cy Whittier v oy ol y L I Tl R vR S B EIGHTH EDITION Verta Taylor Nancy Whittier Leila . Rupp % Higher Education Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto The McGraw-Hill Companies | % Higher Education Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2009, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1997, 1993, 1989, 1983. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmis- sion, or broadcast for distance learning. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 34567890DOC/DOCO09 ISBN: 978-0-07-340430-1 MHID: 0-07-340430-6 Editor in Chief: Michael Ryan Design Manager: Allister Fein Publisher: Frank Mortimer Text Designer: Marianna Kinigakis Sponsoring Editor: Gina Boedeker Cover Designer: Scott Ratinoff Marketing Manager: Leslic Oberhuber Production Supervisor: Tandra Jorgensen Editorial Assistant: Jordan Killam Composition: 9/11 Palatino by ICC Macmillan Inc. Project Manager: Amanda Peabody Printing: 45# New Era Matte, R. R. Donnelley & Manuscript Editor: Tom Briggs Sons/Crawfordsville, IN Cover: Walking Women by Katherine Doughty. Media: Acrylic on canvas. Image © Katherine Doughty /www.katharinedoughty.com. About the artist: A long standing theme in her work, the walking figures connect to determination, survival, and the myriad of choices available to human beings. The walking figure is included in her ongoing “Alphabet Series,” which depicts an archetypal journey following the sequence of the alphabet. Miss Doughty is a multimedia artist working in painting, sculpture, and jewelry. Credits: The credits section for this book begins on page A-1 and is considered an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Feminist frontiers / [edited by] Verta Taylor, Nancy Whittier, Leila J. Rupp. — 8th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-340430-1 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-07-340430-6 (alk. paper) 1. Feminism—United States. 2. Women—United States. 3. Sex role—United States. 4. Women— Cross-cultural studies. I. Taylor, Verta A. II. Whittier, Nancy, 1966-I1I. Rupp, Leila J., 1950- HQ1426.F472 2009 305.420973—dc22 2008016460 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a Web site does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. www.mhhe.com \ A \ i " In memory of our mothers, who in different ways raised us all to be strong women Bpciny o Alice Taylor Houston " , (1926-2008) Sally Anne Kennedy (1933-2007) Sidney Stanton Rupp (1912-1995) Vit v . w_‘; a3 ~VJ' ¥ & Y achyyt -y feaig 3 8 Py ™2 Fare> s 5 e Sascavit o L DT “Qb:'j Mol 'U‘u ;3'““ L TURTRY. 21 W1 ’ . h S Al pras! lgiew -~I1;‘~'l‘-1 t;(i):t ‘w | WO 2 - oy b ol AR b s fiperrDdagtealeas e3io mile ivnty Brond ey ot MGGl Wvihs o1 ABOUT SHESE E-DT =OSFRE S VERTA TAYLOR is Professor and Chair of the Depart- Women'’s Studies Program Committee at Smith Col- ment of Sociology and an affiliated faculty member in lege. She teaches courses on gender,social movements, Women’s Studies at the University of California at Santa queer politics,and research methods. She is the author Barbara. She teaches courses on gender, feminism, of Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radi- women’s studies, and social movements and has won cal Women’s Movement and The Politics of Child Sexual numerous teaching awards, including an Ohio State Abuse (forthcoming in 2009), and co-editor of Social University Distinguished Teaching Award, a Multicultural Movements: Identity, Culture, and the State. Her work on Teaching Award, an Outstanding Faculty Award from the women’s movement, social movement culture and the Office of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Student Ser- collective identity, activist generations, and activism vices,and a University Distinguished Diversity Enhance- against child sexual abuse has appeared in numerous ment Award for her role as Chair of Undergraduate scholarly collections and journals. Studies in the Department of Sociology at Ohio State. She continues to be recognized for her teaching at the LEILA J. RUPP is Professor of Women’s Studies and University of California. Professor Taylor also received Associate Dean of Social Sciences at the University of the Sociologists for Women in Society’s Mentoring California, Santa Barbara, where she holds affiliated Award, the John D. McCarthy Lifetime Achievement appointments in the Departments of History and Soci- Award for her scholarship on social movements and ology. A historian by training, she teaches introductory collective action, the Simon and Gagnon Award for her women’s studies and courses on sexuality and women’s career of scholarship in sexualities, and she has served movements. She received an Academic Senate Distin- as Feminist Lecturer for Sociologists for VWomen in guished Teaching Award in 2008, and while teaching at Society. She has been member of more than a dozen Ohio State University, won an Ohio State University editorial boards, served as Chair of the Sex and Gender, Distinguished Teaching Award, a Multicultural Teaching Collective Behavior and Social Movement,and Sexuality Award, and an outstanding teaching award from the Sections of the American Sociological Association, and Ohio Academy of History. She also won awards at both as Chair of the Committee on the Status of Gay, Les- Ohio State and the University of California for her con- bian, Bisexual, and Transgender Sociologists of the tributions to gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender,and queer American Sociological Association. students. She is the author of Mobilizing Women for War: Taylor is the author of