xJ3ND8i6Li. ryxi head covered with a sheet. She imagined that she was back home at the bwvi wo8ix3iz WxiMs8q2S6. kitchen table speaking Odawa to her parents. She dreamed of joining the ranks of high school graduates, a possibility that became real with the 16i4 sr6b3m5 x]NNzb isFxu4 x3N8aJtu4 N4ys0p=FQ?z. addition of high school instruction at St. Joseph’s. But this was not to be. N/w5 vmpsJ5 whm3l4g5 “x3N6 isFx4n6” X3N4bso6g6. x]NNi bwm8N W8q8iC3mA X5b4bsJ6 ]x8i6yxaJ6. w[]l2 When Shirley turned 16, her mother, at great personal sacrifice, sent Shirley niCzi Nq6tbso6S6 s9lk5 Wzhk5. wm6 x7m XMsZ6 iegxq5 Nq8N6Li. x3Nsct]Q5 scsyu1i4 xgExv8q5g5. a store-bought dress to celebrate her coming of age. The nuns saw the dress fFxh[F1u x]NN4fq5 xq3mb w6vNw/6bEx6S6. as an attempt to make Shirley “look like a whore.” When she defended her mother she was slapped and strapped and made to stand facing one of scsyv6S6 w7ui4 rNsQxui4 Nlo6ymMs6S6, c9l]N9l four punishment posts in the middle of the building for three days with kNoq8k5 wMsoCh4g6 wicCi. sFii Wsnstk5 only bread and water for food. She and the other girls were forbidden cs9l6tQx6X4lis4. N1ui9l whmui i9oD8NCi. w]kctq5b to speak to each other during this time. That year at Christmas break xgd/q8i4 mocbgw8N6Li w]kJ6. ]x8ixF1u nl7m6nwpsJ6 Shirley sought her parents’ permission to leave school and go to work. sxn6tsJ6 kNu ciQ]/i. swi4g6 fFxN8q5gu. s8k4f5 vNbu xJE6hwp4f5: x0pgcw5 GS75.103.S7.298The Anglican Church of Canada, The General Synod Archives, GS75.103.S7.298 4 xixt5ti6 mun3i6 xg6ymJ6: xg6bsymJ5 gn6bs/Exv6g5 scsysJ5 Nw5g9lq5 A Healing Journey: Final Report Summary Points 5 wo8ixEx6XMs6]g2 wo8ix6g6 A]o5 !@ WxiQx6Lis4. srsco6Li 40i4 1979u yM5g6n3F1j5 wo8ixEx6S6, x]bbi xqMs6ymZus4 wo8ix3ix6g6 wMi wo8ix6tMCuq5. 1983u wo8ixCi4vu wo8ix6t5tpsi1u4, wo8ix6t5tpsix6fpo6S6. kNv6v6g5 W6fyq8i4 xg3iq8i4 wo8ix6ymZu wo8ix6t5toMs6S6. x9M5 c9l]N5 kNq8i w6vNw/3ix6g5 X3N4g5 wo8ix6t2Xq5. 1986u wo8ix5t5tpi mo4Xz, KM5 sw9o, yM5g6n3F1u wo8ix6t5to6S6. x9M5 scsyq8i4 wo8ix6t5tK6. sv6S6, “wo8ix6t5t9lz xixt5tKz mun6Sz, wlw5gao6Sz. scsy6S5 xvsJ6 mun3N6g6, scsy6S5 wvJ6g6 x4hxl4. x3Ci scsy6S5 xg6LA mun3N6g6, munsti4 scsy3i4 wo8ix6t5tMs6ymKz.” s9lu wo8ix6t5tp9MEsK6 yM5g6n3F1u kNv6v6gi5 w0JxZ4n6 WoE5tx6g6. wo8ix6tbq5 kNv6v6g5 x7m xyq5. scsy1i4 wo8ix6t5tpsi1u4 WJ8Nstco6g6. x7ml NlNw4fbv6Li wo8ix6t5tpsi1j5. bwAz3i4 nNymK6 scsy3k5 wo8ixDti4, x9Mg5 wo8ix3Dt5. Bxr4gi scs]y5 xg6bsJ8N6g5 x9Mg5 nNifq5. kbCs9li wo8ixEx6ym9li hC6bsii k6vDtQ?4bz, ryxi WJm9ME4buk5 WQx6X4S6, Wxi4X4S6. x9Ms9li x3Ns9li scsyi x7m W6fyi n4fwd/ s8q8if xzJ6]vq8i5 g8zFQ?z. wo8ix3i6 WD6X9ox8N6g6 xg6LA x8NsmQK6. x]bbi xqMs6ymZus4 wo8ix6t5tM6S6 xg6]X. ho x7m xyq5 N1ui6 x8Ns7m4S5 xixt5ti4f5. xyq5 ho mun6S5 x7ml xyq5 xJ6S5 hC6bsymlx6g5, x]JtcsCu4. kNv6v6ggcw5 mun3i1j5 tusJ5 ]b4fiz wvJExcCu4 n6rbsymK5. ws6Bs8 wo8ix3F4, ]/Ny }Mx8Ks5 Elkhorn Residential School, courtesy of Janice Longboat 6 xixt5ti6 mun3i6 xg6ymJ6: xg6bsymJ5 gn6bs/Exv6g5 scsysJ5 Nw5g9lq5 A Healing Journey: Final Report Summary Points 7 A Survivor’s Story Shirley speaks of her confusion about her identity, trying to merge into mainstream society and cover her brown skin with make-up, of having no sense that she had a right to her own opinion, and of being like a zombie following without question the directions that others gave her. She worked as a laundry and scrub woman in a hospital near home, made and ended a bad marriage, and took night school and upgrading courses to attain high school equivalency. In 1979, at the age of 40, she undertook the challenge of entering Trent University to finish what she had promised her father as she departed for residential school. When Shirley graduated with her Bachelor of Arts in 1983 everything seemed to point in the direction