Fibres to Smart Textiles Advances in Manufacturing, Technologies, and Applications Textile Institute Professional Publications Series Editor: The Textile Institute Care and Maintenance of Textile Products Including Apparel and Protective Clothing Rajkishore Nayak, and Saminathan Ratnapandian The Grammar of Pattern Michael Hann Standard Methods for Thermal Comfort Assessment of Clothing Ivana Špelić, Alka Mihelić Bogdanić, and Anica Hursa Sajatovic Fibres to Smart Textiles Advances in Manufacturing Technologies, and Applications Asis Patnaik and Sweta Patnaik For more information about this series, please visit: www.crcpress.com/ Textile-Institute-Professional-Publications/book-series/TIPP Fibres to Smart Textiles Advances in Manufacturing, Technologies, and Applications Edited by Asis Patnaik and Sweta Patnaik CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-33251-5 (Paperback) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-36803-3 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, [2020] | Series: Textile Institute professional publications | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019015379 | ISBN 9781138332515 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138368033 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780429446511 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Textile fabrics. | Manufacturing processes. Classification: LCC TS1765 .P38 2020 | DDC 677--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019015379 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To our parents. Contents Series Preface ............................................................................................................ix Preface.......................................................................................................................xi Editors ....................................................................................................................xiii Contributors .............................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 Textile Fibres and Recent Developments .............................................1 Doice Moyo and Asis Patnaik Chapter 2 Filament Formation and Recent Developments .................................17 Arobindo Chatterjee Chapter 3 Yarn Formation and Recent Developments ........................................31 Ashvani Goyal Chapter 4 Fabric Formation and Recent Developments .....................................63 Rajesh Mishra, Mohanapriya Venkataraman, and Veerakumar Arumugam Chapter 5 Knitting and Recent Developments ....................................................89 Bibhu Prasad Dash, Rajesh Mishra, and Veerakumar Arumugam Chapter 6 Non-Woven Fabrics: Technology, Applications and Recent Developments ...................................................................................109 Vinay Kumar Midha and Monica Sikka Chapter 7 Braiding and Recent Developments .................................................131 Kadir Bilisik Chapter 8 Preparatory Chemical Processes and Recent Developments ...........153 Naveen V. Padaki, Brojeswari Das, Subhas V. Naik, and Sanganna A. Hipparagi Chapter 9 Dyeing and Recent Developments....................................................169 Prithwiraj Mal and Debojyoti Ganguly vii viii Contents Chapter 10 Printing and Recent Developments ..................................................187 Rasiah Ladchumananandasivam, Iris Oliveira da Silva, Luciani Paola Rocha Cruz Barros, and Elisângela Bezerra das Neves Holanda Chapter 11 Finishing Processes and Recent Developments ...............................201 Andrew D. Hewitt and Andrew J. Hebden Chapter 12 Testing of Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics and Their Recent Developments ...................................................................................221 Anindya Ghosh and Prithwiraj Mal Chapter 13 Recent Developments to Reduce Environmental Impacts of Textile and Apparel ..........................................................................257 Huantian Cao Chapter 14 Use of CAD and CAM and Its Recent Developments in Textiles ....269 Ashvani Goyal and Anil Kumar Yadav Chapter 15 Recent Developments in Textile-Reinforced Composites and Biocomposites ..................................................................................291 Asanda Mtibe, Teboho C. Mokhena, Sudhakar Muniyasamy, Osei Ofosu, and Mokgaotsa J. Mochane Chapter 16 Technical Textiles and Recent Developments ..................................315 Asis Patnaik Chapter 17 Smart Textiles and Recent Developments ........................................331 Sweta Patnaik Chapter 18 Nanotextiles and Recent Developments ...........................................345 Rajkishore Nayak and Asimananda Khandual Index ......................................................................................................................381 Series Preface The aim of the Textile Institute Professional Publications is to provide support to textile professionals in their work and to help emerging professionals, such as final year or master’s students, by providing the information needed to gain a sound understanding of key and emerging topics relating to textile, clothing and footwear technology, textile chemistry, materials science and engineering. The books are written by experienced authors with expertise in the topic, and all texts are indepen- dently reviewed by textile professionals or textile academics. The textile industry has a history of being both an innovator and an early adopter of a wide variety of technologies. There are textile businesses of some kind operating in all counties across the world. At any time, there is an enormous breadth of sophis- tication in how such companies might function. In some places where the industry serves only its own local market, design, development and production may continue to be based on traditional techniques, but companies that aspire to operate globally find themselves in an intensely competitive environment, some driven by the need to appeal to followers of fast-moving fashion, others by demands for high performance and unprecedented levels of reliability. Textile professionals working within such organizations are subjected to a continued pressing need to introduce new materials and technologies, not only to improve production efficiency and reduce costs but also to enhance the attractiveness and performance of their existing products and to bring new products into being. As a consequence, textile academics and professionals find themselves having to continuously improve their understanding of a wide range of new materials and emerging technologies to keep pace with competitors. The Textile Institute was formed in 1910 to provide professional support to textile practitioners and academics, undertaking research and teaching in the field of textiles. The institute quickly established itself as a professional body of textiles worldwide and now has individual and corporate members in over 80 countries. The institute works to provide sources of reliable and up-to-date information to support textile professionals through its research journals, the Journal of the Textile Institute1 and Textile Progress2, definitive descriptions of textiles and their components through its online publication Textile Terms and Definitions3, and contextual treatments of important topics within the field of textiles in the form of self-contained books such as Textile Institute Professional Publications. REFERENCES 1. www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=t jti20 2. www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=t tpr20 3. www.ttandd.org ix