Fiber Technology for Fiber-Reinforced Composites Related titles Handbook ofNaturalFibre Composites: Properties, Processes, Failure and Applications (ISBN 978-0-85709-524-4) Handbook ofNaturalFibresVol 2 (ISBN 978-1-84569-698-6) Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Composites (ISBN 978-1-4557-7898-0) Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering Fiber Technology for Fiber-Reinforced Composites Edited by € € ˘ M. Ozgur Seydibeyoglu Amar K. Mohanty Manjusri Misra An imprint of Elsevier WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier TheOfficers’MessBusinessCentre,RoystonRoad,Duxford,CB224QH,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom ©2017ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-08-101871-2(print) ISBN:978-0-08-100993-2(online) ForinformationonallWoodheadpublicationsvisitour websiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionEditor:GwenJones EditorialProjectManager:CharlotteCockle SeniorProductionProjectManager:PriyaKumaraguruparan CoverDesigner:VickyPearsonEsser TypesetbySPiGlobal,India List of contributors VolkanAcar Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey Kazim Acatay Akdeniz KimyaSan.ve Tic. A.S., Kemalpasa,Izmir, Turkey HamitAkbulut Ataturk University,Erzurum,Turkey Elif AlyamaçIzmir KatipC¸elebi University, Izmir, Turkey Nehir Arik Izmir Katip C¸elebiUniversity,Izmir,Turkey HaticeSeçil Artem Izmir Instituteof Technology, Izmir,Turkey Metehan Atagu€r Izmir Katip C¸elebiUniversity,Izmir,Turkey LeventAydin Izmir KatipC¸elebi University, Izmir, Turkey SuatBaharBasturk ManisaCelal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey FeritCakir Universityof California, Berkeley, CA,United States ArefCevahirSisecam Science and Technology Center,Kocaeli, Turkey Asli Demir EgeUniversity, Izmir, Turkey Sibel Demiroglu Izmir Katip C¸elebi University, Izmir, Turkey Cenk DurmuşkahyaIzmirKatip C¸elebi University,Izmir, Turkey SeçkinErden EgeUniversity, Izmir, Turkey MustafaErtekin Ege University,Izmir, Turkey Tulay Gulumser EgeUniversity, Izmir, Turkey OmerGundogdu AtaturkUniversity, Erzurum,Turkey Kingsley HoCytec Engineered Materials,United Kingdom x Listofcontributors Nesrin Horzum Izmir Katip C¸elebi University,Izmir,Turkey AhmetC¸ağrıKılınçDokuz Eylul University,Izmir,Turkey ManjusriMisraUniversity ofGuelph,Guelph, ON,Canada AmarK. MohantyUniversity ofGuelph,Guelph, ON, Canada Erkan Oterkus Universityof Strathclyde,Glasgow, United Kingdom EsenOzdogan Ege University,Izmir,Turkey M. O€zgu€r Seydibeyoğlu Izmir Katip C¸elebiUniversity,Izmir,Turkey Vivekanandhan SingaraveluVHNSNCollege, Virudhunagar, India Mucahit Sutcu IzmirKatip C¸elebi University,Izmir, Turkey Yen Bach TruongCommonwealthScientificand IndustrialResearch Organization (CSIRO), Clayton, VIC, Australia Emre YalamaçManisa Celal Bayar University,Manisa,Turkey 1 Introduction M. O€zgu€r Seydibeyog˘lu*,AmarK.Mohanty†, Manjusri Misra† *Izmir KatipC¸elebi University, Izmir, Turkey, †University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada The materials science and materials world are having a new paradigm, and many materialsarenowtransformingtocompositematerials,replacingmanymetallicmate- rials and ceramic materials. Metallic materials with well-known properties and well-knownmanufacturingtechniquesatanaffordablepricearestillthefirstprefer- enceforthematerialsselection;however,inmanyapplications,duetoweightprob- lems, corrosion, and fatigue issues, composites are becoming more and more important.Thecorrosioncostsconsume3%–3.5%ofthewhole-worldgrossdomestic productandcontributetomanyfailuresinthestructuralcomponents[1].Moreover, processing conditions for the composites and polymers are much more energy-efficient and more labor friendly compared to metallic materials. Ceramic materials with high-temperature performance and good strength are of great impor- tance,butstill, they lackthe elasticity for many industrialapplications. In the materials’ area, the composites especially fiber-reinforced composites are becoming more desired specifically in the transportation industry where fuel con- sumption is of great importance, and reduced CO is another big issue. Composites 2 areverycriticalformanyautomotiveindustries,aerospace,andmarineapplications. Carbonfootprintandsustainabilityarethekeyfactorsintoday’sworld,andcompos- itesarethekeymaterialsfortheseproblems.Especiallyinthelastdecade,thecom- positeaerostructureshave grownmorethan 100% with compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of11.1% [2]. Astheworld’senergyneedisincreasing,thecompositesarealsoverysignificantin theareaofrenewableenergysourceslikewind-turbineblades.Energy-storagetanks