F I G H T B A C K ADDRESSING EVERYDAY SEXISM IN AUSTRALIAN SCHOOLS FHSFEMINISTCOLLECTIVE Fight Back: Addressing Everyday Sexism in Australian Schools Written by Briony O’Keeffe, 2014 Informed by the Fitzroy High School Feminist Collective www.fhsfemco.com A debt of gratitude is owed to Pauline Rice for her unwavering support of the Fight Back project both in her role as principal of Fitzroy High School and as a teacher and member of the FHS Feminist Collective. And to Good Hood, and the personal generosity of its director, Emma Koster, without whom the resource would never have taken shape. We would also like to acknowledge the pivotal support of: Donors to the FHS Feminist Collective Kickstarter Campaign, with special thanks to Dayle Purcell and the Anna Wearne Foundation. Barbara Jennings Veronica and Steve Whitter of Continental House, Hepburn Springs Mary Crooks and the Victorian Women’s Trust Andrew Wapling Design Jacqueline Mitelman Sincere thanks also go to: Chris Millard Bronwyn Lewis Helen Gaynor & Arpad Mihaly David Rowe Grand Salvo Mathew Thomas Jamie Bishop Melbourne December 2014 The copyright in this document is owned by Briony O’Keeffe or in the case of some materials, by third parties (third party materials). No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968, the National Education Access Licence for Schools (NEALS) (see below) or with permission. (NEALS) An educational institution situated in Australia which is not conducted for profit, or a body responsible for administering such an institution, may copy and communicate the materials, other than third party materials, for the educational purposes of the institution. FHS FEMINIST COLLECTIVE INTRODUCTION &OVERVIEW What is the ‘Fightback: Addressing Everyday Sexism in Australian Schools’ resource? Fightback: Addressing Everyday Sexism in Australian Schools is a teaching resource consisting of three units of work aimed at educating secondary school students about gender inequality, the objectification of young women’s bodies and the use of sexist language. The resource also addresses the link between gender inequality and violence against women. The idea for the resource and its contents was generated by the Fitzroy High School Feminist Collective class which formed in 2013 with the intention of identifying and addressing key incidences of ‘everyday sexism,’ primarily those experiences that young women experience on a daily basis both within a school environment and externally to it. Why has this resource been created? Fightback: Addressing Everyday Sexism in Australian Schools aims to provide educators with accessible resources with which to address the issue of gender inequality. The resource is designed to be used as a tool to address negative attitudes towards gender equality – held by both young men and young women – that contribute to high rates of sexism and discrimination, and ultimately to high rates of violence against women in our community. As the National Community Attitudes towards Violence Against Women Survey (NCAS) notes, ‘as long as we all continue to see women as less than equal to men disrespect and violence against women will continue to happen’.1 One of the most disturbing aspects of everyday sexism is the well-established connection between negative attitudes towards women and violence against women. Violence against women in Australia is increasingly acknowledged as a serious problem, with recent reports finding that more than one in three women in Australia aged over 18 have experienced violence at the hands of a man since the age of 152 and that one woman is killed by her current or former partner in Australia every week3. Of particular concern is the NCAS’s4 identification of two groups - younger people of both sexes aged between 16-25 and young men – that are more likely to endorse violence-supportive attitudes. For example, one in five respondents believe a drug 3 or alcohol affected woman is partly to blame if she’s sexually assaulted, one in five believe that men should take control in relationships. In a broader context, more than a quarter of respondents believed that men make better political leaders than women, and 49% of women reported experiencing workplace discrimination. In addition, in research undertaken in 2015 by ‘Our Watch’, an organisation that was established to ‘drive nation-wide change in the culture, behaviours and attitudes that underpin and create violence against women and children’ one in four young people surveyed did not think it was serious if a man who was normally gentle slapped his girlfriend when he was drunk, one in six respondents believed women should know their place, and one in four thought it was normal for men to pressure women into sex5. Critically, the NCAS report also suggests that ‘people with weak support for gender equality tend to be more likely to hold violence-supportive attitudes’ and that ‘focusing on shifting the attitudes that support violence is key to turning the tide on violence against women in Australia’6. How should I use the resource? ‘Fightback’ consists of three Units