Giovanni Boccaccio Filostrato translated by Nathaniel Griffin and Arthur Myrick In parentheses Publications Italian Series Cambridge, Ontario 1999 The Author(cid:213)s Proem Filostrato is the title of this book and the reason is that this name comporteth excellently with the purport of the book. Filostrato is as much as to say a man vanquished and stricken down by Love, as can be seen was Troilus, the story of whose love is related in this book; for he was vanquished by Love in so strongly loving Cressida and so much grieved by her departure that little was wanting that death should come upon him. Many times already hath it happened, O most noble lady, that I, who well-nigh from my boyhood up to the present time have been in the service of Love, finding myself in his court among noble men and beautiful ladies, who equally with myself were attending it, heard proposed and discussed this question, to wit: a young man fervently loveth a lady as touching whom nothing else is granted him by Fortune except sometimes to see her, or sometimes to talk of her, or sweetly to meditate upon her in his thoughts. Which now of these three things giveth the greatest delight? Nor did it ever happen that each one of these three things(cid:209)one by one person, another by another(cid:209)was not defended by many zealously and with pointed arguments. And since to my love, more ardent than fortunate, this question appeared excellently to appertain, I recall that I, overcome by false appearances, mingling many times among the disputants, maintained and defended at great length the thesis that the delight of being able to think at times of the object loved was far greater than that which either of the other two could afford, affirming among the other arguments adduced by me to this end, that it was no small part of a lover(cid:213)s felicity to be able to dispose of the object loved according to the desire of him who doth the thinking, and in accordance therewith to render her benevolent and responsive, even 2 Boccaccio though it should last only so long as the thought, in such wise as surely could not happen in the case of seeing her and talking of her. O foolish judgment, O ridiculous opinion, O vain argument, how far were ye from the truth! Bitter experience now proveth it to me, wretched one that I am. O sweetest hope of a mind distressed and sole comfort of a pierced heart, I shall not be ashamed to disclose to you with what force entered into my darkened intellect the truth, against which I in my puerile error had taken arms. And to whom could I tell this, to what person capable of giving alleviation to the punishment visited upon me(cid:209)whether by Love or by Fortune I cannot well say(cid:209)for the false opinion I held, if not to you? I therefore affirm it true, O most beautiful lady, that after by departing from the delightful city of Naples at the most charming season of the year and going hence to Sannio, you suddenly removed from mine eyes, more desirous of your angelic sight than of aught else, what I ought to have known by your presence but did not, that, by its contrary(cid:209)that is, by the privation of it(cid:209)I was given instant knowledge of. And this hath saddened my soul so far beyond any proper limit that I can clearly appreciate how great was the happiness, though little realized by me at the time, that came to me from the gracious and beautiful sight of you. But to the end that this truth appear somewhat more manifest, it shall not irk me to tell, nor do I wish to pass over in silence, what happened to me, to the elucidation of so great error, after your departure, although it is told at greater length elsewhere than here. I say therefore, an it please God soon to replace mine eyes in their lost peace by the sight of your beautiful countenance, that when I knew that you had departed hence and gone to a place whither no proper reason for seeing you could ever lead me, these eyes of mine, through which the very gentle light of your love entered my mind, have, beyond any assurance that my words may offer, many times bathed my face and filled my sorrowing breast with so many and so bitter tears that not only hath it been a wonderful thing that so much moisture hath come to my face and breast from mine eyes but also would my tears have bred pity, not only in you, whom I believe to be as pitiful as you are gentle born, 3 Filostrato but in one who had been mine enemy and had had a breast of iron. Nor hath this happened to me only as often as the recollection of the loss of your delightful presence hath made mine eyes sad, but whatever hath appeared before them hath been the occasion of their greater misery. Alas, how many times have they, to suffer lesser misery, abstained of their own accord from viewing the church, the loggias, the piazzas, and the other places in which they formerly eagerly and anxiously sought to see(cid:209)and sometimes did see(cid:209)your countenance! And how many times have they in their grief constrained my heart to repeat to itself that verse of Jeremiah: (cid:210)O how solitary abideth the city that before was full of people and a mistress among the nations!(cid:211) I will not indeed say that everything hath made them sad to an equal degree, but I do affirm that there is but one direction that somewhat qualifieth their sadness, and that is when they survey those countries, those mountains, that part of the heavens among which and under which I am persuaded that you are. Thence every breeze, every soft wind that cometh from there, I receive in my face as if without fail it hath touched yours. Nor, when I do so, is this alleviation of too long duration; but as upon things anointed we sometimes see flames flickering, so hovereth this sweetness above my afflicted heart, taking sudden flight because of the supervening thought that showeth me that I cannot see you, my desire thereof being enkindled beyond measure. What shall I say of the sighs that in the past pleasing love and sweet hope were wont to draw inflamed from my breast? Naught have I indeed to say of them other than that, multiplied in many duplications of the greatest distress, they