&rm Shoe and Eauipment by: Delbert P. Schwab, revisor Published by: Cumberland General Store Route 3, Box 479 Crossville, TN 38555 USA Paper copies are $ 1.50. Available from: Cumberland General Store Route 3, Box 479 Crossville. TN 38555 USA Reproduction of this microfiche document in any form is subject to the same restrictions as those of the original document. Revised by EELBERT P. SCHWAB -- Farm machinery js important to self.-s:~ffi~ir~r.(.v. ERective care and repair of fam machinery requires an or- ganized farm shop. as well equipped as pussitAe. to supplemrl:t~ the \vork of repair shops:, blacksmiths, etc. Every farmer has about the place an assortment of tools. It is no\v more important than ever before that he should carefully get this assortment together, put it in good shape fur service and keep it in such manner that 1o.d or misl~lawti items \vill show up at once. This publication offers suggested assortment of tools, special tools. and how to keep and care for them. The purpose of the farm shop is to provide a drv. well-lighted .~hel~cr for small tcxils used in the necessary construction and repair \vurk \I!1 the farn:. antI a comfortable, conveniently arranged work room in xvhich some of this work may be done. This is a mechanical age in farming; nearly every kind of farm \vork is being done \vith the aid of son 2 mechanical labor-saving de- vict:. I*‘arm buildinx.s are subject to Deterioration and mechanical indur::. anti XII machinery will in time wear out or get broken. There- t‘~lrt~. a considerable amount of repair work is necessary, and every i‘arltier tlatjs more or !e,ss of this repair work himself. IMPORTANCE OF FARM SHOP 11 is impossible to estimate in dollars the value of a good farm >hol~ that is properly equipped and attended. Reliable sources esti- :n:iie iin annua! saving of S5.47 per each $100.00 of investment in farm machinery alone, where the farmer makes all minor repairs and ad- justments. This annual saving, on a farm equipped with $2,000 worth of machinery, would pay for the shop equipment kvithin 4 to 6 years. dicatlon of the in- creasing need for good farm shops is the increasing use of tractors and other power equipment in farming. In 1945, the Census shows there were over 24,000 tractors on Tennessee farms, while in 1950 the tractor pop- ulation exceeds 55,000. There has been a corresponding increase in Fig. L ~~Machi”er,- shed. many other items of equipment found on the farm. It tvill be more profitable in the future if repairs and deprecia- tion on this expensive farm equipment can be kept to a minimum by systematic home repair and maintenance made possible by the pos- session of a farm shop equipped with the proper tools to make re- pairs quickly and at a reasonable cost. LABOR ANB MONEY SAVING ADVANTAGES To .Qummarize, the farmer who has the ability and actually does his .jiml)ltr farm shop work saves: 1. in cash outlay. 2. Valuable time by doing repair work in shop during rainy or bad weather. 3. By doing emergency shop work during rush seasons. 4. By adjusting or adapting tools and equipment to fit the farm needs. 5. By making certain tools, appliances, or conveniences that may )~e needed and otherwise are not available. 3 6. By eliminating travel and expense of taking shop work away from the farm to be done. WiiAT W3RK SHOULD BE DONE IN THE FARM SHOP? .JI‘i-li!e some farmers fmd a welder an excellent addition Tao their farm shop, most farmers do not find it advisable to attempt the more difficult shop jobs, such as welding, sharpening plowshares, iathe work. and cabinet work. for one of two reasons: either they lack the ability to do the job properly, or there is not bnough such work to justify the investment that would be necessary for tools. A large amount of farm equip- ment is now built on the precision principles followed in the manufac- turing of an automobile and it would scarcely be worth while for a farmer to attempt to keep a shop adequately equipped to do major overhaul