“This is an intellectually stimulating and theoretically sophisticated book generating new directions in feminist analysis and in the field of Women and Gender Studies. It is an amalgamation of aesthetic theory with more recent transdisciplinary approaches from Women and Gender Studies to explore and reimagine feminist aesthetics and gender binaries through diverse art forms, including clay sculp- ture from the Indus valley, rasa theory, and the ‘rekhta’ ghazal. Theoretically rich and complex, the book promises to be an impor- tant document in the way it connects diverse and seemingly dispa- rate fields. Its marshalling of arguments shows a vast range of reading, a sure grasp of diverse disciplines and the ability and artic- ulation to bring it all together to develop a coherent and convinc- ing narrative.” Meenakshi Malhotra, Associate Professor of English, Hansraj College, University of Delhi; Editorial Board Member, Borderless; Member of the Department Research Committee of the School of Gender and Development Studies, Indira Gandhi National Open University; and Member of the Board of Studies for English, SRM University, Sonepat, India FEMINIST THEORY AND THE AESTHETICS WITHIN This book re-examines feminist theory through the lens of South Asian aesthetic con- ventions drawn from iconography, philosophy, Indo-Islamic mystic folk traditions and poetics. It discusses alternate fluid representations of gender and intersectional identi- ties and interrelationships in some dominant as well as non-elite Indic aesthetic tradi- tions. The book explores pre-Vedic sculptural and Indus terracotta iconographies, the classical aesthetic philosophy of rasa, mystic folk poetry of Bhakti and Sufi move- ments, and ghazal and Urdu poetics to understand the political dimension of feminist theory in India as well as its implications for trans-continental feminist aesthetics across South Asia and the West. By interlinking prehistoric, classical, medieval, pre- modern and contemporary aesthetic and literary traditions of South Asia through a gendered perspective, the book bridges a major gap in feminist theory. An interdisciplinary work, this book will be useful for scholars and researchers of feminist theory, women’s studies, gender studies, art and aesthetics, philosophy, lit- erature, cultural studies, queer studies, sexuality studies, political studies, sociology and South Asian studies. Anu Aneja is currently Director of the Women and Gender Studies program at George Mason University, USA. She has research interests in the areas of transnational feminist theory and aesthetics, particularly their inventive crossings across South Asia and the West. Other areas of interest include contemporary French, francophone and Indian literatures, feminist perspectives on mothering, and feminist pedagogy. She is the co-author (with Shubhangi Vaidya) of Embodying Motherhood: Perspectives from Contemporary India (2016). Her edited collections include a comprehensive anthol- ogy, Women’s and Gender Studies in India: Crossings (2019), which maps the con- temporary contours of the field, and an edited volume on Gender & Distance Education: Indian and International Contexts (2019). She has also published a Hindustani translation of Hélène Cixous’s French play L’Indiade our l’Inde de leurs rêves. Her research articles have appeared in peer-reviewed journals and edited anthologies. Aneja currently serves as Area Advisor of ‘Gender and Education’ for the digital edition of Oxford Bibliographies and on the Editorial Board of the Gender and Education journal. She has previously taught at the School of Gender and Development Studies, Indira Gandhi National Open University, and at the Ohio Wesleyan University, where she was the recipient of the Rebecca Brown Professor of Literature award. She received her doctorate in Comparative Literature from Penn State University and a Bachelor’s in French from Jawaharlal Nehru University. FEMINIST THEORY AND THE AESTHETICS WITHIN A Perspective from South Asia Anu Aneja First published 2022 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business. © 2022 Anu Aneja The right of Anu Aneja to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to contact owners of copyright regarding the text and visual material reproduced in this book. Perceived omissions if brought to notice will be rectified in future printing. The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher. The analyses based on research material are intended here to serve general educational and informational purposes and not obligatory upon any party. The author has made every effort to ensure that the information presented in the book was correct at the time of press, but the author and the publisher do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability with respect to the accuracy, completeness, reliability, suitability, selection and inclusion of the contents of this book and any implied warranties or guarantees. The author and publisher make no representations or warranties of any kind to any person, product or entity for any loss, including, but not limited to special, incidental or consequential damage, or disruption alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by omissions or any other related cause. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-0-367-21901-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-17100-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-28699-5 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9780429286995 Typeset in Sabon by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive) To my parents, and to all those others who carted fragments of memories, images, songs and ghazals across the space-times of partitioned South Asian sands. CONTENTS List of figures x Acknowledgements xi Introduction 1 1 Feminist theory and the aesthetic re-turn 14 2 Sculpting gender and sexuality by the Indus 28 3 Rasa: in dialogue with feminist aesthetics 63 4 The errant feminine of Bhakti and Sufi aesthetics 91 5 ‘Speaking with Women’: the promise of the pre-modern Urdu ghazal 121 6 Traveling with the ghazal: a transnational feminist aesthetic 152 7 Turning back towards the future: feminist conversations with South Asian art 193 Index 199 ix