Fast Track UML 2.0 KENDALL SCOTT APress Media, LLC Fast Track UML 2.0 Copyright o 2004 by Kendall Scott Originally published by Apress in 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording. or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. ISBN 978-1-59059-320-2 ISBN 978-1-4302-0720-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4302-0720-7 1iademarked names may appear in this book. Rather tban use a trademark ~1 witb every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names ooly in an editorial fashion and to tbe benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infrinpm.ent of the trademark. Technical Reviewer: Doug Holland Editorial Board: Steve Anglin, Dan Appleman, Gary Cornell, James Cox, Tony Davis, John Franklin, Chris Mills, Steve Rycroft, Dominic Shakeshaft, Julian Skinner, Jim Sumser, Karen Watterson, Gavin Wray, John Zukowski Assistant Publisher: Grace Wong Project Manager: Kylie Johnston CopyBditor: John Edwards Production Manager: Karl Brooks Proofreader: Katie Stence Compositor: ContentWorks Cover Designer: Kurt Krames Manufacturing Manager: Tom Debolski The information in this book is distributed on an •as is" hasis, without warranty. Although every precaution bas been taken in tbe preparation of this worlc, neither the autbor(s) nor Apress shall have any Uability to any person or entitywith respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by tbe information contained in this wolk. Contents at a Glance Introduction .......................................................x i Chapter 1 Classes ...............................................1 Chapter 2 Class Relationships ................................2 5 Chapter 3 Class and Object Diagrams .........................4 1 Chapter 4 Use Cases ............................................4 9 Chapter 5 Packages .............................................6 1 Chapter 6 Events, Actions, and Activities ...................6 7 Chapter 1 State Machines ......................................9 1 Chapter 8 Interactions .......................................1 01 Chapter 9 Components, Deployment, and Higher-Level Modeling ........................1 21 Chapter 10 Profiles, Templates, and Information Flows .....1 33 Appendix Stereotypes .......................................1 39 Glossary ...........................................................1 45 Bibliography ......................................................1 63 Index ..............................................................1 65 iii Contents Acknowledgments ....................................................i x Introduction ........................................................x i Chapter 1 Classes .............................................. 1 Classes and Objects ................................................1 Discovering Classes ................................................5 Attribute and Operatia n Details ................................... 7 Visibility ........................................................... 7 More About Attributes ...............................................9 More About Operations ............................................ 1O Abstract Classes ...................................................1 3 Active Classes .....................................................1 4 Interfaces, Ports, and Connectors ...............................1 4 Interna! Class Structure ......................................... .1 6 Collaborations .....................................................1 9 other Stereotypes on Classes .....................................2 0 Looking Ahead ......................................................2 3 Chapter 2 Class Relationships ............................. 25 Associations .......................................................2 5 Aggregation .........................................................2 8 Generalization .....................................................3 1 Dependencies .......................................................3 4 Usage Dependencies ...............................................3 4 Abstraction Dependencies ..........................................3 5 Permission and Substitution Dependencies ...........................3 8 Association Classes ...............................................3 9 Looking Ahead ......................................................4 0 Chapter 3 Class and Object Diagrams .................... 41 Class Diagrams .....................................................4 1 Domain-Level Class Diagrams ...................................... .41 Analysis-Level Class Diagrams ..................................... .43 V Contents Design-Level Class Diagrams ....................................... .44 Object Diagrams ................................................... .47 looking Ahead ......................................................4 7 Chapter 4 Use Cases .......................................... 49 Actors and Use Cases ............................................. .49 Qualities of a Good Use Case .....................................5 1 Example Use Cases ..................................................5 3 Organizing Use Cases ............................................. .5 6 Include ...........................................................5 6 Extend ...........................................................5 7 Use Case Generalization ............................................5 8 Use Case Diagrams ..................................................5 9 looking Ahead ......................................................5 9 Chapter 5 Packages ........................................... 61 Package Fundamentals ..............................................6 1 Import and Access ..................................................6 3 Merging Packages ...................................................6 4 Package Diagrams ...................................................6 5 Looking Ahead ...................................................... 66 Chapter 6 Events, Actions, and Activities ............ 67 Signals, Triggers, and Events ....................................6 7 Actions .............................................................6 9 Intermediate Actions ............................................... 71 Complete Actions .................................................. 74 Activities, Activity Nodes, and Activity Edges ................ 77 Activities ......................................................... 77 Activity Nodes ..................................................... 78 Activity Edges .....................................................8 3 Activity Groups ....................................................8 4 Activity Partitions .................................................. 