are a thousand times an hour violently forced thereby out of my mouth. And in like fashion my words, which in times past were sometimes stirred, I know not by what strange joy proceeding from your serene aspect, into amorous songs and discourses full of ardent love, thereafter have been heard ever calling upon your gracious name and upon Love for pity, and upon Death for an end of my sorrows, and the greatest lamentations may have been heard by anyone who hath been near me. 4 Boccaccio In such a life, therefore, I live far from you, and ever the better do I realize how great was the good, the pleasure, and the delight that proceeded from your eyes, though little appreciated by me in times past. And even though tears and sighs give me time enough to speak of your worth, and even now of your grace, courteous habits, and womanly dignity, and appearance beautiful beyond any other, which I ever contemplate with the eyes of my mind in its entirety, and whereas I say not that my mind doth not, in consequence of such speech or reflection, experience a certain pleasure, yet this pleasure cometh mingled with a very fervent desire that kindleth all my other desires into such a longing to see you that I am hardly able to rule them within me that they do not draw me, despite every fitting duty and reasonable consideration, to that place in which you abide. But bound by the desire more to preserve your honor than my well-being, I repress them. And since I have no other recourse and feel the path to seeing you again, closed to me for the reason aforesaid, I return to my suspended tears. Alas, how cruel and adverse is fortune to me in my pleasures, always a rigorous mistress and corrector of mine errors! Now I know, wretched one that I am, now I feel, now I clearly perceive how much more good, how much more pleasure, how much more gentleness dwelleth in the true light of your eyes, as you turn it to mine, than in the false flattery of my thoughts. Thus, therefore, O brilliant light of my mind, hath Fortune, by depriving me of the love-inspiring sight of you, dissipated the mist of error under which I formerly labored. But there was in truth no need of such bitter medicine to purge my ignorance; a more gentle chastisement would have turned me again into the right path. What under these circumstances could my powers avail against those of Fortune! However much I may bring reason to bear, they cannot resist. And I have in any case, by reason of your departure, arrived at such a pass as my writing hath above declared unto you; and with my most grievous affliction I have become certain of that which at first in my uncertainty I disputed and denied. But I must now come to that end toward which I have been progressing in the writing that I have thus far done. And I declare that when I saw myself come into so great and so sharp adversity by reason 5 Filostrato of your departure, I first proposed altogether to retain my anguish in my sad breast lest it might perchance, if disclosed, be the effectual cause of a much greater. And the forcible sustaining of this made me come very near to desperate death, which, had it come, would then without fail have been dear to me. But afterward there was born in me, moved I know not by what secret hope of being destined once more at some time or other to see you again and again to turn my eyes to their first felicity, not only a fear of death but a desire of long life, however miserable should be the life I would have to lead without seeing you. And knowing very clearly that if, as I had proposed, I held the grief I had conceived altogether hidden in my breast, it was not possible that out of the thousand times it came forth, abounding and overrunning every limit, it should not sometime so overcome my powers, already very much weakened, that death would follow without fail and I should in consequence see you no more, moved by a more useful counsel, I changed my mind and decided to give it issue from my sad heart in some suitable lamentation, in order that I might live, and might be able to see you once more, and might by living remain the longer yours. Nor did such a thought enter my mind before the means, together with it, occurred to me. As a result of which event, as though inspired by a secret divinity, I conceived the surest augury of future well-being. And the means was this: in the person of some impassioned one, such as I was and am, to relate my sufferings in song. I began therefore to turn over in my mind with great care ancient stories, in order to find one that would serve in all color of likelihood as a mask for my secret and amorous grief. Nor did other more apt for such a need occur to me than the valiant young Troilus, son of Priam, most noble king of Troy, to whose life in so far as it was filled with sorrow by Love and by the distance of his lady, if any credit may be given to ancient histories, after his much-beloved Cressida was returned to her father Calchas, mine, after your departure, hath been very similar. Therefore from his person and from what happened to him I obtained in excellent wise a form for my conceit and subsequently composed in light rhyme and in my Florentine idiom and in a very appealing style his sorrows as well as my own, which, as I sang 6 Boccaccio from time to time, I found very useful, according to what was my expectation in the beginning. True it is that before his most bitter woes is found in style similar a portion of his happy life, which I have recorded not because I desire that anyone should believe that I can glory in a like felicity(cid:209)for fortune never was so kind to me, nor by forcing myself to hope for it, can I in any way bring myself to the belief that it will come(cid:209)but for this reason have I written it, because when happiness hath been seen by anyone, much better is understood how great and of what sort is the misery that followeth after. This happiness is nevertheless so far in conformity with the facts of my case as I drew from your eyes no less pleasure than Troilus derived from the amorous fruit that fortune granted him in the case of Cressida. Therefore, worthy lady, I have brought