Wetland Ecosystem Series, a na of op -I- ydro E ectric Project Site, mrong - orth Cac ar ills District, Assam d Jaintia ills D-strict, Meghalaya Wetland Ecosystem Series,.8 Fauna of Kopili Hydro Electric Project Site, UlDrong-North Cachar Hills District, AssaDl and J aintia Hills District, Meghalaya Edited by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata ~m Zoological Survey of India Kolkata CITATION Editor-Director. 2008. Fauna of Kopili Hydro Electric Project Site, Umrong-North Cachar Hills District, Assam and Jaintia Hills District, Meghalaya, Wetland Ecosystem Series,.J : 1-91 + 15 Colour Photographs (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata) Published - February, 2008 ISBN 978-81-8171-187-8 © Government of India, 2008 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. • This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by' way of trade, be lent, re-sold hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher's consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. • The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page. Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and shoud be unacceptable. PRICE India : Rs. 250.00 Foreign: $ 15; £ 10 Published at the Publication Division by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, 234/4, A J C Bose Road, 2nd MSO Building, (13th Floor), Nizam Palace, Kolkata-700 020 after laser type setting at Ghosh Enterprises, Kolkata-700 006 and printed at Printtech, Kolkata-700 056. Fauna of Kopili Hydro Electric Project Site Wetland Series E~osystem No.) 2008 Pages 1-91 CONTENTS Page Nos. FAUNA OF KOPILI HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT SITE -AN OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................... 1-4 -S.J.S. Hattar FRESHW AT ER MONOGONONT ROTIFERS (ROTIFERA : EUROTATORIA : MONOGONONTA) ................................................... 5-22 -Sumita Sharma FRESHWATER CLADOCER~~NS (CRUSTACEA: BRANCHIOPODA : CLADOCERA) ................................................. 23-34 -Sumita Sharma CRUSTACEA (DECAPOD A : GECARCINUCIDAE : PALAEMONIDAE : ATYIDAE) .................. 35-38 -S.S. Ghatak, S.K. Ghosh and M.K. Dev Roy IN'SECTA : DERMAPTERA ........................................................................................... 39-44 -G.K. Srivastava INSECTA: HEMIPTERA (WATER BUGS) .................................................................. 45-50 -A. Bal INSECTA: AQUATIC COLEOPTERA (FAMILY: GYRINIDAE, DYTISCIDAE AND HYDROPHILIDAE) ......................... 51-57 -P. Mukhopadhyay and S. K. Ghosh MOLLUSCA ..................................................................................................................... 59-68 "/diz -S.C. Mitra, M. and Ramakrishna AMPHIBIA ........................................................................................................................ 69-71 -N. Sen REP'fILIA ......................................................................................................................... 73-76 -R. Mathew PISCES .............................................................................................................................. 77-91 -N. Sen 7.001. Surv. India Fauna of Kopili Hydro Electric Project site, Wetland Ecosystem Series §, 1-4, 2008 FAUNA OF KOPILI HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT SITE - AN OVERVIEW s. J. S. HATTAR Zoological Survey of India, Eastern Regional Station, Shillong-793 003 INTRODUCTION The Kopili Hydro Electric Project in Umrongso, is a twin project consisting of two concrete gravity dams namely Khandong Dam with a maximum height of 66 m on the Kopili river and the Umrong Dam with a maximum height of 30 m on Umrong nallah (stream) and two water conductor systems, one from Kopili reservoir to Khandong Power House and the other from the Umrong reservoir to the Kopili Power House and all other ancilliary structures such as approach channel, intake, bypass tunnel, surge tank, dykes and power station features. The catchment of Kopili river consists of three district zones, namely Kopili catchment in Meghalaya State, Kopili catchment in Assam State and Umrongso catchment. The catchment is located between 25'7' and 25°32' north latitudes and between 92°12' and 92°50' east longitudes. The catchment of Kopili river upto Khandong Dam spreads over two states, major part being in Meghalaya and a narrow undulating area falling in Assam. The entire catchment is responsible for flash flood in Kopili river particularly in Brahmaputra valley. The altitude of the catchment area varies between 500 m to 1325 m, the major portion located between 1000 m and 1400 m. Physiographically, Meghalaya represents the remnants of the archaean plateau