thatcanstorenaturalgas,hydrogen,andmanyothercriticalgassesareofgreatimpor- tanceforthecomposites.Restoringpresentpipelineswithcarboncompositeshasbeen also very critical for the gas-piping industry. A report in 2015 prepared by Global Wind Energy Council demonstrated the exponential growth of wind turbines [3]. It was reported that between the years of 2000 and 2015, there was 25-fold increase inthe installed wind-turbine capacity [3]. Composites have been used in the construction industry since the foundation of steel reinforced concrete, but for certain areas, polymer composites with highflexi- bilityofformingoffernumerousadvantages,especiallyintheareaofreinforcingcur- rent buildingsunder the risk ofearthquake attack. Sportinggoodssuchasgolf,sailingboats,fishingroads,andnewtechnologybikes arehighlyinterestingengineeringapplicationswithveryimportantnewtechnological breakthroughsliketheuseofgrapheneinthebicycleframebeingasuperlightbicycle, which isvery vital. FiberTechnologyforFiber-ReinforcedComposites.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101871-2.00001-1 ©2017ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 2 FiberTechnologyforFiber-ReinforcedComposites Another important application is the defense industry where the composites play keyroleinthebattlefieldduetoweightsavingandbetterballisticperformingmate- rials.Aerospacestructuresinthemilitaryapplicationswithengineeredpropertiesand nano-enhancedstructuresareverycriticalforthecurrentdefenseindustry.Formili- tary application, weight reduction, and structural features are not the only criteria; radiointerference and radarabsorptionproperties are alsovery critical. Aslistedabove,therearethousandsofapplicationareasforcomposites,buttrans- portation,energy,anddefensearetoppriorityareasforthecomposites.Thiskeytech- nologytriggersmanycompanies’interests,andtheyinvestsignificantfundingforthe composite-materials research. Recent technological improvements in the nanotech- nology andbiotechnology have strategic influence inthe composite materials. Another issuefor manyengineeringapplications isthecost oftheraw materials, cost of the productionline,and the final priceofthe products.There are many new approachestolowerthepriceofthecarbonfiber,whereasnewreinforcingfibersfrom naturalresourcesareofferingmanynewlow-costsolutions,therebyprovidingsocio- economicwealthopportunitiesforthedevelopingcountrieswheretheycanhavegood materials. Asdescribed,compositematerialshaveutmostimportanceforthewholehumanity andengineeringfieldthatcaninfluencethewholecommunity.Compositematerials have been manufactured since very early times such as BC 3000 with natural fiber stonecompositesforhousinginthetimeofSumeriansinMiddleEast.However,since the1950s,withthediscoveryofglassfiberandotherfibers,polymer-matrixcompos- ites and especially fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been of great impor- tance. Various disciplines including chemistry, chemical engineering, materials scienceandengineering,textileengineering,andmechanicalengineeringhavebeen predominantly working in the fiber-reinforced polymer composites to manufacture better materials for the humanity. Therehavebeennumerousbooksonthecompositematerials,compositemechan- ics, composite interface, biocomposites, and nanocomposites. However, there is no singlebookonthefibertechnologythatisdevotedtothecompositematerials.There areasignificantnumberoftextilebooksonman-madefibersthatareusedprimarilyin theareaoftextiles.Forthecomposite-materialworld,thisbookwillbethehandbook forthefibertechnology.Thebookcoversmanyimportantreinforcingfiberssuchas glass,carbon,aramid,basalt,ceramic,andnaturalnanofibers.Thisbookwillbevery helpfulfortheundergraduateandgraduatestudents.Themostimportantuserswillbe thecompositeindustrywherefibersareusedextensivelywithverylimitedfiberprop- erty information. Oneofthemostimportantaspectsofthisbookisthatsomeoftheauthorsarefrom the industry especially glass fiber and carbon fiber chapters that are written by the industry experts with PhD degrees and whom they have really worked in the glass- andcarbon-fibermanufacturingplants.Manybooksandscientificarticlesarewritten without industry information, lacking real-case applications, and moreover lacking tradesecretsoftheprocesses.Still,notallprocessdetailscouldbeshared,butatleast, a good overview of the production techniques for these fibers has been written in depth bythesetwo industry experts with scientific background. Introduction 3 Thebookisenrichedwithfacultymembersfrommechanicalengineeringdepart- menttoexploitthemechanicsofcompositesandtounderstanddesigncriteriaforthe composite materials. One chapter is devoted to understand the surface properties of fibersandtheirinfluenceonthecompositeproperties.Thispartiswrittenbyfaculty