AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DISTRICT FINAL IMPERIAL COUNTY 2013 STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE 2006 24-HOUR PM MODERATE 2.5 NONATTAINMENT AREA December 2, 2014 Air Pollution Control Officer Brad Poiriez Assistant Air Pollution Control Officer Reyes Romero Division Manager Planning, Rule Development and Monitoring Monica N. Soucier Co-Authors California Air Resources Board Air Quality Planning & Science Division Sylvia Vanderspek Chief Air Quality Planning Branch Webster Tasat Manager Central Valley Air Quality Planning Section Gabriel Ruiz Manager Emission Inventory Forecasting & Special Projects Section Kasia Turkiewicz Air Resources Engineer Central Valley Air Quality Planning Section Dr. Eugene Kim Air Pollution Specialist Central Valley Air Quality Planning Section Elizabeth Melgoza Air Pollution Specialist Central Valley Air Quality Planning Section Cari Anderson Air Resources Engineer Transportation Analysis Earl Withycombe Air Resources Engineer Central Valley Air Quality Planning Section Imperial County Air Pollution Control District Planning and Rule Development Brad Poiriez Air Pollution Control Officer Reyes Romero Assistant Air Pollution Control Officer Monica N. Soucier Division Manager Belen Leon Administrative Analyst Imperial County 2013 (2006 24-Hr PM ) Table of Contents 2.5 Final December 2, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 – Introduction/Background 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Federal PM Standards and Implementation ........................................... 1 2.5 1.3 Particulate Matter (PM) Air Pollution and Health Effects ........................... 3 1.4 Imperial County .......................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 Geography, Population and Land Use ............................................ 6 1.5 Regulatory Responsibility .......................................................................... 7 1.5.1 Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) ................................. 7 1.5.2 California Air Resources Board (CARB) .......................................... 8 1.5.3 Imperial County Air Pollution Control District (ICAPCD) .................. 8 Chapter 2 – Ambient and Air Quality Data 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Climate and Meteorology ........................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Atmospheric Stability and Dispersion ..............................................10 2.3 Imperial County Air Monitoring Network .....................................................11 2.3.1 PM Monitoring Stations in Imperial County ..................................12 2.5 2.3.2 PM Monitoring Stations in Mexicali ..............................................14 2.5 2.4 Ambient Air Quality Data ............................................................................14 2.4.1 Imperial County PM Air Quality ....................................................15 2.5 Chapter 3 – Emissions Inventory 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................18 3.2 Emission Source Classification System .....................................................18 3.3 2008 and 2012 Inventory Categories .........................................................22 3.4 PM Emissions Inventory .........................................................................22 2.5 3.4.1 Determination of Significant Sources of PM Precursors ...............24 2.5 3.4.1.1 North Wind Analysis of PM Concentrations ....................24 2.5 3.4.1.2 Determination of Significance for Precursors .....................25 3.4.1.3 Secondary Ammonium Nitrate Formation ..........................26 3.4.1.3.a Chemistry ........................................................26 3.4.1.3.b Limiting Precursor Concept .............................27 3.4.1.3.c Role of Ammonia in Ammonium Nitrate Formation ........................................................28 3.4.1.3.d Role of VOCs in Nitric Acid formation .............30 3.4.1.4 Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) Formation ...................30 3.4.2 Determination of Significant Sources of PM .................................30 2.5 3.5 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Emissions Inventory ..........................................32 3.6 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Emissions Inventory .......................34 3.7 Sulfur Oxides (SOx) Emissions Inventory ..................................................36 3.8 Ammonia Emissions Inventory ...................................................................36 3.9 Emissions Reduction Credits (ERC’s)........................................................38 Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area i Imperial County 2013 (2006 24-Hr PM ) Table of Contents 2.5 Final December 2, 2014 Chapter 4 – Attainment Demonstration 4.1 Overview ....................................................................................................40 Chapter 5 – RACM/RACT, RFP, Contingency Measures, and Transportation Conformity 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................47 5.2 “But For” Impact on the PM Nonattainment Area RACM/RACT 2.5 Evaluation ..................................................................................................48 5.3 Reasonably Available