84 Interruptible Activity Regions .......................................8 5 Structured Activity Nodes .......................................... .8 6 Activit y Diagrams ..................................................8 7 looking Ahead ......................................................8 9 vi Contents Chapter 7 State Machines ................................... 91 States and Transitions ............................................9 1 Pseudostates .......................................................9 5 Composite States and Submachines .............................. .1 00 Sequential Substates ............................................. .1 00 Concurrent Substates ............................................ .1 01 Submachines ....................................................1 0 2 Protocol State Machines ......................................... .1 03 State Machine Diagrams ...........................................1 03 Looking Ahead .................................................... .1 04 Chapter 8 Interactions .................................... . 107 Interactions, Lifelines, and Messages ......................... .1 07 Interaction Fragments ............................................1 08 Combined Fragments .............................................1 08 Continuations ...................................................1 11 Event Occurrences ................................................1 12 Execution Occurrences ........................................... .1 12 Interaction Occurrences ...........................................1 13 Part Decompositions ..............................................1 13 State Invariants ..................................................1 14 Interacti~n Diagrams .............................................1 14 Sequence Diagrams ...............................................1 14 Communication Diagrams ......................................... 116 Interaction Overview Diagrams .....................................1 17 Timing Diagrams .................................................1 19 looking Ahead .....................................................1 19 Chapter 9 Components, Deployment, and Higher-Level Model ing ......................... 121 Components .........................................................1 21 Component Diagrams ...............................................1 23 Component Stereotypes ........................................... .1 26 Artif acts and Ma ni festations ................................... .1 27 Nodes ............................................................. .1 28 Deployment ........................................................ .1 29 Deployment Diagrams ............................................. .1 30 Frameworks, Subsystems, and Systems ........................... .1 31 Looking Ahead .....................................................1 32 vii Contents Chapter 10 Profiles, Templates, and Informat ion Flows .............................. 133 Profiles ...........................................................1 33 Templates ..........................................................1 36 Informat ion Flows .................................................1 38 Index ..............................................................1 39 Appendix Stereotypes ...................................... 139 Glossary ......................................................... 145 Bibliography .................................................... 163 Index ............................................................ . 165 viii Acknowledgments I'D LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE for having the patience to put up with the various eccentricities of this semistarving author: John Edwards, for doing such a fine job of copyediting; Doug Holland, for providing a fair and bal anced technical review; Kylie Johnston, who continued to manage the project despite some contentious commentary from yours truly; and John Zukowski, for signing me to the deal in the first place and also for assorted helpful semi technical commentary. l'd also like to thank the various and sundry Apress staff who contributed to the effort to get this to press. Finally, 1 must acknowledge my current muse, Jennifer Garner; it may appear at first glance that Ms. Garner doesn't offer any particularly muse-like qualities, but anyone who has seen Sydney Bristow in action knows what I'm talking about, 1 trust. Kendall Scott Harrison, Tennessee March2004 [email protected] http://kendallscott.com ix Introduction Why This Book? The Superstructure portion of the UML 2.0 specification with which I've been working is 7811 pages long. (Actually, it's "only" 632 pages long, but the point is that it's big.) This is the document that contains most ofthe "meat" that com prises the UML. However, the document is rather impenetrable for anyone who's not a "modeling junkie," which is basically why 1 wrote this book. In other words, 1 slogged my way through the spec so you don't have to. The result is a book that's aimed at a somewhat more sophisticated audience than my previous UML book.1 I'm assuming a certain level of knowledge of visual modeling in general; it's probably helpful ifyou know something about UML l.x, too, but that's certainly not a requirement. 1 haven't dane any "here's what's new in this version of UML" comparisons-I've just jumped in and taken a fresh look. Since the UML is, after all, a visuallanguage, there are lots of diagrams. I've offered light supplementary text for most of them; my hope is that the examples I've chosen explain themselves for the most part. Where 1 have particular exper tise over and above what the UML is specific about-discovering classes and writing use case text-1 offer what 1 hope is useful advice. Where 1 don't have particular expertise-anything related to components, for instance-1 provide references to books that I've found helpful over the past several years. (1 was actually coauthoring a book on component-based development for a while, but that book bas not yet been published. It may carne back to life; watch for it in your bookstore!) 1 made my living as a technical writer for 16 years, translating complicated subject matter into reader-friendly documents and manuals. Now 1 eam my keep writing books and working as a trainer and mentor, teaching people about the UML and about the approach to software development that Rosenberg and Scott2 advocate. I'd like to think that this book retlects my experience and-hey, why not?-wisdom. 1 Kendall Scott, UML Explained (Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2001). 2 Doug Rosenberg with Kendall Scott, Use Case Driven Object Modeling with UML (Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1999). xi