Feasibility study of Air Traffic Control Towers around the globe Research report J. H. Hartmann g o lo n h c e T f o y t is r e v in U t f le D Cover: This photo has been taken at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. In the back (left) the main air traffic control tower with a height of 100 meter is shown and the secondary tower (right) is the old control tower and operates at this moment as air traffic controller training facility. The main tower is constructed by Bureau De Weger in cooperation with architect Netherlands Airports Consultants (NACO) in 1991. In front an Airbus A320-200 of Swiss International Air Lines is taxiing and ready for departure. [www.airchive.com] Research report “Feasibility study of air traffic control towers around the globe” “International research regarding the local influences providing an optimal structural design for air traffic control towers around the globe in an economical perspective” J.H. Hartmann Department of Building Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Delft University of Technology 2628GN/2600GA Delft The Netherlands www.tudelft.nl August, 2014 © Copyright 2014 Joost Hartmann Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced for commercial purposes without written consent from the author. Permission is granted to reproduce for personal and educational use only with the use of proper citation. Commercial copying, hiring, lending and selling are prohibited without written consent from the author. For inquiries regarding this thesis research please contact the author via e-mail: [email protected] Colophon Author: Name: Hartmann, J.H. (Joost) E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Graduation date: August, 2014 Address: Piet Heinstraat 66A 2518 CK, The Hague The Netherlands Committee information Chairman: Professor ir. Nijsse, R. (Rob) Delft University of Technology / ABT Company mentor: Ir. Font Freide, J.J.M. (Jan) Royal HaskoningDHV TU Delft mentor: Dr. ir. Terwel, K.C. (Karel) Delft University of Technology TU Delft mentor: Professor ir. van der Horst, A.Q.C. (Aad) Delft University of Technology / Bam Infraconsult University information University: Delft University of Technology Faculty: Civil Engineering and Geosciences Master: Building Engineering – Structural design Department: Design & Construction Address: Stevinweg 1 2826 CN, Delft The Netherlands Website: www.be.citg.tudelft.nl Company information Royal HaskoningDHV Company: Business line buildings – Structural design Department: George Hintzenweg 85 Address: 3068 AX, Rotterdam The Netherlands www.royalhaskoningdhv.com Website: This page has been left blank intentional MSc Thesis research report FEASIBILITY STUDY OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERS AROUND THE GLOBE Abstract At this moment the global human wealth is getting to the next level, which means a growing amount of people is able to travel by plane and these growth figures are seen in the latest global annual passenger’s flows. These latest developments demand building new airports and extending the existing airports heavily around the world in the nearby future (10 years), subsequently resulting in a higher demand of air traffic control towers (ATC towers). Air traffic control towers are very unique buildings. Most countries possess only one or a few towers and the specific knowledge of the technical and functional design of these towers are owned by a few consultants around the world. One of these consultants is Royal HaskoningDHV. However these (Dutch) designers do not possess knowledge about the entire global construction market and geological conditions, making it very difficult to design an optimal ATC tower in a certain country. From this specific design difficulty, the overall objective of this thesis research is to perform an international investigation regarding the main local influences in order to provide an economical optimal structural design methodology for ATC towers which can be used to design these towers anywhere around the globe. The main research question which follows from the research objective is: “What are the local influences on the structural design of an air traffic control tower and how do they relate with an economical optimal structural design?” First, an investigation has been performed in order to select a few representative countries that will cover the scope for this thesis research. Based on motivated reasons the chosen countries are: the Netherlands, Nigeria, Japan, China, Turkey and Indonesia. On basis of a literature study the main structural characteristics for high and tall building design are investigated. The lateral forces caused by wind and earthquake action are the most vital forces for structural design and the structures must provide enough structural reliability. Next, the local building codes of the chosen countries are compared and it has been examined that all the codes contain the same factors and approaches as the Eurocode (European building standard), which is used along the research. To be able to perform this complex international research, the elementary design process is chosen as a sequential guidance in order to obtain economical optimal structural concepts around the globe. By simulating these concepts (case studies) with designs and calculations, the behaviour can be qualified and relations can be made between the local influences and structural design. This process starts with a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental design principles of ATC towers. It is concluded that ATC towers are the most important buildings on the airport domain regarding the guidance and safety of air traffic in the proximity of an airport, providing all the facilities and utilities air traffic controllers need to operate. 