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FANNY ALGER AND JOSEPH SMITH'S PRE-NAUVOO REPUTATION PDF

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F A J S ’ ANNY LGER AND OSEPH MITH S P -N R RE AUVOO EPUTATION * Brian C. Hales FOROVER150YEARS, skeptics from E. D. Howe to Fawn Brodie and beyondhavepaintedapictureofJosephSmith,evenbeforeNauvoo, as that of a man who at least sometimes trespassed the bounds of marital fidelity. Such writers present data and their interpretations of it that support about a decade of intermittent dalliances before 1839 that seemed to contravene Joseph’s own publicly proclaimed standards of chastity. Such an image obviously depends, at least to some extent, on reading backward from the practice of polygamy in Nauvootothe earlierperiod. But howaccurate is that picture? Ifwe were listening tothe gossip in Quincy, Illinois, in Mayof1839about theMormonprophet,whohadbeenallowedtoescapeamonthear- lier by his Missouri jailors, and if we were to read descriptions by non-Mormon writers in local newspapers, what sexual morals would be ascribed to the Mormon prophet? Would the clamor of previous amours mar affirmations from believers that he was a prophet? Or wouldthecomplaintsofnaysayersfocusonotherissues? In this article, I briefly examine all the extant accusations re- garding sexual impropriety and plural marriage against Joseph Smith—a total of nine—occurring before his 1839 arrival in * BRIANC.HALES{[email protected]}isananesthesiologistat DavisHospitalandMedicalCenterinLayton,Utah,andisthe2009presi- dentoftheDavisCountyMedicalSociety.HeistheauthorofModernPolyg- amy and Mormon Fundamentalism: The Generations after the Manifesto (Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2006), which received the “Best Book of 2007Award”fromtheJohnWhitmerHistoricalAssociation,andauthorof JosephSmith’sPolygamy:History,2vols.(SaltLakeCity:GregKoffordBooks, forthcoming).Heisthewebmasterofwww.mormonfundamentalism.com. HeexpressesappreciationtoDonBradleyandH.MichaelMarquardtfor their assistance in preparing this article. 112 BRIANC.HALES/JOSEPH’S PRE-NAUVOO REPUTATION 113 Nauvoo.**1 I evaluate each reported incident for its credibility and also for its potential to have influenced the Prophet’s reputation duringthe1830s.2***IgiveparticularattentiontoJosephSmith’srela- tionship with Fanny Alger and its aftermath. My conclusion, after analyzingtheavailableevidence,suggeststhat,priortoNauvoo,the Prophet’sgeneralreputationdidnotincludeallegationsofeitherli- ** 1Includedherearealloftheaccusationsbaseduponevenmoderately credibleevidencethatIhavebeenabletolocate.Ireadilyacknowledgethat myresearchmaynothavebeencompleteorthatadditionalpertinenthis- toricaldatamaybediscoveredinthefuture.Therefore,Idonotcondier this study to be the final word regarding issues it addresses *** 2Iexcludetwoallegationsasnotcredible.Thefirstisananonymous article,“OneofthePriesthood,”inSaintlyFalsity(SaltLake:SaltLakeTri- buneOffice,1885),1,2,whichclaims:“InameetingofaFemaleReliefSoci- ety,in1853,inthiscity,Mrs.Whitneytoldthesisterspresentthatshehad beensealedtoJosephfouryearsbeforethedateoftherevelationasgiven [1839]; Mrs. J________ [Zina Huntington Jacobs?] said she was sealed to him six years before that [1837]; Mrs. B______[Presendia Huntington Buell?]saidshewassealedtohimnineyearsbeforethat[1834];andElizaR. SnowSmithYoungaroseanddeclaredthatshewassealedtohimlongbe- foreanyofthem[pre-1834].”Asecondisfromanevenlaterpublicationby A.TheodoreSchroederinSomeFactsConcerningPolygamy(SaltLakeCity: n.p.,1898),3,9,whichrepeatssomeofthefaultyinformationfromSaintly