jobs ?n such machinery. However, there is such a difference between the hour- ly farm wage and the hourly me- chanic’s wage, that a farmer cannot afford to have mechanics do many of the simpler repair jobs. Therefore, a i modest repair shop equipped to do A9 . . . . . . . . rnese simpler ~00s woula De most de- sirable. A repair shop equipped for Fig. 2--Floor Plan for Shop in End of Machinerr shed. (se YOY~ COU~W Agent for COIWM~ PISII. the complex major overhaul jobs No. 5696, which contains bill of material and would not be advisable unless the simi’ar arra”peme”t.’ farmer has the mechanical inclination and can do repair work for his neighbors as well as his own, thus justifying the expenditure for the necessary equipment. Each individual must use his own judgment as to whether it is best to attempt the more difficult shop jobs himself or to hire them done; but in the case of the more ordinary repair and construction jobs there is little choice. The farmer must usually do these jobs him- self or they will not be done. COMMON TYPES OF SHOP WORK The kind of shopwork to be done must be definitely in mind if one is to decide intelligently on the design of the shop building and select the list of tools and materials to be purchased. The following list is not complete, but is representative of the kinds of shopwork done profitably by farmers. Woodwork. Construction of small buildings, and equipment, such as poultry houses, nests, feed bins, troughs, self-feeders, gates and hayracks, building forms for concrete work, removing rotted or broken parts of buildings and fitting new pieces, making and fitting new tongues, double-trees and other wood parts on implements, and fitting new handles in hand tools. Ironwork. Simple jobs in forging, such as cutting, bending, and shaping braces, drilling, thread cutting, removing worn and broken parts from implements and replacing them with new parts, making 4 adjustments to take up wear, and making adjustments in the field for different working conditions. Concrete Work. Building foundations, floors, walks, tanks, troughs. posts and the like. Fencing,. Setting posts, fitting braces and gates, stretching and fastening w1ro. Repair ( ‘lectrical Appliances, Automobiles, Trucks, and Trac- tors. Adjust bearings and other parts to take up wear, grinding \al\‘es. replacing worn parts and making other minor repairs and adjustments. Repair of Field Machinery. The emergency repair of plows, planters, binders, mowers, combines, and other farm machinery, and the occasional complete overhauling of this equipment. !?t’i;ell Work. Pulling and repairing pipes and rods and replacing worn leathers and valves in cylinders. Pipe Fitting. Installation of water pipes (mostly y&inch, Q- inch, I-inch sizes). Soldering. Repair of tinware, gutters and downspouts, and elec- tric wiring. Babbitting. Rebabbitting bearings on machinery. Belt Lacing. Relating or fastening belts for power machinery. Ropework. Rope splicing and knot tying. Harness Work. Cleaning and oiling, sewing and riveting new parts, and replacing hame staples. Lubrication. Every moving part of machinery should be amply supplied with the correct kind and grade of lubrictint. Painting. Painting small buildings, equipment and implements, coating plow moldboards and other bright parts with heavy oil, var- nish, or paint to prevent rust, and boiling wood wheels in linseed oil. Tool Sharpening. Sharpening mower knives, axes, saws, chisels, drill bits, and other tools. Norse Shoeing. Or removing horse shoes and trimming hoofs to prevent injury until shoeing’ can conveniently be done. DESIRABLE FEATURES IN A FARM SHOP 1. Shelter space sufficient to work on any one machine. 2. Protection from rain, from cold, ventilation from heat nnd smoke. 3. Good natural and artificial lighting. 4. Concrete or packed earth floor. 5. Wall space, cupboards, or drawers for tools. (Fig. 4) 6. Shelves, racks, bins, for parts, bolts, nails, etc. 7. Source of power for grinding, sawing, drilling, etc. 8. Space around every power tool to permit work on big pieces. 