Fifty Major Political Thinkers Second Edition Now in its second edition, Fifty Major Political Thinkers introduces the lives and ideas of some of the theorists who have shaped Western political thought, from the ancient world to the present day. Alongside new entries on such figures as Cicero, Frantz Fanon and Carl Schmitt, other thinkers covered include: Hannah Arendt Simone de Beauvoir Mohandas Gandhi Machiavelli Karl Marx John Stuart Mill Thomas Paine Jean-Jacques Rousseau Fully cross-referenced and including a glossary of theoretical terms, this wide- ranging and accessible book is essential reading for anyone with an interest in the evolution and history of political thought across the ages. Ian Adams is formerly a Lecturer in Politics and Honorary Fellow at the University of Durham. R.W. Dyson is a Lecturer in the School of Government and International Affairs at the University of Durham. Also available from Routledge Politics: the Basics (Third edition) Stephen Tansey 978-0-415-30329-3 The Routledge Dictionary of Politics David Robertson 978-0-415-32377-2 Fifty Key Figures in Twentieth Century British Politics Keith Laybourn 978-0-415-22677-6 Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations Martin Griffiths 978-0-415-16228-9 International Relations: the Key Concepts Martin Griffiths and Terry O’Callaghan 978-0-415-22883-1 The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right Peter Davies and Derek Lynch 978-0-415-21495-7 Fifty Major Political Thinkers Second Edition Ian Adams and R.W. Dyson First published 2003 by Routledge This edition published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2003, 2007 Ian Adams and R.W. Dyson Typeset in Bembo by Saxon Graphics Ltd, Derby All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Adams, Ian, 1943– Fifty major political thinkers / Ian Adams and R.W. Dyson. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Political science. 2. Political scientists. I. Dyson, R.W. II. Title. JA66.A314 2007 320.092’2--dc22 2007007656 ISBN10: 0-415-40098-8 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-40099-6 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-40098-5 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-40099-2 (pbk) Contents Alphabetical list of contents Preface Plato (427–347 BCE) Aristotle (384–322 BCE) Cicero (106–43 BCE) St Augustine of Hippo (354–430) St Thomas Aquinas (1225–74) Nicolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) Sir Thomas More (1478–1535) Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) James Harrington (1611–77) John Locke (1632–1704) Montesquieu (1689–1755) David Hume (1711–76) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78) Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) Edmund Burke (1729–97) Tom Paine (1737–1809) Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–97) William Godwin (1756–1836) G.W.F. Hegel (1770–1831) Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) ‘Publius’ and The Federalist Papers Charles Fourier (1772–1837) and Utopian Socialism Karl Marx (1818–83) Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–59) John Stuart Mill (1806–73) Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) T.H. Green (1836–82) Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) Prince Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921) and Anarchism Georges Sorel (1847–1922) Eduard Bernstein (1850–1932) Max Weber (1864–1920) Vladimir Ilich Lenin (1870–1924) Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) and Fascism Carl Schmitt (1888–1985) Hannah Arendt (1906–75) Sir Isaiah Berlin (1909–97) Friedrich von Hayek (1899–1992) Mohandas Gandhi (1869–1948) Sir Karl Popper (1902–94) Michael Oakeshott (1901–90) Simone de Beauvoir (1908–86) and Second Wave Feminism Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979) and the Frankfurt School Frantz Fanon (1925–61) Michel Foucault (1926–84) John Rawls (1921–2002) Robert Nozick (1938–2002) Jürgen Habermas (1929–) Jean-François Lyotard (1924–98) Glossary Index Alphabetical List of Contents St Thomas Aquinas (1225–74) Hannah Arendt (1906–75) Aristotle (384–322 BCE) St Augustine of Hippo (354–430) Simone de Beauvoir (1908–86) and Second Wave Feminism Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) Sir Isaiah Berlin (1909–97) Eduard Bernstein (1850–1932) Edmund Burke (1729–97) Cicero (106–43 BCE) Frantz Fanon (1925–61) Michel Foucault (1926–84) Charles Fourier (1772–1837) and Utopian Socialism Mohandas Gandhi (1869–1948) William Godwin (1756–1836) T.H. Green (1836–82) Jürgen Habermas (1929–) James Harrington (1611–77) Friedrich von Hayek (1899–1992) G.W.F. Hegel (1770–1831) Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) David Hume (1711–76) Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) Prince Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921) and Anarchism Vladimir Ilich Lenin (1870–1924)