U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, William M. Daley, Secretary NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY, Raymond G. Kammer, Director Foreword The Federal Information Processing Standards Publication Series of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is the official series of publications relating to standards and guidelines adopted and promulgated under the provisions of Section 5131 of the Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-106), and the Computer Security Act of 1987 (Public Law 100-235). These mandates have given the Secretary of Commerce and NIST important responsibilities for improving the utilization and management of computer and related telecommunications systems in the Federal Government. The NIST, through its Information Technology Laboratory, provides leadership, technical guidance, and coordination of Government efforts in the development of standards and guidelines in these areas. Comments concerning Federal Information Processing Standards Publications are welcomed and should be addressed to the Director, Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr. Stop 8900, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8900. William Mehuron, Director Information Technology Laboratory Abstract This standard specifies a suite of algorithms which can be used to generate a digital signature. Digital signatures are used to detect unauthorized modifications to data and to authenticate the identity of the signatory. In addition, the recipient of signed data can use a digital signature in proving to a third party that the signature was in fact generated by the signatory. This is known as nonrepudiation since the signatory cannot, at a later time, repudiate the signature. Key words: ADP security, computer security, digital signatures, public-key cryptography. Federal Information Processing Standards. Mo, M-l FIPS PUB 186-2 FEDERAL INFORMATION PROCESSING STANDARDS PUBLICATION 2000 January 27 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Institute of Standards and Technology DIGITAL SIGNATURE STANDARD (DSS) CATEGORY: COMPUTER SECURITY FIPS PUB 186-2 Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 186-2 2000 January 27 Announcing the DIGITAL SIGNATURE STANDARD (DSS) Federal Information Processing Standards Publications (FIPS PUBS) are issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) after approval by the Secretary of Commerce pursuant to Section 5131 of the Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 (Public Law 104- 106), and the Computer Security Act of 1987 (Public Law 100-235). Name of Standard: Digital Signature Standard (DSS). Category of Standard: Computer Security, Cryptography. Explanation: This Standard specifies algorithms appropriate for applications requiring a digital, rather than written, signature. A digital signature is represented in a computer as a string of binary digits. A digital signature is computed using a set of rules and a set of parameters such that the identity of the signatory and integrity of the data can be verified. An algorithm provides the capability to generate and verify signatures. Signature generation makes use of a private key to generate a digital signature. Signature verification makes use of a public key which corresponds to, but is not the same as, the private key. Each user possesses a private and public key pair. Public keys are assumed to be known to the public in general. Private keys are never shared. Anyone can verily the signature of a user by employing that user's public key. Signature generation can be performed only by the possessor of the user's private key. A hash function is used in the signature generation process to obtain a condensed version of data, called a message digest (see Figure 1). The message digest is then input to the digital signature (ds) algorithm to generate the digital signature. The digital signature is sent to the intended verifier along with the signed data (often called the message). The verifier of the message and signature verifies the signature by using the sender's public key. The same hash function must also be used in the verification process. The hash function is specified in a separate standard, the Secure Hash Standard (SHS), FIPS 180-1. FIPS approved ds algorithms must be implemented with the SHS. Similar procedures may be used to generate and verify signatures for stored as well as transmitted data. 1 Signature Generation Signature Verification Message Received Message l l Secure Hash Algorithm-1 Secure Hash Algorithm-1 l l Message Digest Message Digest ■ Private Digital Digital Public A ds Algorithm ds Algorithm Sign Operation Verify Operation Key Signature Signature Key * Yes - Signature Verified or No - Signature Verification Failed * Approving Authority: Secretary of Commerce. Maintenance Agency: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Information Technology Laboratory (ITL). Applicability: This standard is applicable to all Federal departments and agencies for the protection of sensitive unclassified information that is not subject to section 2315 of Title 10, United States Code, or section 3502(2) of Title 44, United States Code. This standard shall be used in designing and implementing public-key based signature systems that Federal departments and agencies operate or which are operated for them under contract. Adoption and use of this standard is available to private and commercial organizations. Applications: A digital signature (ds) algorithm authenticates the integrity of the signed data and the identity of the signatory. A ds algorithm may also be used in proving to a third party that data was actually signed by the generator of the signature. A ds algorithm is intended for use in electronic mail, electronic funds transfer, electronic data interchange, software distribution, data storage, and 2 I other applications that require data integrity assurance and data origin authentication. The techniques specified in ANSI X9.31 and ANSI X9.62 may be used in addition to the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) specified herein. (NIST editorial note: either DSA, RSA [ANSI X9.31], or ECDSA [ANSI X9.62] may be used; all three do not have to be implemented.) Implementations: A ds algorithm may be implemented in software firmware, hardware or any combination thereof. NIST has developed a validation program to test implementations for conformance to DSA. Currently, conformance tests for ANSI X9.31 and ANSI X9.62 have not been developed. These tests will be developed and made available in the future. Information about the planned validation program can be obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Information Technology Laboratory, Attn: DSS Validation, 100 Bureau Drive Stop 8930, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930. Agencies are advised that separate keys should be used for signature and confidentiality purposes when using the X9.31 standard. This is because the RSA algorithm can be used for both data encryption and digital signature purposes. Export Control: Certain cryptographic devices and technical data regarding them are subject to Federal export controls. Applicable Federal government export controls are specified in Title 15, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Pan 740.17; Title 15, CFR Pan 742; and Title 15, CFR Part 774, Category 5, Part 2. Patents: The algorithms in this standard may be covered by U.S. or foreign patents. Implementation Schedule: This standard becomes effective July 27, 2000. A transition period from July 27, 2000 until July 27, 2001 is provided to enable all agencies to develop plans for the acquisition of equipment which implements the digital signature techniques adopted by FIPS 186-2. During the transition period, agencies may continue to use their existing digital signature systems and to acquire additional equipment that may be needed to interoperate with these legacy digital signature systems. Agencies without legacy digital signature systems should plan for the acquisition and use of equipment implementing the digital signature techniques that are adopted by FIPS 186-2. After the transition period, only equipment that implements FIPS 186-2 endorsed techniques should be acquired. Specifications: Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 186-2 Digital Signature Standard (affixed). Cross Index: a. FIPS PUB 46-3, Data Encryption Standard. b. FIPS PUB 73. Guidelines for Security of Computer Applications.