9. A central and convenient location. Farms employing four or more head of work stock shouid con- sider the plan shown in Figs. 1 and 2 a minimum for their needs. For smaller farms, space in an existing building, providing safety from .:parks and forge fires, can be used. It should contain bench, vise, anvil, tool grinder and such other equipment as space permits. 5 MINIMUM EQUIPMENT AND TOOL ARRANGEMENT First essentials are: vise and effective set of hand tools. FitI 3-Aftrr the shop huilcline or spslcc h;,r bwn rm,Vit,Ct,. the first essentiai is a goul work beech. Fie. 4 This arranwment ~“c”“raCES krep. :ng hand tOOk in orit. cwoiral ,<,ratio”. Fie. S--Every farm needs ?hlS minimum set Yip 6--When buvinc a vise, ronsidrr anr of toulr that can /he carried to the field with with swivd base and pine vise jaws. the rnc~ner. iilanter. driil. etc. F WELDING There are now two types of welding equipment in common use, the electric arc and the oxy-acetylene. The arc welder is faster and costs less to use, but lacks the range and flexibility found in oxy- acery!ene equipment. At present, equipment for either type? includ- ing any necessary accessories, can be reasonably purchased. Electric Welder On most rural iines, an electric welder of 180 amperes is suf- iicient for normal repair work ,on the farm. Whiie the arc welder is best adapted for the fabricatian and repair of ‘steei parts, with a litt!r esperience a person can learn to weld cast iron, aluminum, and other metals with it. Ox?;-Acetylene Welder !n some areas of Tennessee, the oxy-acetylene welder can be used without renting tal:ks as done bv most professional welding shops, ~yara:res. etc., and paying a denlurrage or fee for each day over 30 days&the tank is kept. There is a lease arrangement for small users of g:~ ITthereby a long-term lease is given on the tanks and when the tank is emptyS the operator exchanges the tank and purchases only the gs,s, X per.son may- purchase the. : QA tanks, but he is required by Ian tc~ keep record of the tanks bearing the serial number registered in h.is name. For the smail user with only two tanks. this means ‘ke -;!ay be without gas for a ;>rrind of ten days to rwo we+ks while !h .e::lpty :a.nks are being re-charger! or refilled. For most,, ihe long- !erm :L.XX is the most desirable arrangement. Ele oxg-acetylene welder is particulari- valuable as a tool to braze tir brorze-weld and to cut s,trel and iron. Where a person has su&:it!nt Fvork to ,justif:; both arc and oxg-acetylene welders, each welder complements the other. For the average farmer who can ,justi:- only one welder, the electric arc welder is always ready to use, economica: to operate, and can be tised for neariy everv type of we!dmn needed on the farm. A welder is usuallv a sound invest- ment on Z’arms lvhere there is a considerable investment in machin- ery, as many broken parts can be repaired on the farm rather than a time-taking trip into town to a garage. Possibly the most essential farm shop equipment-and equally important as the vise and drill-is the grinding equipment. one tspe of Frindstone is shown in FIG. 9, litable for lilw tui”di”yi. Anuther. FiE II. suitable for a variety of td ~rintling jobs. he rrindrr ill Fia. 12 Will do all nrindi”: wk. irum the finr t”“ls t” ,110” .shnres .I”,, “IVPl sickleu. Fig. 9--A rood and inex*ensiw electric r:rinder with teal grindinn UhCPI, sickle grimier. anIl disk holder eQuipme”t, ‘DUI!Pd h? 2 port?.L4e farm eirctrie motor. It must be remembered that large grinding wheels cannot be driven at high speeds; the most satisfactory, safe speed for grinding wheels from 4” to 16” is indicated in table below. Dlomefw of Wheel -, Surfoc. sp.afJ l”rfar* speed surflaw *“setI 0, ,000 1.d sf 1mo hat u, mofl f.., inches R.P.M. 4 ................................................ 3,820 5 ............. ..................... .......... 3,056 6....~ ........................................... 