Falsity:“Atorpriorto1835,theProphethadtakenintohishouseholdEliza R.SnowwhoadmitsherselftohavebeenapolygamouswifeoftheProphet. ...ShegoesoutofherwaytojustifyherpresenceintheSmithhouseholdby sayingthatshe‘WasteachingtheProphet’sfamilyschool....’Therealtruth doubtlessisthatshewasevenin1835,apluralwifeoftheProphet.Accord- ingtoapostates,ElizaR.Snowstatedin1853,beforeameetingofthe‘Fe- maleReliefSociety,’thatshewassealedtoJosephSmithnineyearsbefore thedateoftherevelation[D&C132,writtenJuly12,1843],makingit1834. ...Asearlyas1833[theconductoftheSaints]wassuchastomaketheir neighbors believe that they were practically polygamists, and although Rigdonasearlyas1835tookapluralwife,whichmusthavebeenknownto the prophet, and notwithstanding that[,] probably Smith had already en- teredthepolygamicstatewithElizaR.Snow.”Thehistoricalinaccuraciesin thesetwodocumentsaretoonumeroustojustifyseriousconsideration,be- ginningwiththefactthattheReliefSocietyhadnotbeenreconstitutedin 1853.However,thesetypesofstatementsarenotuncommoninthehistori- cal record and were apparently believed by many. 114 The Journal of Mormon History centiousness orpolygamy. NINEACCUSATIONSOFSEXUAL MISCONDUCT Athoroughsearchofavailablehistoricalrecordsidentifiesnine suchaccusations.Inbriefoverview,herearethenamesofthewomen reportedlyinvolved,theindividualallegingtherelationshipwithJo- sephSmith,theyearoftheallegedincident,andwhereitsupposedly occurred. 1.ElizaWinters,accordingtoLeviLewisallegedlyquotingMar- tin Harris, became involved with Joseph Smith in 1827–29 in New York. 2.JosiahStowell’sdaughters,accordingtotheBroomeCounty (NewYork)prosecutor,becameinvolvedwithJosephSmithin1830in NewYork. 3.WilliamBondallegedthatJosephSmithwasinvolvedwith“a certainwoman”in1829–30inPennsylvania. 4.MarindaNancyJohnson,accordingtoClarkBraden,became involvedwithJosephSmithin1832inOhio. 5.ViennaJacques,accordingtoNancyMariaSmithAlexander, becameinvolvedwithJosephSmithin1833inOhio. 6.FannyAlgerwasreportedlyinvolvedinarelationshipwithJo- sephSmithin1835inKirtlandaccordingtoseveraldifferentindivid- uals. Because this episode was substantive and generated consider- ablecommentaryandcontroversy,Iwilldiscussitlast,outoforder,af- terdealingwiththeothereightallegations. 7. According toSidneyRigdon’s modernbiographer, Richard S.VanWagoner,AthaliaandNancyRigdon,twoofRigdon’sdaugh- ters,hadarelationshipwithJosephin1837inOhio. 8.AccordingtoWilhelmWyl,SarahPratttoldhimthatLucinda PendletonMorganHarriswasinvolvedwithJosephSmithin1838in Missouri. 9.MaryEttie V.CoraySmithclaimedthatPresendiaHunting- tonBuellwasinvolvedwithJosephSmithin1939inMissouri. ELIZAWINTERS TwooftheallegationsreportedlyoccurredwhiletheProphetre- sided in New York. The first is a one-sentence statement in Eber D. Howe’s Mormonism Unvailed (1834), the first anti-Mormon book to reachprint:“LeviLewisstates,thathehasbeenacquaintedwithJoseph SmithJr.andMartinHarris,andthathehasheardthembothsay,adul- BRIANC.HALES/JOSEPH’S PRE-NAUVOO REPUTATION 115 terywasnocrime.HarrissaidhedidnotblameSmithforhis(Smith’s) attempttoseduceElizaWintersetc.”3***Technically,Lewis’sstatementis not a charge of illicit sexual activity, but a report of an “attempted” (thereforeunsuccessful)seduction,probablycomingthird-handfrom two antagonistic sources. This statement is sometimes misquoted re- portingthatLeviLewisaccusedJosephSmithoftryingtoseduceEliza Winters,ratherthanLewisallegedlyquotingMartinHarris.4**** Whethersuccessfulornot,suchachargeisaseriousaccusation whenleveledatareligiousleader,buttheallegedstatementisprob- lematic for several reasons, including plausibility. If, in fact, Joseph Smithstatedthat“adulterywasnocrime,”itwasaverysingularstate- ment