Huisheng Peng Fiber Electronics Fiber Electronics Huisheng Peng Fiber Electronics HuishengPeng StateKeyLaboratoryofMolecular EngineeringofPolymers DepartmentofMacromolecular ScienceandLaboratoryofAdvancedMaterials FudanUniversity Shanghai,China ISBN978-981-15-9944-6 ISBN978-981-15-9945-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9945-3 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Fibermaterials,includingnaturalfibersdiscoveredthousandsofyearsagoandman- made fibers invented over a century ago, are indispensable for the basic life of humankind, as, for instance, they are woven into textiles to make us warm since ancient times. The resulting textiles also gradually become a key part of fashions, particularly in past centuries. Recently, fiber materials experience a revolutionary evolutiontoanewepochwithanelectronicfunctionbasedontherapidadvanceof information technology and artificial intelligence. They may harvest energy, store energy, light, compute, communicate, and detect the environmental change both invitroandinvivo,andmanynewelectronicfunctionsarefurtheremergingforthe fibers.Anewdirectionorevenadiscipline,fiberelectronicswepreviouslynamed, hasbeenthusgeneratedfromtheaboveresearch. Fiber electronics that has been widely explored for a variety of applications rangingfrompowersystems,informationtechnology,artificialintelligencetopublic healthhasbeenattractingincreasinginterestssincethepastdecade.Moreandmore scientistsandengineersarejumpingintothisfield.Althoughtherearemanyreview articlesrelatedtofiberelectronicsincludingseveralfromourlab,nobooksareavail- abletoprovideasystematicdescriptionofthemainadvances,particularlyinrecent severalyears.Thisdrivesustowritethisbookfromaviewpointofsummarizingthe researchworkatourlab. Wedonotwanttodiscussthecontentofeachchapterhere,butmoreliketohigh- lightthebookasawholepictureoffiberelectronics.Thehistoryoffiberelectronics isfirstintroducedwithafocusonthenecessitytomakeelectronicdevicesinafiber shapeincomparisontotheconventionalplanararchitecture.Thedefinitionandchar- acteristicsoffiberelectronics,forthefirsttime,arethenmadeonthebasisofavariety ofwidelyexploredfiber-shapedelectronicdevices.Asthebasicbuildingblocks,fiber electrodes play critical roles in determining the performance of fiber-shaped elec- tronic devices, so they have been mostly explored and are carefully compared for mechanical,electrical,andelectrochemicalpropertiesthatarecriticaltoproducing fiber-electronicdevicesbasedonthecomposition(e.g.,metal,carbon,polymer,and composite). The main efforts are also made to understand how the structure and flexibilityofthefiberelectrodewillaffecttheinterfacesforhighperformanceofthe resultingfiber-shapedelectronicdevices,particularly,underdeformation. v vi Preface The main kinds of fiber-shaped electronic devices that function as energy harvesting (e.g., solar cell, triboelectric and piezoelectric generator, fluidic gener- ator, and water generator), energy storage (e.g., supercapacitor, metal–ion battery, metal–air battery, and lithium–sulfur battery),lighting (e.g.,organic light-emitting diode,polymerlight-emittingelectrochemicalcell,andinorganicelectroluminescent device), computing (e.g., memristors), and sensing (e.g., chromatic device, actu- ator, electronic and electrochemical sensors) devices are carefully compared with the conventional 3D and 2D counterparts. We will focus on the difference in the property that originated from the different interfaces and structures (e.g., parallel, coaxial,twisting,andcross).Themaineffortsaremadetorevealthechargegener- ation/separation, collection, and transport processes at the curved interface of the fiberdevices.Theintegrationoftheabovedifferentfunctions,forinstance,realizing energyharvestingandstorageinasinglefiber,arethusdiscussed.Theintegrationand functionalizationarerecognizedtobenecessaryfortheirpracticalapplications.The twotypicalapplicationsinwearableandimplantablefieldsarethendemonstrated. Theremainingchallengesofthefiber-shapedelectronicdevicesarefinallyoutlined fromviewpointsofmaterial,fabrication,interface,property,andapplication. This book was intended for scientists, engineers, graduate students, and under- graduatestudents,majoringinchemistry,physics,materialsscience,energyscience, biomedicalscience,andengineering.Itmayalsobeusefultomanynon-specialistsin theindustrywhoaredevotedtopromotingnext-generationelectronictechnologies. Asfiberelectronicshasbeenstudiedjustforarelativelyshortperiod,theremaybe manyimperfectionsandomissionsinthisbookalsoduetothelimitofourability. Wewillgreatlyappreciatecriticalandsuggestivecommentsfromthereaders. I want to acknowledge postdoctoral fellows and graduate students who joined in writing this book at my lab with Chap. 1 completed by Jianyou Feng and Yue Guo,Chap.2byTianchengZhao,Chap.3byJiqingHeandHaoSun,Chap.4by LiminXu,WeijieZhai,andXinyueKang,Chap.5byZhenGaoandXinyueKang, Chap.6byLiminXuandWeijieZhai,Chap.7byJiaxinLi,XiangranCheng,and YangHong,Chap.8byChuangWang,YangHong,LeiYe,YangZhao,Mengying Wang,andJiaxinLi,Chap.9byXiangShi,YongZuo,JunyiZou,andJingxiaWu, Chap.10byJiajiaWang,HanYang,andLiyuanWang,Chap.11byXufengZhou, Chap.12byHuiyangWu,XiangShi,andTenglongMei,Chap.13byJingxiaWu andYanfengZhang,Chap.14byLieWang,Chap.15byChenhaoLu,Chap.16by MengLiaoandJiaweiWang,andChap.17byChengqiangTangandChuanruiChen. NotethatseveralchaptersareevolvedfromourpreviousbooknamedFiber-Shaped Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices published also by Springer in 2015. Dr. ChuanruiChenorganizedtowritethebookandrevisedeverychapter.Wesincerely thankEditorDr.RuiGuoforthekindhelpinwritingthisbookandwarmsupportin publishingthebook. HuishengPeng Contents 1 Introduction .................................................. 