FIGHTING EOKA Fighting EOKA The British Counter-Insurgency – Campaign on Cyprus, 1955 1959 DAVID FRENCH 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #DavidFrench2015 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2015 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014946119 ISBN 978–0–19–872934–1 Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. Acknowledgements The staff of the following institutions have once again placed me in their debt by giving me every possible assistance: the Churchill College Archives Centre; Essex PublicLibraryinter-libraryloansystem;theImperialWarMuseum(Departments ofDocumentsandtheSoundArchive);theNationalArchivesatKew;theNational ArmyMuseum;RhodesHouseLibrary,Oxford;theSenateHouseLibraryandthe Institute of Historical Research of the University of London; and University CollegeLondonlibrary. Crown copyright material is reproduced under class License Number C20060000011 of OPSI and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland. The following institutions and individuals have kindly given me permission to quote from material to which they own the copyright: the Department of Documents and the Sound Archives of the Imperial War Museum; the Household Cavalry Museum; the Norfolk Museums Service; the Trustees of the National Army Museum;theTrusteesoftheRegimentofFusilierMuseum(RoyalWarwickshire); theTrusteesoftheStaffordshireRegimentMuseum;MrsCatherineDarling;Lord Harding of Petherton; Mr P. J. Houghton Brown; Mr A. Walker. All reasonable effort has been made to contact the holders of copyright materials reproduced in thisbook.Anyomissionswillberectifiedinfutureprintingsifnoticeisgiventothe publisher. Professor Gary Sheffield and Dr Michael Lo Cicero also helped me to acquirematerialthatIwouldotherwisehaveoverlooked. IamespeciallygratefultoaudiencesattheUniversityofWarwick,theAGMof the Society for Army Historical Research, and to two anonymous reviewers who read a draft of this book. They provided much helpful feedback and constructive criticism,andsavedmefrommanymistakes.Needlesstosaytheyarenotrespon- sibleforwhatappearshere,andIaloneamresponsibleforanyremainingerrorsof factorjudgement. ThisbookisdedicatedtoKathleenBurk,forfortyyearsoffriendship. DavidFrench Table of Contents ListofFigures viii Abbreviations ix Map xi Introduction 1 1. TheBritishColonialAdministrationandEnosis,1878–1950 12 2. Makarios,Grivas,andEOKA 39 3. ‘Agameofcopsandrobbers’:TheStartoftheInsurgency, April1955–March1956 71 4. EOKAVersustheSecurityForces:March1956–March1957 106 5. LosingHeartsandMinds 158 6. ‘TheNaziMethodsofHitler’:EOKA’sCounter-narrative 194 7. TheGovernorshipofSirHughFootandtheDescentinto Intercommunalviolence,December1957–August1958 237 8. Stalemate:TheMacmillanPlanandtheZurichandLondon Agreements 270 Conclusion 302 Bibliography 311 Index 323 List of Figures 3.1 EOKA:OperationForwardtoVictory:Phase1,9October1955to 9March1956 84 3.2 SecurityForceCasualties,April1955toMarch1956 85 4.1 EOKA:OperationForwardtoVictory:Phase2,10Marchto 22November1956 108 4.2 SecurityForceandciviliancasualties,10Marchto22November1956 113 4.3 NumberofdetaineesheldundertheDetentionofPersonsLaw, December1955toMarch1957 141 4.4 EOKA’scasualties,April1955toMarch1957 143 4.5 EOKA’soperations,23November1956to14March1957 147 4.6 SecurityForceandciviliancasualties,23November1956to 14March1957 148 5.1 EOKA’sattacksagainst‘traitors’,April1955toMarch1959 161 8.1 EOKA’soffensiveoperations,September1958toFebruary1959 275 Abbreviations ACC AssistantChiefConstable AKEL AnorthodikoKommaErgazomenouLaou(ProgressivePartyforthe WorkingPeople) ANE AlkimosNeolaia-Tis-EOKA(ValiantYouthofEOKA) ASP AssistantSuperintendentofPolice BDCC(MiddleEast) BritishDefenceCo-ordinatingCommittee(MiddleEast) CAB Cabinet CBH ContemporaryBritishHistory CBS CyprusBroadcastingService CDS ChiefoftheDefenceStaff CIC CyprusIntelligenceCommittee CID CriminalInvestigationDepartment CIGS ChiefoftheImperialGeneralStaff C-in-C Commander-in-Chief CLIC CyprusLocalIntelligenceCommittee CO ColonialOffice Col. Colonel COS ChiefsofStaff COSDO ChiefofStafftotheDirectorofOperations COSHEG ChiefofStafftohisExcellencytheGovernor DGIS DirectorGeneralofInformationServices DIC DistrictIntelligenceCommittee DJAG DeputyJudgeAdvocateGeneral DMO DirectorofMilitaryOperations D&S DiplomacyandStatecraft DSC DistrictSecurityCommittee EAEM Enianion Arraghes Ethnikon Metopen (Solidly United National Front) ECHR EuropeanConventiononHumanRights EHR EnglishHistoricalReview EOKA Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (National Organization of CypriotFighters) Exco Governor’sExecutiveCouncil FARELF FarEasternLandForces FO ForeignOffice FCO ForeignandCommonwealthOffice Gen. General GOC GeneralOfficerCommanding GOC-in-C GeneralOfficerCommanding-in-Chief GSO GeneralStaffOfficer HQ Headquarters ICRC InternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross ILO InternationalLabourOrganization