of the Indian Peninsular shield. The kernal of the plateau is exposed archaean gneiss and schists covered in the central and eastern parts (Kopili catchment) by Pre-Cambrian quartzite and phyllites. The soil of the catchments area are generally acidic in nature and high in iron content. The "intensity of rainfall is usually lower in the areas of falling under the State of Assam. The intensity of rainfall is very high in the Meghalaya side of the project area resulting in problems of soil erosion and the related damages. Further, clearance of forests followed by cultivation by slash and bum method exhausts the productivity of the soil and leads to accelerated soil erosion on the hill slopes which denudes the forest areas and changes the ecological pattern of the region. 2 Fauna of Kopili Hydro Electric Project site, Wetland Ecosystem Series The eastern portions of the catchment of Kopili river located in Assam State is a comparatively narrow belt of mostly wooded area covering about 150 sq. km. The catchment / area mainly consists of miscellaneous forest including the proposed protected forest for wildlife conservation, grassy banks with scattered miscellaneous trees near nallahs as well as some patches of low level oak forest. Some portions of the Krungming reserve forest has also been included in the hydel project area and some good patches of miscellaneous forest including Schimaloak type. The hilly forested tracts are being constantly affected ~y lhum cultivation. Vast areas of unclassed state forest in the catchment area have in the process been reduced to grassy blanks with scattered trees only. Catchment of Umrong nallah at Umrongso dam site is 62 sq. km. which is bounded by old Haflong road in the east and the prominent water divides between the Kopili and the Umr~ng in the west. Though the discharge of the river is not much yet in view of the reservoir being fed by water from the main reservoir for generating power in Kopili Power House, the hydrologic condition of the catchment is of utmost importance to the entire project. The altitude varies from 600 m to 1000 m and the average annual rainfall is about 2700 mm. Soil depth is generally shallow and of low nutrient status. The forests consist of broad leaved species as well as the new crop of Bajrantoak and Chilauni growing naturally in abundance in the islands in the reservoir have excellent water shed values. The forest areas are occasionally subjected to jhumming. Kopili river is an important tributary of the mighty Brahmaputra. It originates in the Borail ranges of the North Cachar Hills district of Assam at an altitude of 1525 mts above mean sea level. It traverse some 290 kms to join Brahmaputra on its southern bank near Nagaon -in Assam. The Umrong nallah is a tributary of Kopili river in laintia Hills district of Meghalaya. The Kopili Hydro Electric Project is built across Kopili river and Umrong nallah. Initiated in 1953 the work on this project was taken up in phases. The main objective of this project is the socia-economic development of the country at large and that of North Eastern Region in particular. FAUNAL RESOURCES The task of making an inventory of the faunal elements of the' project site was entrusted to Eastern Regional Station of Zoological Survey of India, Shillong., Altogether eight survey tours were conducted to the project site (July, 1998 to October, 2000) and taxonomic studies and identification of the materials collected were done by experts from Eastern Regional Station, Shillong and Head quarters, Kolkata. The following chapters reflect the various faunal groups studied : Rotifera, Freshwater Cladocera, Decapoda, Hemiptera (Water Bugs), HA1 TA R : An Overview 3 E:LECTR ~CRT:i Et:.S"TE.R:'~ C~· POVVE.R Cr.:R?C~AT!ON LTJ L~ Y O:J':' PLAN Of KO?~t..1 H.E. PRO,",ECT (SMO'H'NG 1ST STAGE !::X1" G::; S~ON ) 4 Fauna of Kopili Hydro Electric Project site, Wetland Ecosystem Series Aquatic coleoptera, Mollusca, Pisces and Amphibia. Since Dermaptera and Reptilia (Snakes) ·Nere collected from the catchment areas of the project sites faunal details have been included in the Table-I. Table 1. : Faunal details of the project site. Taxonomic group Family Genera Species Rotifera 7 10 30 Cladocera 7 11 15 Crustacea : Decapoda 3 5 6 Insecta: Dermaptera 4 6 7 Insecta: Hemiptera: (Water Bugs) 3 5 11 Insecta: Aquatic Coleoptera 3 6 10 Mollusca 7 9 24 Amphibia 2 4 4 Reptilia 3 5 5 Pisces 10 19 32 Total 49 80 144 Fau.naof Kopi/i Hydro Electric Project site PLATE I Fig. 1. : Front view of Khandong Dam. Fig. 2. : Opposite view of KhandongDam. Fauna ofK opili HyHro Electric Project site PLATE II Fig. 3. : Khandong feservOlras viewed from the dyke. Fig. 4. : Another vi'ew of Khandong reservoir.