Rock-a-by Baby: Feminism, German and American Propaganda, |1939—1945,Worlds of Self-Help, and Postpartum Depression; and coauthor with Women: The Making of an International Women’s Move- Leila J. Rupp of Survival in the Doldrums: The American ment,A Desired Past:A Short History of Same-Sex Love in Women’s Rights Movement, 1945 to the 1960s and Drag America,and coauthor, with Verta Taylor, of Survival in the Queens at the 801 Cabaret, which won the 2005 book Doldrums: The American Women’s Rights Movement, | 945 award from the Sex and Gender Section of the American to the 1960s and Drag Queens at the 80/ Cabaret, which Sociological Association. Her writings have also appea- won the 2005 book award from the Sex and Gender red in numerous scholarly collections and journals. Section of the American Sociological Association. In ad- dition, she has published numerous articles in journals and edited collections. She served as the editor of the NANCY WHITTIER is Professor and former chair of the Department of Sociology and a member of the Journal of Women'’s History from 1996 to 2004. iv Rt Fiefy L E The first edition of Feminist Frontiers was conceived in gender. Because this book offers a general framework the late 1970s at a time when many women inside and for analyzing women, society, and culture, it can also outside academia were beginning to recognize and be used as a supplementary text in introductory soci- challenge male dominationA.t the time of its publica- ology classes and in courses on social problems, com- tion, only a handful of books and anthologies written parative studies, and American studies. for classroom use presented a feminist perspective on Although we have retained some of the articles women’s lives. from previous editions of Feminist Frontiers—particularly The evolution of this book through eight editions writings that have become feminist classics—the book reflects both the success of the women’s movement has been updated to include more recent scholarship. and the incredible development of feminist scholar- We have added fourteen new selections and nine new ship over the past three decades. Women’s studies boxed inserts. We have continued to select readings courses have blossomed and spread to campuses in that emphasize the diversity of women’s experiences even the most conservative regions of the country. and the intersections of gender with race, ethnicity, Feminist scholars have, in the meantime, refined and class, sexuality, nationality, and ability. We have further enlarged our understanding of how gender inequality strengthened the coverage of disability, transgender, operates and how it intersects with other systems of and global issues.As in previous editions, the introduc- domination based on race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, tions to each section contain focused summaries of the nationality, and ability. There is no doubt that the situ- readings and their relationship to each other, as well as ation of women has changed since the publication of discussion questions for each reading. the first edition of Feminist Frontiers. Gender inequality has not, however, disappeared. ORGANIZATION We write this preface to the eighth edition of Femi- nist Frontiers with pride and excitement.VVe are proud Feminist Frontiers is organized into four major parts, to be part of the continuing women’s movement; and each introduced by a sociological and feminist analy- we are excited about the burgeoning knowledge about sis. Part One: Introduction begins with a section how gender is connected to class, race, ethnicity, representing the diversity of women’s experiences sexuality, and other differences and how forces of and gender systems. That is followed by a section globalization in the contemporary world shape the titled “Theoretical Perspectives,” which presents experiences of women. Ve feel fortunate to be writ- social constructionist and intersectional theoretical ing, teaching, and learning at a time when feminist approaches to gender. Part Two: Gender, Culture, thought and research are flourishing and deepening, and Socialization has two sections, “Representa- despite the challenges we face both nationally and tion, Language, and Culture” and “Socialization.” Part globally. It is, simultaneously, a time to enjoy the bounty Three: Social Organization of Gender has five of feminist scholarship and to sow new feminist sections, providing readings on work, families, sexuali- seeds. ties, bodies, and violence against women. Part Four: We developed Feminist Frontiers for use as the Social Change includes articles on global politics major—or supplementary—text in courses on women'’s and the state and on social protest and women’s studies, gender studies, or the sociology of women or movements. vi PREFACE CRITERIA FOR SELECTION the United States in the 1950s, college women’s sexu- ality, global histories of love between women, societal As we set about selecting articles for this edition, we impacts on bodies, sex work, and the marriage promo- found an abundance of excellent pieces.We used the tion movement in the United States. In addition, new following criteria for choosing what to include: boxes illuminate such issues as feminism and disability, heteronormativity in reality television shows, rap as - We wanted each selection to be engagingly written empowerment, gender in military recruitment, Hillary and accessible in style and language to readers from Clinton’s gender presentation, global health, men and different disciplinary backgrounds. sexual harassment, gender and the lraq