7 | Royal HaskoningDHV – TU Delft – Joost Hartmann FEASIBILITY STUDY OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERS AROUND THE GLOBE MSc Thesis research report Even with advanced radar technical and camera technology this guidance is mainly done (and will be done in future) by visual observation and these towers give the air traffic controllers the best view over active pavement. The towers consist of three basic components; the control cab, tower shaft and base building, each having their own primary function. Next, the fundamental requirements for ATC towers facilities are determined. They are drafted by the two major aviation authorities in the world, the FAA and ICAO. In addition to these requirements; desires, starting points and boundary conditions are determined for ATC tower design. The stated desires and starting points are applicable for every ATC design in a general manner, whereas the local boundary conditions have their own influence and importance on every individual ATC design. The following four local boundary conditions are found to be the most important to determine:  Current and projected future air activity airport  Wind climate  Earthquake hazard  Construction industry For each of the six countries these boundary conditions are determined, by examining literature and conducting interviews with experts in the Netherlands and in foreign countries. It is found that for each country different results are obtained. After the analysis, wherein all the necessary information in a diverging process was gathered in order to design an ATC tower, choices are made in order to achieve targeted optimal design solutions. This choice determination is done by applying a converge process with a self- developed methodology which is performed on basis of three main aspects; structural optimum solutions, labour optimum solutions and material optimum solutions. The input variables for this converge process are directly related with the specific boundary conditions found for each country, resulting in different possible optimal structural solutions as output of this converging process. Next, these optimal structural solutions are simulated to understand and to quality how the local boundary conditions relate with the structural design characteristics. E.g. how does an earthquake load compare with a wind load in certain countries, or how does a steel variant compare with a concrete variant. Unfortunately it is not possible to determine which structural design is the most economical solution, but this thesis research provides a design methodology which gives the designers a direction towards the most optimal solution when they take the specific cost aspects into account. The report closes with two kinds of recommendation: themes for follow-up research based upon the issue are which are not elaborated in detail in this report and some advices for using the design methodology as described. Royal HaskoningDHV – TU Delft – Joost Hartmann | 8 MSc Thesis research report FEASIBILITY STUDY OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERS AROUND THE GLOBE Preface After ten months, I proudly present my graduation research results in this master thesis research report. This document contains an international research regarding the local influences providing an optimal structural design for air traffic control towers around the globe in an economical perspective. Next to this document an extensive appendix report, literature study and interview report is written. These documents act as foundations of this research report. Due to its size and/or nature these documents are not added as an appendix to this research report but should be seen and used as separate documents. This thesis report was written in support of candidature for the Master of Science title in Civil Engineering at Delft University of technology. The research was carried out in cooperation with Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Geosciences, Design and construction and Royal HaskoningDHV, department Business line Buildings – Structural design. My personal motivation for choosing this subject is developed already a long time ago. During my bachelor and master studies it became clear to me that my interests were in the design and construction of utility buildings. I became attracted to these kinds of buildings, because of their major influence on an architect and structural engineer. In general these buildings are beautiful, iconic, well-known, unique, innovative and most of all challenging for the structural engineer. The importance of the architecture of the building can be found in all the specific details and the chosen façade, which makes every building special. Another major influence on the shape of the building is its purpose, the function during their lifetime, which enables new structural design methods. Looking at the range of utility buildings, my interests are predominantly focused on high-rise buildings and airports. High-rise buildings determine the iconic view of a certain city, the well- known skyline. The structures are often complex. The buildings are slender, the building pits small and the logistics difficult. My interest in airports started during my private holidays and study tours by travelling the last years often by plane and saw all different type of airports. From the busiest airport of the Netherlands “Schiphol”, to the newest ones in Shanghai, Beijing and Moscow. From the one of the biggest in the world “Atlanta” to one of the most dangerous in the world “Sint Maarten”. All these airports made me very enthusiastic due to the following aspects; Airports are one of the largest utility groups of buildings in the world with massive passenger’s flows. The latest terminals are built with an open and wide philosophy, thereby super-frames are designed in the roof-structure and a reduction of vertical load bearing structures is stimulated. The logistics in every aspect (passengers, luggage, security and airplane equipment) is challenging and I believe the design of the airport is mostly influenced by those aspects. To combine my study interest with my “attraction” to airports, it turns out that the subject “Air Traffic Control towers” was a perfect match. I hope you will read this report with the same amount of curiosity as I enjoyed while conducting this research. The Hague, August 2014 Joost Hartmann 9 | Royal HaskoningDHV – TU Delft – Joost Hartmann FEASIBILITY STUDY OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERS AROUND THE GLOBE MSc Thesis research report Keywords: air traffic control tower, airport control, structural engineering, high rise structural design, international construction industry, The Netherlands, Japan, China, Turkey, Indonesia, Nigeria, wind engineering, earthquake engineering, international buildings codes, design methodology air traffic control towers Royal HaskoningDHV – TU Delft – Joost Hartmann | 10