members from textile engineering department with textile chemicals and surface-coatingexpertise. Moreover,newtrends inthe composite materials withbiotechnologyandnatural fibers have been explained in detail. There are two chapters on biotechnology. One chapter is a kind of traditional review article on natural fiber composites, whereas the second chapter deals with the influences of the biotechnology on natural fiber composites such as the use of bioresins and biolubricants enhanced with life-cycle analysis. Asthetechnologyisdeveloping,nanotechnologyisalsoverycriticalforthecom- positeslikeinanyengineeringfield,andtwochaptersaredevotedtonanotechnology. One chapter is written by nanofiber experts, demonstrating the importance of nanofibers in the area of composites. The second chapter deals with new develop- mentsinthenanotechnologyforthecompositessuchasgraphene,carbonnanotubes, and nanofibers on the interfacial properties. Furthermore, dendritic polymers and hyperbranched nanopolymers have influence the performance and processing of the resins on the composite structures. Withalltheseimportantdevelopmentsinthecompositearea,thisbookwillbevery helpfulforanengineerdealingwithmanyimportantindustrialapplications.Thisbook willalsobeveryhelpfulforthescientistsworkingintheareaofmaterialscienceand mechanicaldesigntobetterunderstandfiber-polymerinteractionandunderstandsig- nificantoutcomesofthis important area. Last but not the least, this book will be very helpful for the students (graduate/ undergraduate) in the universities that are studying textile engineering, mechanical engineering, material engineering, chemical engineering, chemistry, biotechnology, and nanotechnology. References [1] SchmidtG.Worldcorrosionorganization.WorldCorrosionOrganization;2009. [2] CompositesForecastsandConsultingLLC;January2014Report. [3] http://www.gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Global-Cumulative-Installed-Wind- Capacity-2000-2015.jpg. 2 Mechanics of fiber composites Levent Aydin*,HaticeSec¸ilArtem†,Erkan Oterkus{,Omer Gundogdu§, § HamitAkbulut *IzmirKatipC¸elebiUniversity,Izmir,Turkey,†IzmirInstituteofTechnology,Izmir,Turkey, { § UniversityofStrathclyde,Glasgow,UnitedKingdom, AtaturkUniversity,Erzurum,Turkey 2.1 Introduction Theobjective ofthischapteristoemphasize thecontextinwhich themechanics of fibercompositesisexamined.Constitutiveequationsdescribingthestress-strainrela- tions, micromechanics and macromechanics approaches for mechanical analysis are reviewed. Since interfacial mechanics of composites is of primary importance indiscussingthematerialbehavior,thisconceptisalsopresentedwithitsconstitutive andgoverningequations.Finally,attheendofthechapter,strengthfailuretheoriesfor orthotropic materialsand dynamic behaviorofcomposites are discussed. The mechanics of materials contended with stresses, strains, and deformations in engineering structures subjected to mechanical, thermal, and hygral loadings. A commonassumptionin themechanicsofconventionalmaterials,suchassteel and aluminum, isthattheyarehomogeneous and isotropic[1].However,fiber-reinforced compositesareinhomogeneousandnonisotropic.Asaresult,theanalysisofthemechan- icsoffiber-reinforcedcompositesismuchmorecomplexthanthatofconventionalmate- rials.Themechanics offiber-reinforcedcompositematerialsismainlystudied attwo levels:(1)micromechanicslevel,inwhichtheinteractionoftheconstituentmaterials is examined on a microscopic scale. In micromechanical analysis, stiffness, strength, thermal,andmoistureexpansioncoefficientsofalaminaarefoundusingtheindividual properties of constituents (fiber and matrix), (2) macromechanics level, in which the response ofa fiber-reinforced composite material to mechanical and thermal loads is studiedonamacroscopicscale.Thematerialisassumedtobehomogeneous.Stresses, strains,anddeflectionsaredeterminedusingtheequationsoforthotropicelasticity. 2.2 Mechanics of continuous fiber-reinforced composites Composites are materials in which a homogeneous matrix component is reinforced byastrongerandstifferconstituentthatisusuallycontinuousorshortfibers.Contin- uousfiber-matrixcompositematerialsincludeunidirectionalorwovenfiberlaminae; laminaearestackedontopofeachotheratvariousanglestoformamultidirectional laminate.Themechanicalanalysisoffiber-reinforcedcompositesisperformedintwo levels:micromechanicaland macromechanicalanalyzes. In the following parts, micromechanical and macromechanical analyzes of continuous-fiber-reinforced composites have been introduced based on classical lamination theory. FiberTechnologyforFiber-ReinforcedComposites.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101871-2.00002-3 ©2017ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.