Feasibility study of Air Traffic Control Towers around the globe Appendix report J. H. Hartmann g o lo n h c e T f o y t is r e v in U t f le D Cover: This photo has been taken at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. In the back (left) the main air traffic control tower with a height of 100 meter is shown and the secondary tower (right) is the old control tower and operates at this moment as air traffic controller training facility. The main tower is constructed by Bureau De Weger in cooperation with architect Netherlands Airports Consultants (NACO) in 1991. In front an Airbus A320-200 of Swiss International Air Lines is taxiing and ready for departure. [www.airchive.com] Appendix report “Feasibility study of air traffic control towers around the globe” “International research regarding the local influences providing an optimal structural design for air traffic control towers around the globe in an economical perspective” J.H. Hartmann Department of Building Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Delft University of Technology 2628GN/2600GA Delft The Netherlands www.tudelft.nl August, 2014 © Copyright 2014 Joost Hartmann Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced for commercial purposes without written consent from the author. Permission is granted to reproduce for personal and educational use only with the use of proper citation. Commercial copying, hiring, lending and selling are prohibited without written consent from the author. For inquiries regarding this thesis research please contact the author via e-mail: [email protected] MSc Thesis research report FEASIBILITY STUDY OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERS AROUND THE GLOBE Preface This appendix report contains all the additional information of the research report of the master thesis research “Feasibility study of air traffic control towers around the globe”. This document acts as a foundation of the research report, but due to its size this document is not added and should be used as a reference document. This report contains, besides comprehensive structural tower calculations and designs, spreadsheets of the wind and earthquake load determination, an extensively country determination, a current ATC tower analysis and a system engineering approach. The Hague, August 2014 Joost Hartmann 5 | Royal HaskoningDHV – TU Delft – Joost Hartmann FEASIBILITY STUDY OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERS AROUND THE GLOBE MSc Thesis research report Keywords: air traffic control tower, airport control, IMF, current ATC tower figures, structural tower design, structural engineering, international construction industry, The Netherlands, Japan, China, Turkey, Indonesia, Nigeria, wind engineering, earthquake engineering, system engineering Royal HaskoningDHV – TU Delft – Joost Hartmann | 6 MSc Thesis research report FEASIBILITY STUDY OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERS AROUND THE GLOBE Table of Contents Appendix I Country determination ................................................................................................................. 9 I.I Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 9 I.II Phase 1: Air traffic development ......................................................................................................... 10 I.III Phase 2: Geographical conditions........................................................................................................ 16 I.IV Phase 3: Offices Royal HaskoningDHV ................................................................................................. 18 I.V Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 19 I.VI Additional annexes .............................................................................................................................. 20 Appendix II Current ATC tower investigation ................................................................................................ 29 Appendix III Reference projects ...................................................................................................................... 31 III.I Schiphol Airport (I) ............................................................................................................................... 31 III.II Schiphol Airport (II) .............................................................................................................................. 32 III.III Vienna Airport ..................................................................................................................................... 33 III.IV London Heathrow Airport ................................................................................................................... 34 III.V Istanbul Sabiha Gokcen Airport ........................................................................................................... 35 IIII.VI Ashgabat International Airport ............................................................................................................ 36 III.VII Taiwan Taoyuan International airport ................................................................................................. 37 III.VIII ATC tower collage ................................................................................................................................ 38 Appendix IV System engineering ..................................................................................................................... 39 IV.I Decomposition step 1: Main system ................................................................................................... 39 IV.II Decomposition step 2: Sub-systems .................................................................................................... 40 IV.III Decomposition step 3: Components ................................................................................................... 44 IV.IV Decomposition step 4: Elements ........................................................................................................ 54 Appendix V Sketch-up model Approach paths ............................................................................................... 