of work, each containing 5-10 lessons, depending on the timing of individual teachers. Though the resource has been designed to develop students’ understanding of gender inequality by moving through a sequence of concepts, the units can also be taught independently of each other or out of sequence, except where otherwise recommended. The individual lessons within each unit can also be taught consecutively or (in most cases) independently of each other. Each lesson can be run as a 90-minute class, two 45-minute classes, or can be broken down into smaller units of time, depending on the context of the teaching environment. The resource may be integrated into existing education programs, particularly those addressing health and sexuality, personal development or life skills, but works equally well as part of an English or Studies of Society and Environment curriculum. ‘Fightback’ would also work well when used in conjunction with other resources addressing similar issues, such as ‘Building Respectful Relationships’7 or ‘Be The Hero.”8 A Note on ‘Class Pages’ In some lessons reference is made to uploading materials to a ‘class page’. There are many tools available to teachers who wish to create a secure online space for their classes, such as Edmodo9 or Googledocs. However, the use of these tools is not essential and should be guided by individual preference. Expectations for a safe & effective learning environment Setting up a ‘safe’ space is essential for the delivery of this curriculum. The space should be safe in the sense that students and teachers can share their ideas and opinions and ask questions without fear of judgment or silencing; students can express their views on the issues being discussed without being stigmatised or shut down. 1 VicHealth 2014, Australians’ attitudes to violence against women. Findings from the 2013 National Community Attitudes towards Violence Against Women Survey (NCAS), Victorian Health Promotion Foundation, Melbourne, Australia. 2 ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) 2013, Personal Safety Survey, Australia, 2012, cat. no. 4906.0, viewed 4th December 2014, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4906.0 3 http://www.vicpolicenews.com.au/blogs/93-oursay/1302-ccp-ken-lay-on-family-violence.html 4 See Note 1 above 5 http://www.ourwatch.org.au/Understanding-Violence/Facts-and-figures 4 6 See Note 1 above It’s likely that many of the students undertaking these units will regularly work together and have experience in developing classroom rules or agreements to ensure their learning environment is safe and that respectful behaviours such as listening and allowing no put-downs are adhered to. However, some classes may be coming together for the first time. For these classes, it is essential to establish ground rules, as they provide a structure that can improve classroom management, keep students and staff feeling safe and supported, and ensure the class works effectively. Students will be dealing with potentially sensitive issues focusing on inequality, discrimination, gendered violence, sexuality and body image, and so a structure that allows discussion of differing opinions is essential to the success of the curriculum10. Specific issues with boys and gender inequality11 Addressing issues of gender inequality can at times be met with a sense of resistance from students and staff who are concerned that a focus on men’s and boys’ privilege ‘blames the boys’. Data collected from students following the trial of similar materials to those in this resource gave no indication that this was of concern to the boys themselves. It is important that boys have the opportunity to explore the construction of masculinities with regard to sexist behavior and to understand the historical and institutional nature of gender inequality. This understanding can assist in alleviating feelings of individual responsibility. The handouts on ‘Reverse Sexism’ and ‘Violence Against Men’ may also be of assistance when addressing this issue. Disclosure of abuse or sexual preference12 This resource includes content that may trigger a traumatic or emotional response in students, or encourage or enable students to disclose personal experiences with sexual harassment and/or sexual assault, family violence, sexuality or issues with disordered eating. To minimise harmful disclosures, teachers need to make very clear to students prior to undertaking activities that although the activities explore personal values and attitudes around issues of gender, misogyny and violence, they do not require students to disclose their own experiences. Students may choose not to take part in activities and should be supported to manage that choice in an inconspicuous manner. If teachers feel students may say something inappropriate, they may choose to use the strategy of protective interruption, which means interrupting students before they disclose personal information, while at the same time informing them they can talk privately with their teacher after class. Contact details for a range of national support services have been included in the appendix of the resource: they may be photocopied and distributed to students. Educators from countries other than Australia should ensure that contact details for similar support services are provided to their students. 