Control Measures (RACM) and Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) .......................................................49 5.3.1 Major Stationary Sources in Imperial County ..................................50 5.3.2 Significant Sources of Direct PM .................................................51 2.5 5.3.3 Significant Sources of PM Precursors..........................................60 2.5 5.3.4 Additional Programs in Support of Existing Control Measures ........60 5.3.5 Future Further Study (FFS) .............................................................64 FFS.1-Rule 217 Large Confined Animal Facility Permits Required .65 FFS.2-Composting Facilities ...........................................................66 FFS.3-Agricultural Fertilizers ...........................................................67 5.4 Reasonable Further Progress (RFP) .........................................................68 5.5 Contingency Measures ..............................................................................71 5.6 Transportation Conformity .........................................................................71 5.6.1 PM Requirements ........................................................................72 2.5 5.6.2 Conformity Budgets .........................................................................72 Chapter 6 – Border Strategic Concepts 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................73 6.1.1 Web-based air quality and health information center ......................73 6.1.2 Flag Alert Program ..........................................................................74 6.1.3 Mexicali and Imperial County Educational Media Campaign ..........75 6.1.4 Vehicle Idling Emissions Study at Calexico East and Calexico West Ports of Entry...........................................................76 6.1.5 Program to Improve Air Quality in Mexicali 2011-2020 ...................77 Chapter 7 – Conclusion and SIP Checklist 7.1 Checklist of SIP Requirements and Conclusions .......................................78 Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area ii Imperial County 2013 (2006 24-Hr PM ) Table of Contents 2.5 Final December 2, 2014 LIST OF ATTACHMENTS ATTACHMENT A 179B Attainment Demonstration .............................................80 ATTACHMENT B Rule Comparisons ...................................................................229 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 National and State Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter ............................................................................... 4 Table 1.2 Primary PM Species ............................................................................ 5 2.5 Table 2.1 PM Network Monitoring Purpose .........................................................11 2.5 Table 2.2 PM Site Type/Locations .......................................................................13 2.5 Table 3.1 PM Emissions Inventory By Major Source Category 2008, 2011 2.5 and 2012 Winter and Annual Planning Emissions Inventories (tons/day) ................................................................................................23 Table 3.2 Speciation Data for December 5, 2011 ...................................................25 Table 3.3 Significant PM Precursor Species and Sources in Imperial County 2.5 NA ...........................................................................................................26 Table 3.4 Comparison of NOx and Ammonia emissions in selected years .............29 Table 3.5 Comparison of 2008 NOx and Ammonia emissions ................................29 Table 3.6 2008 PM Emissions Inventory and Predicted Contributions of 2.5 Emissions by Source Category ...............................................................31 Table 3.7 NOx Emissions Inventory By Major Source Category 2008, 2011 and 2012 Winter and Annual Planning Emissions Inventories (tons/day) ................................................................................................33 Table 3.8 VOCs Emissions Inventory By Major Source Category 2008, 2011 and 2012 Winter and Annual Planning Emissions Inventories (tons/day) ................................................................................................35 Table 3.9 SOx Emissions Inventory By Major Source Category 2008, 2011 and 2012 Winter and Annual Planning Emissions Inventories (tons/day) ................................................................................................36 Table 3.10Ammonia Emissions Inventory By Major Source Category 2008, 2011 and 2012 Winter and Annual Planning Emissions Inventories (tons/day) ................................................................................................37 Table 3.11Emissions Reduction Credits Added to the Annual Emissions Inventory (tons/day) ................................................................................39 Table 4.1 PM Measurements Exceeding the 24-Hour PM Standard 2.5 2.5 at the Calexico Monitoring Site in 2010-2012 ..........................................44 Table 4.2 24-Hour PM Design Values at Each Monitor .......................................46 2.5 Table 5.1 Major Stationary Source Applicability ......................................................50 Table 5.2 Imperial County Crop Acreage ................................................................55 