65 Appendix VI Spreadsheets wind engineering ............................................................................................. 67 VI.I Wind calculation The Netherlands - Lelystad ...................................................................................... 67 VI.II Wind calculation Nigeria - Abuja ......................................................................................................... 67 VI.III Wind calculation Japan - Tokyo ........................................................................................................... 69 VI.IV Wind calculation China - Nanjing ......................................................................................................... 70 VI.V Wind calculation Turkey - Istanbul ...................................................................................................... 71 VI.VI Wind calculation Indonesia - Jakarta ................................................................................................... 72 Appendix VII Spreadsheets earthquake engineering ................................................................................... 72 VII.I Earthquake calculation The Netherlands - Lelystad ............................................................................ 73 VII.II Earthquake calculation Nigeria - Abuja ............................................................................................... 74 VII.III Earthquake calculation Japan - Tokyo ................................................................................................. 75 VII.IV Earthquake calculation China – Nanjing .............................................................................................. 76 VII.V Earthquake calculation Turkey Istanbul .............................................................................................. 77 VII.VI Earthquake calculation Indonesia - Jakarta ......................................................................................... 78 7 | Royal HaskoningDHV – TU Delft – Joost Hartmann FEASIBILITY STUDY OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERS AROUND THE GLOBE MSc Thesis research report Appendix VIII Synthesis concept designs ...................................................................................................... 79 VIII.I.I Lelystad airport – structural aspects ................................................................................................... 79 VIII.I.II Lelystad airport – labour aspects......................................................................................................... 80 VIII.I.III Lelystad airport – material aspects...................................................................................................... 81 VIII.II.I Abuja airport – structural aspects ...................................................................................................... 81 VIII.II.II Abuja airport – labour aspects ............................................................................................................ 83 VIII.II.II Abuja airport – labour aspects ............................................................................................................ 84 VIII.III.I Tokyo airport – structural aspects ...................................................................................................... 85 VIII.III.II Tokyo airport – labour aspects ........................................................................................................... 85 VIII.III.II Tokyo airport – material aspects ........................................................................................................ 87 VIII.IV.I China airport – structural aspects ...................................................................................................... 88 VIII.IV.II China airport – labour aspects ........................................................................................................... 88 VIII.IV.III China airport – material aspects ....................................................................................................... 90 VIII.V.I Istanbul airport – structural aspects ................................................................................................... 91 VIII.V.II Istanbul airport – labour aspects ........................................................................................................ 92 VIII.V.III Istanbul airport – material aspects ..................................................................................................... 93 VIII.VI.I Jakarta airport – material aspects ..................................................................................................... 94 VIII.VI.II Jakarta airport – labour aspects ........................................................................................................ 95 VIII.VI.III Jakarta airport – material aspects ..................................................................................................... 96 Appendix IX Calculations concept designs .................................................................................................. 97 IX.I.I Lelystad airport – Concrete core in-situ ............................................................................................. 97 IX.I.II Lelystad airport – Concrete core prefab ........................................................................................... 101 IX.II.I Abuja airport – Tapered concrete core ............................................................................................. 105 IX.III.I Tokyo airport – Eccentric steel braced frame .................................................................................... 109 IX.III.II Tokyo airport – Concrete core in-situ ................................................................................................ 114 IX.III.III Tokyo airport – Concentric steel braced frame ................................................................................. 119 IX.IV.I Nanjing airport – Concrete core in-situ ............................................................................................. 