7 Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood (2014), Building Respectful Relationships- Stepping Out Against gender- based violence. Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood, Melbourne. Available at https://fuse.education.vic.gov.au/content/29a93fbb-0553-4f9c-a382-c30f29afb120/BRR%20full%20document%20110614.pdf 8 http://www.bethehero.com.au/index.php?id=11 9 https://www.edmodo.com/ 10 Adapted from Building Respectful Relationships, p11. See Note 7 above 11 Adapted from Building Respectful Relationships, p11. See Note 7 above 5 12 Adapted from Building Respectful Relationships, p12. See Note 7 above Sexual preference13 As this resource covers issues around gender identity and sexuality, there is also a chance that students may disclose information or concerns they have about their own or a member of their family’s sexual orientation. Specifically, teachers may find that students disclose that they or a family member are gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. Teachers need to know how to assist these students. They should identify appropriate procedures, including the use of community resources, to help students in this situation. Where appropriate, teachers are also encouraged to arrange support for the student and for themselves from student welfare staff, such as the student welfare coordinator or the school’s student support services officer. Most importantly, teachers and student welfare staff need to be aware that disclosures of sexual orientation should remain confidential unless a student is at risk of harm. Abuse In Victoria, teachers are mandated to make a report to Child Protection if they form a reasonable belief that a student is in need of protection because they are at risk of harm or neglect, or if that teacher holds a reasonable belief that a student is being subjected to physical or sexual abuse. Teachers should refer to the ‘Child Protection – Mandatory reporting’ section of the Victorian Government Schools Policy and Advisory Guide.14 13 Adapted from Building Respectful Relationships, p12. See Note 7 above 14 Adapted from Building Respectful Relationships, p12. See Note 7 above 6 Links with The Australian Curriculum: AusVels Issues related to gender and gender inequality generally fall within the Health and Physical Education domain. However, a number of other areas of the AusVels are also addressed in this resource, particularly Health and Physical Education, Interpersonal Development, Personal Learning, Civics and Citizenship and Thinking Processes. The lessons in this resource are pitched primarily at students within Levels 9 and 10. Please refer to the AusVels links below for more detailed information. AUSVELS LINKS Level Domain / Relevant aspects of the standard Applicable Unit/Lesson Dimension 9 Domain • Knowledge of a specific social and/or Unit 1 Health and Physical cultural influence on the development of 2. Hairy Armpits: Debunking some myths Education personal identity and values about feminism 3. What about the boys? Dimension • Knowledge of the rights and 4. “But I didn’t ask for it”: A lesson on privilege Health knowledge responsibilities associated with the 5. Intersectionality and promotion increasing independence of young people… Unit 2 1. Understanding Objectification 4. Written on the body Unit 3 3. Challenging the Gender Norm 4. Sexism Stings 9 Domain • Understanding of the relationship Unit 1 Interpersonal between values, beliefs and accepted 1. What is Gender Inequality? Development social practices 2. Hairy Armpits: Debunking some myths about feminism Dimensions • Empathy in monitoring and responding 3. What about the boys? Building social to the behaviour of others in diverse 4. But I didn’t ask for it”: A lesson on privilege relationships social contexts 5. Intersectionality Working in Teams • Use of strategies for motivating group Unit 2 members and working towards task 1. Understanding Objectification completion 2. Subjects and Objects 3. Objectification in Practice • Use of strategies when creating ideas and 4. Who does it hurt? The connection solving problems between objectification and violence • Engagement of all team members in Unit 3 group processes 1. Sticks and Stones 2. Unpacking Sexist Language 3. Challenging the Gender Norm 4. Sexism Stings 5. Fighting Back 7 Level Domain / Relevant aspects of the standard Applicable Unit/Lesson Dimension 9 Domain • Flexible use of multiple learning strategies Unit 1 Personal Learning to complete a set task 1. What is Gender Inequality? 