these rhymes together in the form of a little book, in lasting testimony to those who shall see it in the future, both of your worth, with which, in the person of another, they are in large part adorned, and of my sadness; and after they had been composed, I thought it not fitting that they should come into the hands of anyone before yours, since you are the true and only cause of them. Therefore although they be a very small gift to send to so exalted a lady as you are, nevertheless, since the affection of myself, the sender, is very great and full of pure loyalty, I venture to send them to you, confident that they will be received by you not because of my deserts but because of your kindness and courtesy. And if it chance that you read in them, how often you find Troilus weeping and grieving at the departure of Cressida, so often may you clearly understand and recognize my very cries, tears, sighs, and distresses; and as often as you find good looks, good manners, and other thing praiseworthy in a lady written of Cressida, you may understand them to be said of you. As to the other things, which in addition to these are many, no one, as I have already said, relateth to me, nor is set down here on my own account, but because the story of the noble young lover requireth it. And if you are as discerning as I hold you to be, you can from these things understand how great and of what sort are my desires, where they end, and what more than anything else they ask for, or if they deserve any pity. Now I 7 Filostrato know not whether these things will be of so great efficacy as to touch your chaste mind with some compassion as you read them, but I pray Love to give them this power. And if this happen, I pray you as humbly as I can, that you hasten your return, so that my life, which is hanging by a very slender thread and is with difficulty sustained by hope, may, when I behold you, return joyfully into its first self-confidence. And if this perchance cannot happen as soon as I should desire, at least with some sigh or some pitiful prayer speak to Love in my behalf that he may give some peace to my torments and recomfort my life in its dismay. My long discourse seeketh of its own accord an end, and therefore giving it one, I pray him who hath placed my life and death in your hands, that he may enkindle in your heart that desire which alone can be the occasion of my welfare. 8 FIRST PART ARGUMENT Here beginneth the first part of the book called Filostrato, of the amorous labors of Troilus, in which is recorded how Troilus became enamored of Cressida, and the amorous sighs and the tears that were his for her sake before he discovered to anyone his secret love. And in the first place the invocation of the author. (1) Some are wont in their pious openings to invoke the favor of Jove; others call upon the might of Apollo. I was wont in my need to implore the muses of Parnassus, but Love hath recently caused me to change my long-accustomed habit, since I became enamored of thee, my lady. (2) Thou, lady, art the clear and beautiful light under whose guidance I live in this world of shadows; thou art the lodestar which I follow to come to port; anchor of safety, thou art she who art all my weal and all my comfort; thou to me art Jove, thou to me art Apollo, thou art my muse; I have proved it and know it. (3) Therefore in undertaking because of thy departure(cid:209)more grievous to me than death and more distressing(cid:209)to write what was the sorrowful life of Troilus after the amorous Cressida had departed from Troy, and how, previous to that, she had been gracious to him, it is fitting that I come to thee for grace, if I am to finish my enterprise. (4) Therefore, O fair lady, to whom I have been and ever shall be faithful and subject, O lovely light of those fair eyes in which Love hath set my whole delight, O sole hope of him who loveth thee more than himself, with perfect love, guide my hand, direct my invention in the work I am about to write. 9 Filostrato (5) Thou art imaged in my sad breast with such strength that thou hast more power there than I. Drive forth from it my disconsolate voice in such manner that my sorrow may appear in another(cid:213)s woe, and make it so pleasing that he who beareth it may be moved to pity. Thine be the honor and mine be the labor, if these words shall acquire any praise. (6) And ye lovers, I pray that ye hearken to what my tearful verse will say. And if it chance that ye feel any spirit of pity stir in your hearts, I beseech you that ye pray for me to Love, on whose account, like sorrowful Troilus, I live far from the sweetest pleasure that any creature ever cherished. (7) The Greek kings were round about Troy, strong in arms, and each one, so far as in him lay, showed himself daring, proud, valiant, and gallant, and with their troops they ever pressed it more from day to day, all of accord in like desire to avenge the outrage and the rape committed by Paris on the person of Helen the queen. (8) At this time Calchas, whose high science had already won the right to understand every secret of the great Apollo, wishing to hear the truth regarding the future, whether the long endurance of the Trojans or the great daring of the Greeks should prevail, discerned and saw, after a long war, the Trojans slain and their land destroyed. (9) He therefore in his foresight and wisdom planned secretly to depart. And having chosen time and place to flee, he took his way toward the Greek host; whence he saw many come to meet him, who received him with joyful mien, hoping for most excellent counsel from him in every hap or danger. (10) Great noise arose when it became known throughout the city generally that Calchas had fled therefrom. And comment was passed upon it diversely but adversely by all, and it was agreed that he had gone amiss and acted as a traitor wickedly. And the greater portion of the people barely refrained from going with fire to his house. (11) In this evil plight, without informing her of his intentions, Calchas had left a daughter of his, a widow, who was so fair and so angelic to behold that she seemed not a mortal, Cressida by name, as 10