that he contradicted repeatedly and consistently in his subse- quent teachings on the subject. Neither is there any record that the Prophetreactedtothisallegationduringhislifetime.Itappearsthat heeitherwasunawareofitorbelieveditunworthyofresponse. Born in Delaware in 1812, Eliza Winters apparently moved to Harmonypriorto1829.Ihavefoundnoevidencethatsheinteracted withJosephSmithorhisfamilythere.Onelaterecollectionstatesthat shewasafriendofEmmaSmith.5+Elizaherselfleftnostatementcon- cerningthereportedseductionattemptwhichpurportedlyoccurred inthelate1820s.However,duringherlifetime,shehadatleasttwo perfect opportunities to corroborate Lewis’s alleged statement, but failedinbothinstancestodoso.Thefirstoccurredin1833whenMar- tinHarrisaccusedherofhavinggivenbirthtoa“bastardchild.”Eliza *** 3Eber D. Howe, Mormonism Unvailed: Or, A Faithful Account of That SingularImpositionandDelusionfromItsRisetothePresentTime(Painesville: Author, 1834), 268. **** 4Seeforexample,GeorgeD.Smith,NauvooPolygamy:“…butwecalled itcelestialmarriage,”(SaltLakeCity:SignatureBooks,2008),29;DanVogel, Early Mormon Documents, 5 vols. (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002), 4:296,andhisJosephSmith:TheMakingofaProphet(SaltLakeCity:Signature Books, 2004), 178; Grant H. Palmer, “Sexual Allegations against Joseph Smith, 1829–1835,” 1, n.d. [after 1999], unpublished manuscript, H. Mi- chaelMarquardtCollection,MarriottLibrarySpecialCollections,Univer- sity of Utah, photocopy in my possession. + 5Rhamanthus M. Stocker, Centennial History of Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania(Philadelphia:R.T.PeckandCompany,1887),557;quotedin Vogel,Early Mormon Documents, 4:346. 116 The Journal of Mormon History retaliated by suing Martin.6++Throughout the court proceedings, no one, including Eliza herself, mentioned a seduction attempt by Jo- sephSmith,andthecasewasdismissedduetojurisdictionproblems. Nearlyfiftyyearslater,theseventy-year-oldElizaWintershadan- otherchancetodisparageJosephSmithwhennewspapermanFreder- ickG.MatherinterviewedherinSusquehannaCounty,Pennsylvania, specificallytogatherderogatorystatementsabouttheProphetfrom hisformeracquaintances.Intheinterview,MatherrecordedElizaas saying“JoeSmithnevermadeaconvertatSusquehanna,andalsothat his father-in-law became so incensed by his conduct that he threat- enedtoshoothimifheeverreturned.”7+++Notwithstandinghernega- tiverecollections,shefailedtomakeanyaccusationregardingJoseph Smith’s personal conduct toward her. Her apparent reticence to in- criminatetheProphetonthatoccasionispuzzlingiftheLewisallega- tionwastrue.8++++ Asnoted,theallegationwaspublishedin1834.However,itwas seldom,ifever,republishedduringtherestofthedecade,suggesting thatitdidnotinfluenceJosephSmith’spre-Nauvooreputationtoany greatextent.RichardLymanBushmanobserved:“Consideringhow eager the Palmyra neighbors were to besmirch Joseph’s character, their minimal mention of moral lapses suggest libertinism was not part of his New York reputation.”9*Marvin Hill concurred: “[It is a] factthatnoneoftheearliestanti-Mormonwriters,neitherDogberry ++ 6MarkB.NelsonandStevenC.Harper,“TheImprisonmentofMar- tin Harris in 1833,”BYU Studies45 (Fall 2006): 114–15. +++ 7Quoted in Vogel,Early Mormon Documents, 4:358; see also 314, 297 note 3. ++++ 8Ibid.,4:346,characterizedherapparentsilenceonthetopicas“an accusationsheneitherconfirmednordenied.”Itseemslikelythat,ifWin- tershaddeniedtheaccusation,Matherwouldnothaveincludedthatadmis- sion in his article, as it did not suit his purposes of disparaging Joseph Smith.Regardless,whileVogel’sassessmentinJosephSmith:TheMakingofa