Table 5.3 Imperial Emission Reductions from the Moyer Program .........................62 Table 5.4 Rule 217 Thresholds ...............................................................................66 Table 5.5 Current List of the Number of Mitigation Measures Required..................66 Table 5.6 2008, 2011, and 2012 Winter Emissions Inventory For PM and 2.5 Precursors ...............................................................................................70 Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area iii Imperial County 2013 (2006 24-Hr PM ) Table of Contents 2.5 Final December 2, 2014 Table 5.7 Transportation Conformity Budgets (tons per winter day) .......................72 Table 7.1 Clean Air Act (CAA) Regulatory Requirements .......................................78 Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area iv Imperial County 2013 (2006 24-Hr PM ) Table of Contents 2.5 Final December 2, 2014 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Imperial County PM Nonattainment Area .......................................... 3 2.5 Figure 1.2 Road Map of Imperial County ............................................................... 6 Figure 2.1 Atmosphere with and without a Temperature Inversion ........................10 Figure 2.2 Air Sheds and areas along the US Mexico Border ...............................12 Figure 2.3 Imperial County Ambient Air Monitoring Stations .................................13 Figure 2.4 Mexicali Ambient Air Monitoring Network .............................................14 Figure 2.5 2001-2012 Average Annual Design Values for Calexico, El Centro, and Brawley .........................................................15 Figure 2.6 Distribution of PM Concentrations in Imperial County .......................16 2.5 Figure 2.7 Calexico Ethel 24-Hr PM Trends (FRM Data) ...................................16 2.5 Figure 2.8 El Centro 24-Hr PM Trends (FRM Data) ...........................................17 2.5 Figure 2.9 Brawley 24-Hr PM Trends (FRM Data) .............................................17 2.5 Figure 3.1 FRM PM Concentrations in Imperial County NA from 2010-2012 2.5 when North Winds >18 Hours and Wind Speeds >1.5m/s ....................25 Figure 3.2 Ammonium Nitrate Formation ...............................................................27 Figure 3.3 Reducing the less abundant precursor is more effective in reducing Ammonium Nitrate ................................................................................27 Figure 3.4 Reducing the more abundant precursor is less effective in reducing Ammonium Nitrate ................................................................................28 Figure 4.1 Mexicali and Calexico Separated by the International Border ..............41 Figure 4.2 Mexicali and Calexico ...........................................................................42 Figure 4.3 2001-2012 Annual Design Values for the Border Region, Brawley and El Centro .......................................................................................43 Figure 4.4 2001-2012 24-hour Design Values for the Border Region, Brawley and El Centro .......................................................................................43 Figure 4.5 Concentrations of Select Elemental Species on an Average Exceedance Day (2010-2012) ..............................................................45 Figure 5.1 Imperial County Agriculture Contrast to Desert ....................................54 Figure 5.2 Reasonable Further Progress Demonstration for the Imperial Nonattainment Area (Annual Emissions Inventory) ..............................70 List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................... vi Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area v Imperial County 2013 (2006 24-Hr PM ) Table of Contents 2.5 Final December 2, 2014 ACRONYMS ACT Alternative Control Technique Addendum U.S. EPA 1994 Addendum to the General Preamble ANP Annual Network Plan AQI Air Quality Index AQTF Air Quality Task Force BACM Best Available Control Measures BACT Best Available Control Technology BAM Beta Attenuation Monitors BAR Bureau of Automotive Repair BECC Border Environmental Cooperation Commission BLM Bureau of Land Management BP Barometric Pressure CAA Clean Air Act CARB California Air Resources Board CDFA California Department of Food & Agriculture CEC California Energy Commission CEIDARS California Emission Inventory Development and Reporting System CFR Code of Federal Regulations CMP Conservation Management Practice COBACH Colegio de Bachilleres; High School CONALEP National College of Technical Vocational Education CTG Control Technology Guidance D.C. District of Columbia DCP Dust Control Plan DMV Department of Motor Vehicle DPR Department of Parks and Recreation EI Emission Inventory ERC Emissions Reduction Credit FFS Future Further Study FREP Fertilizer Research and Education Program FRM Federal Reference Method HAP Hazardous Air Pollutants HARP Hot spots Analysis and Reporting Program HNO Nitric Acid 3 HWS Horizontal Wind Speed ICAPCD Imperial County Air Pollution Control District ITM Instituto Technologico de Mexicali LCAF Large Confined Animal Facilities MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization NA Nonattainment Area NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area