Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology Vol. 162 Editors F. Beck, Melbourne B. Christ, Freiburg W. Kriz, Heidelberg W. Kummer, GieBen E. Marani, Leiden R. Putz, Munchen Y. Sano, Kyoto T. H. Schiebler, Wurzburg G. C. Schoenwolf, Salt Lake City K. Zilles, Dusseldorf Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo K. Punkt Fibre Types in Skeletal Muscles With 43 Figures and 6 Tables Springer KARLA PUNKT, PD Dr. rer. nat. habil University of Leipzig Faculty of Medicine Institute of Anatomy Liebigstr. 13 04103 Leipzig, Germany e-mail: [email protected] ISSN 0301-5556 ISBN-13: 978-3-540-42603-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-59399-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-59399-4 Library of Congress-Cataloging-in-Publication-Data Punkt, K. (Karla), 1949- . Fibre types in skeletal muscles / K. Punkt. p. cm. - (Advances in anatomy, embryology and cell biology; vol. 162) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-540-42603-5 (pbk.) 1. Muscles. 2. Muscle cells. 1. Titel. II. Series. QP321 .P86 2001 611'.0186-dc21 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science + Business Media GmbH http://www.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Production: PRO EDIT GmbH, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper - SPIN: 10847501 27/3130wg -543210 Dedicated to my children, Anita and Torsten Preface Worldwide, numerous textbooks and publications have dealt with research on muscle fibres carried out under different points of view. In addition, comprehensive works such as Myology (Engel and Franzini-Armstrong 1994), Disorders of Voluntary Muscle (Walton et al. 1994), and Skeletal Muscle (Schmalbruch 1985) as a volume ofthe work Handbook ofM icroscopic Anatomy, have been published. Moreover, proceedings from myology symposiums give us access to the present state of the art in muscle research. The book The Dynamic State of Muscle Fibres (Pette 1990a) summarizes the contributions to the symposium of the same name, which was held in Constance in 1989. Considering these outstanding works one has to ask the question: Why do we need the present book? The first reason is that results from ongoing research expand scientific knowledge continuously. When dealing with muscle research one soon realizes that muscle tissue is a fascinating subject, whose secrets have not yet been revealed completely. The application of new techniques in muscle fibre research enables and provokes us to go deeper into the nature of muscle tissue. The results are findings that add a new dimension to what is already known. For instance, the detailed metabolic charac terization of muscle fibre types in the context of an intact histological section has been performed only recently using cytophotometrical quantification of enzyme activities. The second reason for this book is of a more pragmatic nature. In my opinion, researchers, physicians, and students who are interested but not specialized in myology will be pleased to have a concise summary of our present knowledge on muscle fibres. After all, 109 pages are read more quickly than thousands! The present book aims at characterizing fibre types of skeletal muscles from different current points of view. For this purpose results from our own research have been compared to and combined with the results found in the literature. A main emphasis of this review is put on fibre typing by quantitative enzyme histochemistry as well as the adaptability of defined fibre types to altered physiological and pathological conditions. We VII show that the fibre metabolism is very flexible under changing conditions. This impressively demonstrates the plasticity of muscle fibres. I am very grateful to Professor Schiebler who encouraged me to write this review of the current knowledge on skeletal muscle fibres. If this book can offer the reader a general overview about the properties of the different fibre types, and if it perhaps inspires the reader to further work on muscles, then it will have served its purpose. Leipzig, November 2001 K.PUNKT VIII Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . ....... . 