feminist judgments: rewritten tort opinions By rewriting both canonical and lesser-known tort cases from a feminist perspec- tive, this volume exposes gender and racial bias in how courts have categorized andevaluatedharmstemmingfromprenatalmalpractice,pregnancyloss,domes- tic violence,sexual assault andharassment, invasionofprivacy, andtheaward of economic and noneconomic damages. The rewritten opinions demonstrate that when confronted with gendered harm to women, courts have often distorted or misapplied conventional legal doctrine to diminish the harm or deny recovery. Bringingthisimplicitbiastothesurfacecanmakelawstudents,andlawyersand judgeswhocraftargumentsandapplytortdoctrines,moreawareofinequalitiesof race,gender,class,andsexual orientationorgenderidentity.Thisvolumeshows the way forward to make the basic doctrines of tort law more responsive to the needs and perspectives of traditionally marginalized people, in ways that give greatervaluetoharmsthattheydisproportionatelyexperience. MarthaChamallas,the RobertJ.LynnChairinLawat OhioState University,is knownforherscholarshiponthedevaluationofemotionalandreproductiveharm andongenderandracebiasindamages.Sheistheauthoroftheleadingtreatise onfeministlegal theoryandTheMeasureofInjury:Race,Gender,andTortLaw (withJenniferB.Wriggins). Lucinda M. Finley, the Raichle Professor of Law at the University of Buffalo, SUNY, is a leading feminist torts scholar whose foundational articles examining tort law from a feminist perspective have influenced new generations of legal scholars. She coedited a leading torts casebook that directly considers issues of gender,racial,class,andsexualidentityequityintortlaw. Feminist Judgments Series Editors BridgetJ.Crawford ElisabethHaubSchoolofLawatPaceUniversity KathrynM.Stanchi UniversityofNevada,LasVegas,WilliamS.BoydSchoolofLaw LindaL.Berger UniversityofNevada,LasVegas,WilliamS.BoydSchoolofLaw Advisory Panel for Feminist Judgments Series KathrynAbrams,HermaHillKayDistinguishedProfessorofLaw,Universityof California,Berkeley,SchoolofLaw KatharineT.Bartlett,A.KennethPyeProfessorEmeritaofLaw,DukeUniversity SchoolofLaw MaryAnneCase,ArnoldI.ShureProfessorofLaw,UniversityofChicagoLawSchool AprilL.Cherry,ProfessorofLaw,Cleveland-MarshallCollegeofLaw MargaretE.Johnson,ProfessorofLaw,UniversityofBaltimoreSchoolofLaw SoniaKatyal,DistinguishedHaasChair,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,Schoolof Law NancyLeong,ProfessorofLaw,UniversityofDenverSturmCollegeofLaw RachelMoran,MichaelJ.ConnellDistinguishedProfessorofLawandDeanEmerita, UniversityCalifornia,LosAngeles,SchoolofLaw AngelaOnwuachi-Willig,DeanandProfessorofLaw,BostonUniversitySchoolof Law NancyD.Polikoff,ProfessorofLawEmeritus,AmericanUniversityWashington CollegeofLaw DanielB.Rodriguez,HaroldWashingtonProfessorofLaw,NorthwesternUniversity PritzkerSchoolofLaw SusanDellerRoss,ProfessorofLaw,GeorgetownUniversityLawCenter DeanSpade,AssociateProfessorofLaw,SeattleUniversitySchoolofLaw RobinL.West,FrederickJ.HaasProfessorofLawandPhilosophy,Georgetown UniversityLawCenter VernaL.Williams,DeanandNippertProfessorofLaw,UniversityofCincinnati CollegeofLaw Feminist Judgments: Rewritten Tort Opinions Edited by MARTHA CHAMALLAS Ohio State University LUCINDA M. FINLEY University ofBuffalo,SUNY UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108484299 DOI:10.1017/9781108613293 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2020 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2020 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. isbn978-1-108-48429-9Hardback isbn978-1-108-70624-7Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents Noteson Contributors page xi Preface xix Tableof Cases xxi part i introduction 1 1 Introduction to Feminist Judgments:Rewritten Tort Opinions 3 MarthaChamallasandLucindaM.Finley part ii the classics 25 2 Palsgraf v. Long IslandRailroad Co., 162 N.E. 99 (N.Y. 1928) 27 Commentary:TaunyaLovellBanks Judgment:MauriceR.Dyson 3 Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Fresno, 150 P.2d 436 (Cal. 1944) 54 Commentary:MaryJ.Davis Judgment:ZanitaE.Fenton 4 Farwell v. Keaton,240 N.W.2d 217(Mich. 1976) 73 Commentary:E.ChristiCunningham Judgment:SarahL.Swan 5 Tarasoffv. Regents of the University of California,551 P.2d 334 (Cal. 1976) 93 Commentary:JamieR.Abrams Judgment:SharmilaLodhiaandStephanieM.Wildman vii viii Contents part iii intentional torts 119 6 Robinsonv. Cutchin, 140F. Supp. 2d 488 (D. Md. 2001) 121 Commentary:YvonneLindgren Judgment:AlenaAllen 7 Guthriev. Conroy, 567 S.E.2d 403 (N.C. Ct. App.2002) 147 Commentary:L.CamilleHébert Judgment:SandraF.Sperino 8 Lymanv. Huber, 10 A.3d 707 (Me. 2010) 172 Commentary:CarolineForell Judgment:JeffreyE.ThomasandLeahThomas 9 Sipple v. Chronicle PublishingCo.,201Cal. Rptr. 665 (Cal. Ct. App. 1984) 194 Commentary:AnnaLaurenHoffmann Judgment:ScottSkinner-Thompson part iv negligence and vicarious liability 215 10 Sharon P. v. Arman,Ltd., 989 P.2d 121 (Cal. 1999) 217 Commentary:JessicaHynes Judgment:YifatBitton 11 Broadnax v. Gonzalez,809N.E.2d 645 (N.Y. 2004) 237 Commentary:ElizabethKukura Judgment:EileenKaufmanandLauraDooley 12 Boyles v. Kerr,855 S.W.2d 593(Tex.1993) 261 Commentary:LisaR.Pruitt Judgment:CristinaTilley 13 Emerson v. Magendantz, 689 A.2d 409 (R.I. 1997) 291 Commentary:LucindaM.Finley Judgment:KatharineB.Silbaugh 14 McCartyv. Pheasant Run, Inc., 826 F.2d 1554 (7thCir. 1987) 314 Commentary:MollyWilder Judgment:HannahBrennerJohnson Contents ix 15 Lisa M. v. Henry Mayo NewhallMemorialHospital, 907 P.2d358 (Cal. 1995) 335 Commentary:ChristineM.Tamer Judgment:StaceyA.Tovino part v damages 359 16 G.M.M. v. Kimpson, 116 F.Supp. 3d 126 (E.D.N.Y.2015) 361 Commentary:TwilaL.Perry Judgment:JenniferB.WrigginsandSaraCressey 17 Simpkins v. Grace Brethren Church of Delaware, Ohio, 75 N.E.3d 122(Ohio2016) 390 Commentary:JillWieberLens Judgment:ShaakirrahSanders Index 415