124 IX.IV.II Nanjing airport – Tapered concrete core .......................................................................................... 129 IX.IV.III Nanjing airport – Eccentric steel braced frame ................................................................................. 134 IX.V.I Istanbul airport – Concrete core in-situ ............................................................................................. 139 IX.V.II Istanbul airport – Concentric steel braced frame .............................................................................. 144 IX.VIII.I Jakarta airport – Tapered concrete core in-situ ................................................................................ 149 IX.III.II Jakarta airport – Eccentric steel braced frame .................................................................................. 154 IX.VIII.III Jakarta airport – Concrete core in-situ ............................................................................................. 159 List of figures ....................................................................................................................................................... 165 List of tables ........................................................................................................................................................ 166 Royal HaskoningDHV – TU Delft – Joost Hartmann | 8 MSc Thesis research report FEASIBILITY STUDY OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERS AROUND THE GLOBE Appendix I Country determination I.I Introduction This thesis research is focussing on the local geographical, weather, social and building conditions around the globe. Around the globe 195 different countries exist. These countries are shown in figure I.I, the well-known world. In order to get reliable and sufficient information as input for the framework and on the other hand reduce research time, first an investigation has been performed in order to select a handful of countries that will cover the research scope. Figure I.I: Countries around the globe [images-google, 2013] To decrease the total amount to a handful of countries three steps are defined. In the first step the global air traffic Input: 195 countries development will be analysed. 1. Air Traffic Development Statistics of welfare and population growth per country will be used and - Welfare per country other aspects will be taken into - Population growth per country - Orders aircraft manufactures account to predict the highest demand - Global sport events of air traffic per country in the nearby future. After this step the majority of 2. Geographical countries will be disregarded. - Wind & H urricanes - Earthq uakes The second step is orientated on the local geographical and weather 3. Of fices conditions of the already chosen countries and the last phase is taking into account the international offices Output: of Royal HaskoningDHV. 6 countries The entire process is given in figure I.II. Figure I.II: Country determination process 9 | Royal HaskoningDHV – TU Delft – Joost Hartmann FEASIBILITY STUDY OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERS AROUND THE GLOBE MSc Thesis research report I.II Phase 1: Air traffic development I.II.I Welfare per country One of the aspects is the influence of welfare of the chosen countries. Welfare is described as the economic and social development of a country which can be expressed in terms of individuals and the society as a whole. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is an indicator of the economic welfare and on basis of these values economic growth can be predicted. The GDP reflects the economic situation of the whole country and to be able to make comparisons between different countries the GDP has to be expressed in current U.S. dollars per person. These data are given by the International Monetary Fund, [IMF, 2013]. More extended files are presented in section I.VI.I. Table I.I: Top 10 Gross Domestic Product growth in millions per country [IMF, 2013] Country Units GDP 2018 $ Growth GDP $ Growth in [%] Average growth [in million] [in million] per year [%] USA U.S. dollars 21.556.047 4.831.775 28,89 4,82 China U.S. dollars 13.760.435 4.821.108 53,93 8,99 Japan U.S. dollars 5.943.390 936.187 18,70 3,12 Russia U.S. dollars 3.010.421 892.590 42,15 7,02 Germany U.S. dollars 4.360.590 767.352 21,36 3,56 UK U.S. dollars 3.244.944 755.270 30,34 5,06 India U.S. dollars 2.481.175 722.959 41,12 6,85 France U.S. dollars 3.422.404 683.728 24,97 4,16 Brazil U.S. dollars 2.730.232 540.014 24,66 4,11 Korea U.S. dollars 1.702.115 504.609 42,14 7,02 Table I.I gives an overview of the top 10 countries with the highest GDP growth in millions for the upcoming 5 years. Like expected the largest economies of the world are presented in this table, but keep in mind that these countries don’t has to be necessarily the richest countries. This can be explained with the comparison between table I.I and table I.II. Table I.II represents the GDP growth in dollars per person per country. This data is derived by first converting GDP in national currency to U.S. dollars and then dividing it by the total population. The main reason of the difference between the two tables is the total amount of people per country. Table I.I represents countries with a high amount of inhabitants and the opposite counts for table I.II. Note that the United States is the only country listed in both tables. Table I.II: Top 10 Gross Domestic Product growth in dollars per person [IMF, 2013] Country Units GDP 2018 $ Growth GDP $ Growth in [%] Average growth per year [%] Luxembourg U.S. dollars 135360,9 24787,888 17,15 2,86 Qatar U.S. dollars 114935,3 10280,084 8,80 1,47 Norway U.S. dollars 113412,8 12141,399 10,83 1,80 Switzerland U.S. dollars 91240,95 10965,171 9,97 1,66 Sweden U.S. dollars 72564,76 15267,479 21,76 3,63 Denmark U.S. dollars 69448,8 11450,132 15,26 2,54 Australia U.S. dollars 68956,7 4799,784 10,99 1,83 USA U.S. dollars 65125,99 12286,826 19,26 3,21 Canada U.S. dollars 61764,2 9892,989 16,28 2,71 Austria U.S. dollars 60637,29 11381,684 17,42 2,90 Royal HaskoningDHV – TU Delft – Joost Hartmann | 10