War, and + As a testament to the tremendous growth in the things you can do with a degree in women'’s studies. depth and complexity of feminist scholarship, we Although the core focus remains on women and sought selections exploring a wide range of theo- gender, this edition continues to offer consistent cov- retical and substantive issues. erage of men and masculinity. + We wanted this anthology to reflect a diversity of racial, ethnic, class, sexual, and cultural experiences. - Given the increasingly powerful forces of globaliza- NEW READINGS INTHE EIGHTH EDITION tion in our contemporary world, we looked for Every section has been updated with new selections. Sec- articles on different countries and on the impact of tion | begins with an article by Kimberly Springer on globalization on women. her experiences as a black women in the women'’s stud- + We sought to capture the cross-disciplinary nature ies classroom and adds another by Catherine Kudlick of gender research. on the gender implications of using a white cane as a blind woman. Audre Lorde’s classic piece “The Master’s CHANGES INTHE EIGHTH EDITION Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House” has The eighth edition contains fourteen new articles and been excerpted to keep the emphasis on her essential nine new boxed inserts, representing the most cur- insights, which are central to women’s studies. Section 2 rent scholarship and public debates and expanding strengthens consideration of transgender and disability our coverage of issues important to feminist scholar- issues by offering Susan Stryker’s thoughts on trans- ship. We have deleted dated pieces while retaining gender feminism, along with Rosemarie Garland- readings that are classic in the field. Thomson’s thoughts on feminism and disability studies. Central topics that continue to receive coverage in Section 3, “Representation, Language, and Culture,”. this edition include social constructionist theories of adds better coverage of contemporary media through an gender; feminist intersectionality theory; gendered article by Judith Taylor and Josee Johnston on the and raced beauty standards; racialized gender social- Dove “Real Beauty” campaign, another by T. Denean ization; gender, race, and ethnicity in the workplace; Sharpley-Whiting on the representations of women of marriage and family issues; diverse sexualities; body color in music videos, and boxed inserts on The Bachelor issues; reproductive rights; violence against women; and rap.Two added articles in Section 4, on socialization, globalization; women and welfare; women’s move- provide new perspectives: France Winddance Twine ments; and queer politics. writes on “racial literacy” in British interracial families,and Additions to the text focus especially on expanding Verta Taylor and Leila ). Rupp reveal the messages coverage of diverse women’s experiences, both within imparted about gender and sexuality by drag queens.The the United States and around the globe, with new boxed insert covers gender in military recruitment. articles on such topics as teaching women’s studies as In Section 5,“Work,” Eileen Boris contributes an a black woman, gender and disability, transgender femi- article on the politics of appearance in the workplace, nism, fat activism, music videos, interracial families in looking at women on the assembly line during the Britain, drag queens, the politics of appearance in the Second World War and women working as flight workplace, medical constructions of heterosexuality in attendants in different historical periods. Section 6, PREFACE vii “Families,” adds historical perspective through Caro- Cam Thai’s on Vietnamese marriages, Patricia Hill lyn Herbst Lewis’s piece on the ways that doctors in Collins’ on black sexual politics, Becky Wangsgaard the United States used the pelvic exam to teach proper Thompson’s on eating disorders, LilaAbu-Lughod’s gender and sexual roles to women in the 1950s. on Muslim women, Gwendolyn Mink's on welfare, New pieces in Section 7, “Sexualities,” deal with and Susan Muaddi Darraj’s on Arab-American college women’s heterosexual gender strategies feminism. (Laura Hamilton) and a global history of love Likewise, global forces appear throughout the between women (Leila J. Rupp).A new boxed insert volume, not just in the section on global politics: in explores the meaning of Hillary Clinton exposing a Chandra Talpade Mohanty’s and R.W. Connell’s little cleavage early in her campaign. Section 8, “Bod- theoretical articles in Section 2, Sharpley-Whiting's ies,” offers Anne Fausto-Sterling’s recent consider- consideration of sex tourism, Yen Le Espiritu’s analy- ation of how social factors, not just biology, affect such sis of cross-national socialization practices and Twine's things as bones. Section 9, “Violence Against Women,” article in Section 4, the pieces on Korean manicurists adds a new box on sexual harassment. and Latina domestics in Section 5, the articles on Section 10,“Global Politics and the State,” includes Mexican and Mexican-American women and Vietnam- a new article on the feminist debate about sex work ese marriages in Section 6, the consideration of same- in global perspective (Jo Doezema) and another sex sexuality around the globe in Section 7, the (Melanie Heath) on the movement in the United consideration of African genital cutting in light of cos- States to promote heterosexual marriage.A new box metic labial surgery in the United States in Section 8, comes from a blog written by a young woman living in Joane Nagel’s piece on sexuality in wartime in Sec- Baghdad during