2. Hairy Armpits: Debunking some myths Dimensions • Understanding that enquiry and research about feminism The individual may challenge their own and others’ 3. What about the boys? learner values and beliefs 4. But I didn’t ask for it”: A lesson on privilege 5. Intersectionality Managing personal • Recognition of, and respect for, a range learning of protocols that support learning; for Unit 2 example, rules of discussion in a class 2. Subjects and Objects forum Unit 3 • Persistence when challenged by 1. Sticks and Stones conflicting information, values and views 2. Unpacking Sexist Language 3. Challenging the Gender Norm • Self-directed time management with a focus on task requirements 9 Domain • Use of information-processing skills in Unit 1 Thinking Processes problem solving activities that involve 1. What is Gender Inequality? many variables; for example, interpreting 2. Hair Armpits: Debunking some myths Dimensions data to draw valid conclusions about feminism Reasoning, 3. What about the boys? processing and • Synthesis of information when 4. But I didn’t ask for it”: A lesson on privilege inquiry considering various perspectives 5. Intersectionality Creativity • Use of a range of self-selected creative Unit 2 thinking strategies when engaging with 2. Subjects and Objects Reflection, complex and novel ideas 3. Objectification in Practice evaluation and metacognition • Justification of their thinking processes Unit 3 and tools, and analysis of changes in their 1. Sticks and Stones thinking when reviewing information and 2. Unpacking Sexist Language their own ideas and beliefs 3. Challenging the Gender Norm • Understanding of their own and others’ viewpoints following analysis of those perspectives 8 Level Domain / Relevant aspects of the standard Applicable Unit/Lesson Dimension 10 Domain • Describe a range of social and cultural Unit 1 Health and Physical factors that influence the development of 4. But I didn’t ask for it”: A lesson on privilege Education personal identity and values. 5. Intersectionality Dimension • Analyse the positive and negative Unit 2 Health knowledge health outcomes of a range of personal 1. Understanding Objectification and promotion behaviours and community actions 4. Written on the body Unit 3 1. Sticks and Stones 2. Unpacking Sexist Language 3. Challenging the Gender Norm 4. Sexism Stings 5. Fighting Back 10 and Domain • Describe how local and global values and Unit 1 beyond Interpersonal beliefs determine their own and others’ 1. What is Gender Inequality? Development social relationships. 2. Hairy Armpits: Debunking some myths about feminism Dimensions • Evaluate their own behaviour in 3. What about the boys? Building social relationships, identify potential conflict 4. “But I didn’t ask for it”: A lesson on privilege relationships and employ strategies to avoid and/or 5. Intersectionality resolve it. Working in Teams Unit 2 • Understanding of the many social 1. Understanding Objectification influences, such as values, culture, gender 2. Subjects and Objects and power, that may affect relationships 3. Objectification in Practice 4. Written on the body • Behaviour that encourages diverse groups in the community to contribute Unit 3 to an inclusive and harmonious 1. Sticks and Stones environment 2. Unpacking Sexist Language 3. Challenging the Gender Norm • Strategic leadership that promotes a 4. Sexism Stings socially supportive school environment; 5. Fighting Back for example, peer leadership and restorative strategies such as sharing feelings about an issue or incident • Working with the strengths of a team they achieve agreed goals within set timeframes. 9 Level Domain / Relevant aspects of the standard Applicable Unit/Lesson Dimension 10 and Domain • Draw on a range of resources, including Unit 1 beyond Civics and the mass media to articulate and defend 1. What is Gender Inequality? Citizenship their own opinions about political, social 2. Hairy Armpits: Debunking some myths and environmental issues in national about feminism Dimension and global contexts. They contest, where 3. What about the boys? Community appropriate, the opinions of others. 4. “But I didn’t ask for it”: A lesson on privilege engagement 5. Intersectionality Unit 3 2. Unpacking Sexist Language 10 Domain • Students identify the ethical frameworks Unit 1 Personal Learning that underpin their own and others’ 4. “But I didn’t ask for it”: A lesson on privilege beliefs and values… 5. Intersectionality Dimensions The individual Unit 2 learner 1. Understanding Objectification 2. Subjects and Objects 3. Objectification in Practice Unit 3 1. Sticks and Stones 10 Domain • Apply selectively a range of creative Unit 1 Thinking Processes thinking strategies to broaden their 1. What is Gender Inequality? knowledge and engage with contentious, 2. Hairy Armpits: Debunking some myths Dimensions ambiguous, novel and complex ideas. about feminism Creativity 3. What about the boys? • When reviewing information and refining 4. But I didn’t ask for it”: A lesson on privilege Reflection, ideas and beliefs, students explain 5. Intersectionality evaluation and conscious changes that may occur in their metacognition own and others’ thinking and analyse Unit 2 alternative perspectives and perceptions. 1. Understanding Objectification 1. Subjects and Objects Unit 3 1. Sticks and Stones 2. Unpacking Sexist Language 3. Challenging the Gender Norm 4. Sexism Stings 10