1 1.1 DevelopmentinFiberMaterials ............................ 1 1.1.1 HistoryofFiberMaterials ......................... 1 1.1.2 CharacteristicsofFiberMaterials .................. 2 1.2 BriefIntroductionofElectronicDevices ..................... 3 1.2.1 HistoryofElectronicDevices ..................... 3 1.2.2 TheDevelopmentTrendofElectronicDevices ....... 4 1.3 ChallengesofTraditionalPlanarDevices .................... 4 1.4 DevelopmentofFiberDevices ............................. 5 1.4.1 HistoryofFiberElectronicDevices ................ 5 1.4.2 CharacteristicsofFiberElectronicDevices .......... 6 1.4.3 CategoriesofFiberDevices ....................... 6 1.4.4 PerformanceofFiberDevices ..................... 6 1.4.5 ApplicationsofFiberDevices ..................... 10 1.4.6 Conclusion ..................................... 11 References .................................................... 12 2 FiberElectrodes .............................................. 15 2.1 Introduction ............................................. 15 2.2 MetalWires ............................................. 16 2.2.1 CopperandAluminumWires ...................... 16 2.2.2 StainlessSteelWire .............................. 18 2.2.3 TitaniumWire ................................... 18 2.2.4 OtherMetalWires ............................... 20 2.3 Carbon-BasedFiberElectrodes ............................. 20 2.3.1 CarbonNanotubeFiber ........................... 21 2.3.2 GrapheneFiber .................................. 40 2.3.3 CarbonFiber .................................... 44 2.4 PolymerFibers ........................................... 45 2.5 Summary ............................................... 46 References .................................................... 46 vii viii Contents 3 Charge Separation and Transport Mechanism in Fiber Electronics ................................................... 53 3.1 Introduction ............................................. 53 3.1.1 Dye-SensitizedSolarCell ......................... 53 3.1.2 PolymerSolarCell ............................... 54 3.1.3 PerovskiteSolarCell ............................. 56 3.2 ChargeSeparationMechanisminFiberElectronics ............ 56 3.2.1 StructuresofFiberDevices ........................ 57 3.2.2 TheInterfaceofFiberDevices ..................... 59 3.3 TheChargeTransportMechanisminFiberDevices ........... 61 3.3.1 TheMechanismofElectronTransport .............. 61 3.3.2 MechanismofIonTransmission ................... 64 3.4 InfluenceofStructuralParameteronChargeSeparation andTransmission ......................................... 66 3.5 Perspective .............................................. 68 References .................................................... 68 4 FiberDye-SensitizedSolarCells ................................ 71 4.1 OverviewofDye-SensitizedSolarCells ..................... 71 4.1.1 WorkingMechanism ............................. 72 4.1.2 Materials ....................................... 80 4.1.3 Characterizations ................................ 82 4.1.4 Summary ....................................... 83 4.2 OverviewofFiberDye-SensitizedSolarCells ................ 83 4.2.1 Electrodes ...................................... 84 4.3 FiberDye-SensitizedSolarCellsinaTwistingStructure ....... 86 4.3.1 WorkingElectrode ............................... 87 4.3.2 CounterElectrodes ............................... 90 4.3.3 Electrolytes ..................................... 94 4.4 FiberDye-SensitizedSolarCellinaCoaxialStructure ......... 99 4.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Textiles with an Interlaced Structure ................................................ 102 4.6 MultifunctionalFiberSolarCells ........................... 104 4.7 Perspective .............................................. 106 References .................................................... 108 5 FiberPolymerSolarCells ...................................... 113 5.1 OverviewofPolymerSolarCells ........................... 113 5.1.1 WorkingMechanism ............................. 114 5.1.2 Structure ....................................... 115 5.1.3 Materials ....................................... 116 5.1.4 Characterization ................................. 119 5.1.5 Summary ....................................... 121 5.2 OverviewofFiberPolymerSolarCells ...................... 121 5.2.1 FiberPolymerSolarCellswithTwistingStructure .... 121 5.2.2 FiberPolymerSolarCellsinaCoaxialStructure ..... 122 Contents ix 5.3 FiberPolymerSolarCellsBasedonCarbonNanotubes ........ 124 5.4 PolymerSolarCellTextileswithInterlacedStructure .......... 128 5.5 Perspective .............................................. 