the U.S. invasion of Iraq. tion 9, and Grace Chang’s article on Asian women Section |l takes us back to the beginning by adding workers fighting globalization, the overview of women'’s a new box on how a degree in women’s studies can movements, and the Beijing documents in Section 1. help you transform the world. Other issues, too, cross sections. Transsexuality, transgenderism, and intersexuality appear in Paula Gunn Allen’s reflections on being Native American, CONNECTIONS AMONG SECTIONS Suzanne Kessler's consideration of surgery on Many of the articles in Feminist Frontiers make connec- intersexed infants, Susan Stryker’s article, Verta tions to topics covered in different sections, a sign of Taylor and Leila Rupp’s article on “Learning from the multiple intersections of women’s studies. For Drag Queens,” Nancy Naples’s piece on queer example, the concept of intersectionality, illustrated parenting, the boxed insert “Stolen Bodies,” the article in the diverse and complex experiences covered in on sexuality in wartime, and Cathy Cohen’s article Section | and outlined in the theoretical articles in Sec- on queer politics. Other connections across sections tion 2, can be traced through Kimberlé Crenshaw’s focus on work, bodies, disability, beauty, youth, moth- classic article on violence against women of color in erhood, and migration. Section 9 and Andrea Smith’s consideration of reproductive politics in the context of race, class, and SUPPLEMENTS ability. That we cannot talk about gender without Companion Web site acknowledging the ways that it is raced and classed is central to T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting’s article The Feminist Frontiers VWeb site proves general infor- on music videos, Yen Le Espiritu’s article on Filipina mation about the book and offers separate areas for girls, France Winddance Twine’s on interracial students and instructors. families, Eileen Boris’s on the politics of appearance, Miliann Kang's on Korean manicurists, Pierrette For the Student Hondagneu-Sotelo’s on Latina domestics, Denise The “Student side” of the site is organized to corre- Segura’s on Chicana and Mexicana mothers, Hung spond to the eleven sections of the text. There are viii PREFACE practice test questions, an annotated list of Web links, Kegan Allee, who brought her intellectual abilities, and a link to Census 2000 updates. commitment to feminism, and incredible organiza- tional skills to the project. From suggesting readings to For the Instructor assembling the manuscript, she was our mainstay. Instructor’s Manual: The Instructor’s Manual is orga- In addition, we are grateful to Eileen Boris and Juliet nized to correspond to each section of the text. It Williams for sharing with us their experiences teaching offers learning objectives, discussion questions, summa- the previous edition and suggesting potential articles. ries of the key points of the section introductions and Finally, we express our appreciation to students in our readings, suggestions for assignments and exercises, and classes on the sociology of women, sex and gender, an annotated list of Web links. and women'’s studies at Smith College and the Univer- sity of California, Santa Barbara.They have contributed Test Bank: The Test Bank offers multiple-choice, short to the development of this anthology by their thought- answer, and essay questions on the section introduc- ful responses to potential articles. tions and individual readings. The following scholars served as reviewers in the development of Feminist Frontiers: Visit the companion VWeb site at: www.mhhe.com/taylorff8e Lori E.Amy, Georgia Southern University Eileen Boris, University of California, Santa Barbara Mariana Branda-Gheradi, College of the Canyons ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sharon Elise, California State University—San Marcos We gratefully acknowledge the support, skill, and help Heather Hartley, Ph.D., Portland State University of many people. We extend thanks to the authors of Astrid Henry, Saint Mary’s College the articles, not only for writing the selected pieces Kathryn M. Matthews, Saint Louis University but also for allowing us to reprint them here. At Rachel Raimist, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities McGraw-Hill, we thank Gina Boedeker and Amanda Peabody for their encouragement and attention to We continue to be grateful to Laurel Richardson, detail in the production of the book and Tom Briggs who, together with Verta Taylor, initiated the first for his expert copyeditingW.e also thank Fred Cour- edition of Feminist Frontiers. Special thanks go to Kate tright for his services as permissions editor. Amber Weigand, who provided feedback and insight into Ault was instrumental in shaping some section intro- the collection’s organization and offered consistent ductions for the third edition of the book, and we encouragement and companionship. Jonah, Eva, and continue to appreciate her contributions for this and Isaac VWeigand-VWhittier are a constant source of inspi- for developing some of the content for both the ration as we seek to reconstruct gender. To them Instructor’s Manual and the companion Web site. and to the students and colleagues who have touched Nicole Raeburn provided invaluable research assis- our lives positively, we express our gratitude. tance and revisions of the Test Bank for earlier edi- Verta Taylor tions of the book, and Lisa Leitz put her charisma as a Nancy Whittier teacher to use in developing the Web site. We could Leila J. Rupp not have completed this revision without the help of