of teaching. With the background of her Native Studies degree she began teaching Life Skills and Natives in Transition preparing Aboriginal people for work or further education. In 1986 she followed in the footsteps of one of her mentors, Fred Wheatley, and obtained a position in the Native Studies Department at Trent University teaching Ojibway language, which is closely related to Odawa. She says: “Teaching helped me to heal myself because as I was teaching I also grew. In the language there are a lot of words and some of these are healing words. Last year I did a workshop on healing words.” Today Shirley Williams is a Full Professor and a role model to the many Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal students who pass through her classes. She has completed a diploma in language teaching and a Master of Arts degree. She has produced books for language instruction and a CD-ROM bringing Ojibway language into the modern context of the hockey rink. Her residential school experience caused her to take a long, often painful, detour from her early goals. She credits her survival as an Odawa woman to the grounding in language and culture that she received within her family and to the healing power of learning. She is fulfilling the promises that she made to her father and herself so long ago. Shirley and other Survivors have reclaimed wellness for themselves. There ws6Bs8 wo8ix3F4, ]/Ny }Mx8Ks5 Elkhorn Residential School, courtesy of Janice Longboat are many others who are still on a healing journey and yet others who are heavily burdened with the legacy of residential schools. The Aboriginal Healing Foundation was established to support their healing journeys. 6 xixt5ti6 mun3i6 xg6ymJ6: xg6bsymJ5 gn6bs/Exv6g5 scsysJ5 Nw5g9lq5 A Healing Journey: Final Report Summary Points 7 rA9o6X6 si4]v6 • The Final Report r T a9o6X6 kNv6v6ggcw5 mun3i1j5 tuq5b si4]vq5 he Final Report of the Aboriginal Healing Foundation is published in WzhwozK5. ]b4fxo scsyv6S5 WoExaymJi4 tusJ6 three volumes. The report records the formation and accomplishments of n6r8Nu 1988u 2005j5. the Aboriginal Healing Foundation (AHF) between 1998 and 2005. si4]v6 1: mun3i6 xg6b6: x8Nsmi6 st6tQx6b6 • kNv6v6g5 mun3ij5 tuq5b WoExq5 kNv6v6gk5 ck6 Volume I: A Healing Journey: Reclaiming Wellness WoE0Jbsymiq5, cspn6ym/q5 x7m eu3Dx6ym/q5 • places the work of the AHF in the wider Aboriginal healing movement, x7ml kNv6v6gk5 mun6gk5 xgxZsd/sJ5 WoExk5. summarizes what the AHF has learned from research and evaluation, and wo8ix6gFi1k5 x7m wM]Qk5 gC6g5. recommends upon the future healing needs of residential school Survivors si4]v6 2: ck6 WoExaJ5 grv6X5: WoEx5 cspn6bsiq5 and their families. • cspn6bsif5 Wzh5 vNbom3u scsysK5 G2000, 2002, 2004H, b9om5 cspn6t5 vtmpCM5, 13 cspn6b5, 1,479 Volume II: Measuring Progress: Program Evaluation wkw5 xW6h6bsJ5 x7ml 36 WoExaJ5 ]rNs/i4 gi/ sif5 kNv6v6g5 mun3i1j5 tudtq8i5. • synthesizes the data collected through the 3 national surveys (2000, 2002, 2004), 5 focus groups, 13 case studies, 1,479 individual participant si4]v6 3: kNv6v6g5 kNq8i munst5 xg6bsJ8N6g5 questionnaires (IPQs), and file review of 36 AHF-funded projects. • kNv6v6g5 mun3i1j5 tudtq8i5 ]rNs/6b6ymJ5 WoE0Jyq5 xixt5ti1j5 mun3i1j5 WoExaJ5 Volume III: Promising Healing Practices in Aboriginal Communities scsysK5. kNv6v6g5 kNoq8i xg6bsJ8N6g5 s=?]l8]i5 xW6f]t5 • reports on AHF-funded healing programs with practices and interventions cspn6bsifi4, WoExaifi4 vtmpCMi5 x7m that are working well for Aboriginal communities or communities of xW6hbsifi4 WJmJ5 g4yCD8N6S5. interest based on questionnaires, file review, survey data and focus groups. 8 xixt5ti6 mun3i6 xg6ymJ6: xg6bsymJ5 gn6bs/Exv6g5 scsysJ5 Nw5g9lq5 A Healing Journey: Final Report Summary Points 9