1.1 General Remarks ............ . 1.2 Structure and Contraction Mechanism of Muscle Fibres . . . . . . . . . ... . 2 1.3 Intrafusal Fibres of Muscle Spindles . 5 104 Satellite Cells ............. . .6 2 When Does Differentiation of Muscle Fibres Begin and Which Properties Characterize a Fibre Type? How Can the Muscle Fibre "Know" Whether to Be Fast or Slow, and Since When? .... 7 3 The Difficulties and Possibilities of Classifying Muscle Fibres in Distinct Nonoverlapping Types . 9 4 Cytophotometry As a Tool in Fibre Typing 15 4.1 The Basic Principle . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.2 The Enzymes Which Are Useful for Cytophotometrical Fibre Typing 15 4.3 The Physiological-Metabolic Muscle Fibre Typing By Cytophotometry. . 16 404 The Reliability of Cytophotometrical Data 20 5 Changes of Muscle Fibre Properties Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions. 23 5.1 Regional Differences . . . . 23 5.1.1 Illustration of the Problem. 23 5.1.2 Experimental Basis . . . . . 24 5.1.3 Changes of Fibre Properties Along the Longitudinal Axis from the Origin to the Insertion of the Muscle. . . . . . . . . . ... 25 5.104 Changes of Fibre Properties Along the Transversal Axis from the Superficial to the Deep Region of Muscle 31 5.1.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . 35 5.2 Development and Ageing . . 35 IX 5.2.1 Experimental Basis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38 5.2.2 Age-Dependent Changes in Fibre Type Distribution 38 5.2.3 Age-Dependent Changes of Enzyme Activities in the Different Fibre Types. 38 5.2.4 Conclusions . . . . . . 46 5.3 Hereditary Myopathy . . . . 47 5.3.1 Experimental Basis. . . . . . 47 5.3.2 Changes of Enzyme Activities in the Different Fibre Types of Normal and Myopathic Muscles . . . 48 5.3.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . 48 5.4 Experimental Acute Hypoxia 50 5.4.1 Experimental Basis. . . . . . 51 5.4.2 Hypoxia-Dependent Changes of Enzyme Activities in the Different Fibre Types Without EGb 761 Pretreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52 5.4.3 Hypoxia-Dependent Changes of Enzyme Activities in the Different Fibre Types After EGb 761 Pretreatment ............ 56 5.4.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 5.5 Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes 58 5.5.1 Experimental Basis. . . . . . . . . 58 5.5.2 Effects of Diabetes on Enzyme Activities in the Different Fibre Types. . . . . . . . 59 5.5.3 Effects of EGb 761 on Enzyme Activities of Diabetic Muscles. . . . . . . . . . .. ........ 59 5.5.4 Changes in Fibre Type Distribution, Fibre Cross Areas and MHC-Isoforms of Diabetic Muscles. 62 5.5.5 Conclusions ......... . 68 6 Fibre Type Transformation . 69 6.1 Conclusions.......... 71 7 FOG Fibres - The Most Adaptable Muscle Fibres 73 8 Are There Adaption Processes in - a-Motoneurons as in Muscle Fibres? . 75 9 The Influence of the Muscle Type on the Properties of a Fibre Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77 10 Correspondences Between Physiological Metabolic Fibre Typing, A TPase-Fibre Typing and Differentiation of Myosin Isoforms ........ 79 x 11 Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase Isoforms and Protein Kinase-Ce in the Different Fibre Types and Alterations by Diabetes and EGb 761 Pretreatment. . . 81 11.1 Illustration of the Topic .... 81 11.2 Experimental Basis . . . . . . . 82 11.3 The Correlation of NOS I, NOSIII and PKce to the Fibre Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 11.4 The Effect of STZ-Induced Diabetes and EGb 761 on the Expression of NOS I and NOSIII in the Rat Vastus Lateralis Muscle ...... 86 1l.5 NOSII Expression in Skeletal Muscle Fibres. 88 11.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 12 Specific Muscle Fibre Types of Extraocular Muscles. 91 K. PUNKT, G. ASMUSSEN 12.1 The Complexity of Extraocular Muscles 91 12.2 Fibre Types of Extraocular Muscles 92 12.3 Summary. 94 13 Summary. 95 14 Conclusions 99 References .. 101 Subject Index. 11l XI