Farm Animal Medicine and Surgery For Small Animal Veterinarians I would like to dedicate this book to all the veterinary students that I have had the privilege of helping with their learning, starting with Shartry and Ramazan in Mombasa in 1967 and continuing through to my daughter Amelia in 2013. They have all helped me and taught me so much about life in general. I hope they will enjoy their veterinary careers as much as I have and find this book useful. Farm Animal Medicine and Surgery For Small Animal Veterinarians Dr Graham R. Duncanson BVSc, MSc (VetGP), DProf, FRCVS Equine and Farm Animal Practitioner, Westover Veterinary Practice, UK CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncey Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Tel: +1 (0)617 395 4051 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © G.R. Duncanson 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Duncanson, Graham R. Farm animal medicine and surgery : for small animal veterinarians / Graham R. Duncanson. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-882-6 (hb) -- ISBN 978-1-84593-883-3 (pb) 1. Veterinary medicine--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Animal health--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. C.A.B. International. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Animal Diseases--therapy. 2. Animal Diseases--diagnosis. 3. Livestock. 4. Poultry. 5. Surgical Procedures, Operative--veterinary. SF 745] SF745.D86 2013 636.089--dc23 2012025557 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 882 6 (hbk) ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 883 3 (pbk) Commissioning editor: Sarah Hulbert Editorial assistant: Emma McCann Production editor: Shankari Wilford Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India. Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Printgroup Ltd. Contents Foreword vii Abbreviations ix Introduction xiii 1 Veterinary Equipment 1 2 Veterinary Medicines 8 3 Cattle Medicine 27 4 Cattle Surgery 54 5 Sheep and Goat Medicine 82 6 Sheep and Goat Surgery 122 7 South American Camelid (SAC) Medicine 143 8 South American Camelid (SAC) Surgery 166 9 Pig Medicine 182 10 Pig Surgery 198 11 Domestic Poultry Medicine and Surgery 207 12 Notifi able Diseases 223 13 Zoonotic Diseases 228 Glossary 237 References 243 Index 245 The colour plates can be found following p. 146 v This page intentionally left blank Foreword What constitutes a large animal emergency? Is it every farm call for the mixed practice vet with the 5% farm animal caseload? Is it the dreaded phone call to see a farrowing sow while being the duty vet on call? What about the new graduate vets panicking over the large animal out of hours rota with thoughts of caesareans, uterine prolapses, unpackings, chokes, embryotomies, fractures and ditch rescues racing through their minds? Or is it simply the 5 a.m. call to the experi- enced veterinarian at 10 degrees below freezing with snow expected and farmer Giles informing you that ‘The heifer in the field down yonder is off colour’ and you get there to find a blown, recumbent heifer that has been attempting to calve a dead rotten calf for the past 6 hours! These are among some of the unbelievably impossible and truly unimaginable situa- tions we commonly find ourselves presented with when working as veterinarians. We often feel inexperienced and ill prepared to deal with the daunting tasks that we are presented with in both a correct and effective manner, especially if 90% of our caseload is small animal biased! This book is intended as a quick reference (to keep in your car!) guide to those com- mon large animal emergencies that we can be faced with as practising veterinarians. The author uses his vast knowledge and lifelong experiences in both the UK and abroad to summarize some of the most common, and indeed uncommon, medical and surgical situ- ations encountered in large animal practice. In a simple yet comprehensive way, the author aims to both inform and settle the reader with the goal of providing the veterinar- ian with the essential information required to become better equipped and prepared when dealing with an emergency – while at all times keeping the animal’s well-being at the forefront. As a new graduate veterinarian myself, I feel we are often overwhelmed and underpre- pared for the harsh realities that face us in large animal practice. We are thrown in at the deep end upon graduation, and the reality of this in my experience is often vastly different from college textbooks and theory! This book is practically minded, focusing more on the ‘how tos’ as opposed to the ‘whys?’, and provides a logical and rational approach to large animal cases with the author’s wealth of experience to back it up. As my guide and mentor as a newly qualified veterinarian, the author of this book, Graham Duncanson, can only be described as a true inspiration. His enthusiasm for life and vii viii Foreword work is exceptional, along with his desire to continue to develop himself professionally. He is a very ‘hands on’ teacher and is happy to share his wealth of experience with others. His posi- tive ‘can do’ attitude and kind-hearted, encouraging nature towards veterinary students and younger members of the profession is admirable and something we should all aspire to achieve. Katie Rosslee BSc (Hons) BVetMed MRCVS Abbreviations (excluding disease and virus names) ad lib As much as desired AGID Agar gel immunodiffusion AI Artificial insemination ASF African swine fever AST Aspartate aminotransferase BCS Body condition score BHC Benzene hexachloride bid Twice daily BUN Blood urea nitrogen C Celsius CAE Caprine arthritis and encephalitis cal Calorie CCN Cerebrocortical-necrosis CFT Complement fixation test CK Creatine kinase CLA Caseous lymphadenitis cm Centimetre CNS Central nervous system C-NS Coagulase-negative staphylococci CSF Cerebrospinal fluid (also used for ‘classical swine fever’) CT Controlled test cu. Cubic Cu Copper DEET Diethyl-meta-toluamide DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation DM Dry matter DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid EAE Enzootic abortion of ewes ECG Electrocardiogram EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid e.g. For example ix