133 References .................................................... 134 6 FiberPerovskiteSolarCells .................................... 137 6.1 OverviewofPerovskiteSolarCells ......................... 137 6.1.1 WorkingMechanism ............................. 139 6.1.2 Structure ....................................... 139 6.1.3 Material ........................................ 140 6.1.4 Summary ....................................... 142 6.2 FlexiblePerovskiteSolarCells ............................. 142 6.3 FiberPerovskiteSolarCells ............................... 144 6.3.1 FabricationProcess .............................. 144 6.3.2 FiberPerovskiteSolarCellsWorkingataWide TemperatureRange .............................. 150 6.3.3 StretchableFiberPerovskiteSolarCells ............. 153 6.4 Perspective .............................................. 156 References .................................................... 157 7 FiberSupercapacitors ......................................... 161 7.1 OverviewofSupercapacitors ............................... 161 7.1.1 Energy-StorageMechanism ....................... 162 7.1.2 ElectrodeMaterials .............................. 165 7.1.3 Electrolytes ..................................... 169 7.2 FiberSupercapacitors ..................................... 170 7.2.1 Overview ....................................... 170 7.2.2 Configuration ................................... 171 7.2.3 Fabrication ..................................... 174 7.3 High-PerformanceFiberSupercapacitors .................... 176 7.3.1 SymmetricalFiberSupercapacitors ................. 177 7.3.2 AsymmetricalFiberSupercapacitors ............... 182 7.4 MultifunctionalFiberSupercapacitors ....................... 184 7.4.1 StretchableFiberSupercapacitors .................. 184 7.4.2 ChromaticFiberSupercapacitors ................... 186 7.4.3 Self-healableFiberSupercapacitors ................ 187 7.4.4 Shape-MemoryFiberSupercapacitors .............. 188 7.4.5 FluorescentFiberSupercapacitors .................. 190 7.5 Perspective .............................................. 191 References .................................................... 191 8 FiberElectrochemicalBatteries ................................ 195 8.1 OverviewofElectrochemicalBatteries ...................... 195 8.1.1 CompositionoftheBattery ........................ 195 8.1.2 ClassificationofBatteries ......................... 197 8.1.3 WorkingPrincipleoftheBattery ................... 199 x Contents 8.2 FiberLithium-IonBatteries ................................ 199 8.2.1 FiberCNT/MnO Cathode ........................ 200 2 8.2.2 FiberCNT/SiAnode ............................. 203 8.2.3 FiberLiMn O -SiBattery ........................ 206 2 4 8.2.4 FiberLiMn O /Li Ti O Battery .................. 211 2 4 4 5 12 8.3 FiberMetal–AirBatteries ................................. 217 8.3.1 FiberLi–AirBatteries ............................ 220 8.3.2 FiberZn–AirBatteries ........................... 222 8.3.3 FiberAl–AirBatteries ............................ 223 8.3.4 FiberLi–CO Batteries ........................... 226 2 8.4 AqueousFiberBatteries ................................... 230 8.4.1 AqueousFiberLithium-IonBatteries ............... 231 8.4.2 AqueousFiberZn-IonBatteries .................... 232 8.5 OtherElectrochemicalFiberBatteries ....................... 236 8.5.1 FiberLithium–SulfurBatteries .................... 236 8.5.2 FiberNickelBismuthBatteries .................... 241 8.6 Perspective .............................................. 245 References .................................................... 245 9 FiberLight-EmittingDevices ................................... 253 9.1 OverviewofLight-EmittingDevices ........................ 253 9.2 PerformanceCharacterization .............................. 255 9.3 FiberOrganicLight-EmittingDiodes ........................ 257 9.3.1 Overview ....................................... 257 9.3.2 WorkingMechanism ............................. 257 9.3.3 Structure ....................................... 259 9.3.4 Materials ....................................... 259 9.3.5 OLEDProcessingTechnology ..................... 262 9.3.6 FiberOLED .................................... 263 9.4 FiberPolymerLight-EmittingElectrochemicalCells .......... 264 9.4.1 Overview ....................................... 264 9.4.2 WorkingMechanism ............................. 266 9.4.3 Structure ....................................... 266 9.4.4 FiberPLEC ..................................... 268 9.5 FiberInorganicLight-EmittingDevices ..................... 271 9.5.1 ZnS-BasedLuminescentMaterials ................. 272 9.5.2 MechanoluminescentFiber ........................ 274 9.5.3 ACElectroluminescentFibers ..................... 278 9.6 Perspective .............................................. 284 References .................................................... 286 10 FiberSensors ................................................. 291 10.1 OverviewofFlexibleSensors .............................. 291 10.1.1 DevelopmentofFlexibleSensors .................. 292 10.1.2 FlexiblePhysicalSensors ......................... 294 10.1.3 FlexibleChemicalSensors ........................ 297