2,546 7 ................................................ 2,183 a ................................................ 1,910 1 0 ................................................ 1,528 12.......~ ...................................... 1,273 14..~ ............................................ 1,09 16 ............................................... 955 R.P.M. 4,775 3,820 2,728 2.387 1,910 1,592 1,364 1,194 -- R.P.M. 5,730 4,584 3,820 3,274 I 2,865 2,292 1,910 1,637 1,432 - 8 “SNAP-ON” SOCKET WRENCHES SOLDERING IRON SCENT SINGLE END TINNERS’ SNIPS SOLID DRIVE PUNCH BOLT CUTTEB ALIGNING STEEL WIRE SCRATCH iSEE LIST C TOOL “C” CLAMP 1/4 - 3/8 - I&? - S/8 - 314 PIPE WRENCHES STILLSON PATTERN FLATFILE RIVET SET- R DRIFT PUNCH DUALPURPCEE PUNCH ITHER SUGGESTED IN PAGE 14) The next essential in a farm shop is drilling equipment. Fix io--A n,cct slti5f8rtor? ,,,iiii”C C.!“ip. Fit. 11 ~~~ The L,/<! C”l?iP”thn”l ,,art drill is mrnc is the “i‘W!$P dlii!, Chiih <:a,, br Ih<. hst e.,,r”‘iw vie nx, Cc+!, bc Ill”. ~,““II1U, “l, il h<,m>t~mi,de St,,,,<: iI3 r.,i<w,,. ‘vitl~d with ndjustnblv churl\ for any type 111 I!rtii<!hd from I,,,. ct.4,:d 8,111 “sld an, rllund rbank’bit. ,!i”C8? in i,,e ihU,,. 1”~ l/4” CONNECTING STRRPS- 12” LONG i/2 ” “c- EL EC TRf C DRILL B COIL SPRING -3L Fig. W-Stand for Electric Drill. L ‘. -I- REAM CROSS TO ,SLlAF OtER 3/4” PIE - Note Drill in Fig. 13 on same plan 11 SHARPENING AND GRINDING BITS P---,s ‘.‘--I. I%. IS.--Details for Holding. Grindins, and Testing a Drill. FIR. LCi--Fili”!J the Outside of the spur of an ~uaer hit ,kt file touch screw and lip gently,. ail. IS-Cleaning an Awer Bit with steel wod. via. ,,--Parts of an Auser Bit and where to file. 12 A PRACTICAL FORGE UNIT FOR THE MORE EXTENSIVE FARM SHOP Fie. MW,#, Mr. turn , Tad P.r,,md am.“P, ,*br** ddd Li.” .4-‘#=,rh Ckon L-2 18 --EReetive repair work on larger farms can hardly be done without the forse. Good arrangement shown in small insert -anvil no more than 2’ irom forge and port vise at ril.ht. ior light work. car rlralgiltenlng. FiC. 2”--Farm Sh,,~S. lither with or rith”“t form HI”iP. mrnt. are noi com.plete without b!<W torch for rold+“F l,T heatinK stulh0rn bolts and pins, warmine “E cold hraees and iron parts of farm rmchinerv for bendine 13 USE OF THE HAND HACK SAW Notice proper method for holding hack saw. Fin. 21 ~Whe” cutting off bob, remenl- txi to Icrew nut Sll the way “P 0” the threads first. Then when bolt is cut. ““- screwinn nut will straighten e.ny battered Lhresds. Bow to Select Hack saw Blades-It is wry immortant in cuttine metal with hand back saw blades. for the best e~eieney. to use a blade with the proper number of teeth per inch for the material to be cut. The foilawina dis~rams will elearlr illustrate. OTHER MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT Fig. 24 - ~ZL ’ x3 ii -0 CuTl>ooqLAR~ mm’ HoLi In c-k.Jv;d &T v k tNJ)Wq ~-OR DWIT mended. Fig. 23 --Left. plenty of chip &.w...~~. blade will not elop. Right. teeth too Rne, “” chip ckmranee. For cutting round bars of soft metals or large sections it is best aecomp,lisbed by using blades with 14 teeth per inch. No farm shop is complete with- out a stove, sawhorse, and tool box. (Figures 24, 25, 26) ZWIALL col-l-lleNT~ Fig. 26 FOR JTARCO AN0 WI,5 FLAREOFLEG Fix. ?i-It is eO”Ye”ient to have pinchers Fig. 28~ Far work on farm mechinery on for removing h0r.e shoes. clippers for darker daya. a” extension cord with lamp trimming, and file and rasp for shapina. reflector and bulb protector is most useful even if the horse shoeing job is not done shop equipment. on the farm vihere the mo*t “8e is msde of tw,s in CarDenter Work. in addition *o to& on page 9, a plane. K&d steel tape. and other tools CB” be added. If PiYmbing work is a constant necessity. pipe vise, Other DiPe wrenches B”ti a set of pipe threaders am a mad investment. Fencing an some farms may call for special pliers. stretchers. etc. Concrete and Stone Work is another job that may call for other tools.