vi Imperial County 2013 (2006 24-Hr PM ) Table of Contents 2.5 Final December 2, 2014 ACRONYMS NH Ammonia 3 NH Ammonium 4 NH NO Ammonium Nitrate 4 3 NMP Nutrient Management Plan NO Nitrogen Dioxide 2 NO Nitrate 3 NOx Nitrogen Oxides NSR New Source Review O Ozone 3 OT Outside Temperature PM Particulate Matter PM Particulate Matter less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter 10 PM Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter 2.5 Preamble U.S. EPA 1992 General Preamble RACM Reasonable Available Control Measures RACT Reasonable Available Control Technologies RFP Reasonable Further Progress RH Relative Humidity RTPA Regional Transportation Planning Agencies SB700 Senate Bill 700 Florez Agricultural Sources SCAG Southern California Association of Governments SCAQMD Sacramento Valley Air Quality Management District SCC Source Classification Code SCR Selectrive Catalytic Reduction SIC Standard Industrial Classification SIP State Implementation Plan SJAPCD San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District SLAMS State or Local Air Monitoring Stations SMP Smoke Management Plan SO Sulfur Dioxide 2 SO Sulfate 4 SOA Secondary Organic Aerosols SOx Sulfur Oxides SPA Secretariat of the State of Baja California SR Solar Radiation TPD Tons Per Day U Units µg/m3 Micrograms Per Cubic Meter Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area vii Imperial County 2013 (2006 24-Hr PM ) Table of Contents 2.5 Final December 2, 2014 ACRONYMS U.S. United States U.S. BP United States Border Patrol U.S. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency UABC Autonomous University of Baja California VOC Volatile Organic Compounds VSCC Very Sharp Cut Cyclone WD Wind Direction WESTAR Western States Air Resources Council WMP Waste Management Plan WRAP Western Regional Air Partnership Final Index: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area viii Imperial County 2013 SIP (2006 24-Hr PM ) Chapter 1: Introduction and Background 2.5 Final December 2, 2014 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction This document brings together the necessary data and discussion in presenting the State Implementation Plan (SIP) for the 2006 24-Hour Fine Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM ) National Ambient Air Quality Standard 2.5 (NAAQS). This chapter provides an overview of particulate matter (PM) as an air pollutant, a brief description of the Imperial County area, and a discussion of the purpose, regulatory background, and regulatory agencies concerned with this SIP. 1.2 Federal PM Standards and Implementation 2.5 The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is required under section 108 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) to periodically review and establish health-based air quality NAAQS for pollutants which “may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health and welfare”1. Section 109 of the CAA directs the Administrator to propose and promulgate “primary” and “secondary” NAAQS for those pollutants identified under section 108. On July 18, 1997, U.S. EPA issued its final rule revising the PM NAAQS, by adding two new PM standards. U.S. EPA’s decision to revise the PM NAAQS rested on available 2.5 scientific evidence linking exposures to ambient PM to adverse health and welfare effects at levels allowed by the then current PM standard. Particular attention was given to several size specific classes of particles which included fine PM . The two 2.5 new PM standards were set at 15 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3), based on the 2.5 3 year average of annual arithmetic mean and a 24-hour average of 65µg/m3, based on the 3-year average of the 98th percentile. In 2005, the Imperial County was designated as an attainment area meeting the 1997 PM NAAQS. 2.5 On October 17, 2006,2 U.S. EPA strengthened the primary and secondary 24-hour PM 2.5 NAAQS from 65ug/m3 to 35ug/m3.3 Section 107(d)(1)(A)(i) of the CAA defines a nonattainment area (NA) as any area that does not meet an ambient air quality standard, or that contributes to ambient air quality in a nearby area that does not meet the standard. In a 2007 guidance document U.S. EPA recommended that the three most recent calendar years of air quality monitoring data for PM be used to identify a 2.5 violation of the 2006 24-hour PM NAAQS. For the final designations, U.S. EPA 2.5 identified monitoring data from Federal Reference Method (FRM) monitors for calendar years 2006-2008. U.S. EPA designated Imperial County as nonattainment for the 2006 24-hr PM standard, effective December 14, 2009.4 U.S. EPA required PM 2.5 2.5 nonattainment areas to implement subpart 1 provisions. Imperial County received a 1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter; Final Rule, Federal Register, Volume 62, No 138; 38652-38760, July 18, 1997 2 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter; Final Rule, Federal Register, Volume 71, Pages 61144-61233, October 17, 2006. 3 On January 15, 2013 (78 FR 3086) the U.S. EPA revised the annual PM2.5 standard by lowering the level to 12.0 micrograms. 4 Air Quality Designations for the 2006 24-Hour Fine Particle (PM2.5) National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Federal Register, Volume 74, pages 58688-58781, November 13, 2009. Final Chapter 1: 2013 SIP for the 2006 24-Hr PM2.5 Nonattainment Area Page 1 of 318