Prophet (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2004), 178, 619, may be techni- callytrue,thereisnowayofknowingwhetherthesubjectwasevenmen- tioned. Vogel treats Lewis’s report as somewhatcredible. See also Vogel, Early Mormon Documents, 4:296–97. * 9Richard Lyman Bushman, Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling (New York:AlfredA.Knopf,2005),323.Bushmancontinued:“OneofEmma’s cousinsbymarriage,LeviLewis,saidMartinHarrisspokeofJoseph’sat- BRIANC.HALES/JOSEPH’S PRE-NAUVOO REPUTATION 117 orE.D.Howe,chargeSmithwithsexualimmorality.”10** THE STOWELLSISTERS Thesecondincidentofallegedsexualimproprietytookplacein 1830 in Broome County, New York, where Joseph Smith was being tried,thoughtheexactnatureofthechargeisunknownsincenore- cordshavebeenlocated.Aspartoftheproceedings,thelocalprose- cutoraccusedJosephSmithofimproperconductwithtwoofJosiah’s daughters,probablyRhodaandMiriam,agestwenty-fiveandtwenty- three respectively.11***Joseph later recalled: “The court was detained for a time, in order that two young women (daughters to Mr. Stoal [sic])withwhomIhadattimeskeptcompany;mightbesentfor,inor- der,ifpossibletoelicitsomethingfromthemwhichmightbemadea pretextagainstme.Theyoungladiesarrivedandwereseverallyexam- ined,touchingmycharacter,andconductingeneralbutparticularly astomybehaviortowardsthembothinpublicandprivate,whenthey both bore such testimony in my favor, as left my enemies without a pretextontheiraccount.”12**** Sincenocriminalactivitywasdiscoveredorprosecuted,itsap- pealtonewspaperreaderswouldhavebeenminimal.Also,itseffect upon Joseph Smith’s reputation would have been either positive or neutral. “A CERTAINWOMAN” AthirdaccusationagainstJosephSmithappearedsixtyyearsaf- ter its alleged occurrence when William Bond, a resident of Erie County, Pennsylvania, published what he called a “history” of Mor- tempttoseduceElizabethWinters,afriendofEmma’sinHarmony.Butthe reportsaretenuous.Harrissaidnothingoftheeventinhismanydescrip- tions of Joseph, nor did Winters herself when interviewed much later.” ** 10MarvinS.Hill,“SecularorSectarianHistory?ACritiqueofNoMan Knows My History, in Newell G. Bringhurst, ed., Reconsidering No Man Knows My History: Fawn M. Brodie and Joseph Smith in Retrospect (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1996), 80. *** 11Dean C. Jessee, ed., The Papers of Joseph Smith: Volume 1, Autobio- graphicalandHistoricalWritings(SaltLakeCity:DeseretBook,1989),1:254 note 2. **** 12JosephSmith,“HistoryofJosephSmith,”TimesandSeasons4(De- cember 15, 1842): 41. See also Vogel,Early Mormon Documents, 1:118. 118 The Journal of Mormon History monismin1890.Heclaimed: In about the year 1829–30, Joseph Smith visited Erie County, Pennsylvania, oftenas hewaspassing from Ohio into westernNew York,andheldmeetingstogainproselytesintheMormonfaith.... Someoftheoldandmoresubstantialcitizens,HenryTeller,Ranson Bromley,HenrySlator,andothers,noticedanimproperintimacybe- tweenJosephSmithandacertainwoman,whichledtoafurtherinves- tigation of Smith’s character, and finally exposure of his improper conduct before one of these assemblies. Smith, however, having friends, still declared his innocence. The next evening a wooden horsewasfoundbeforetheinnwhereSmithwaslodging,andonthe horsewas written:“Assistancewill be givenby twelvegentlemen to mountthishorse(hebeinghigh),andiftheseatishardaquantityof feathersandtarshallnotbewithheldtomakethejourneypleasant,as heisafastrider.”IneednotinformyouSmithwasseennomorein that vicinity.13+ Thisverylateaccountisproblematicinseveralrespects.Mostse- riously,thechronologyofJosephSmith’stravelscontradictsthealle- gations.Joseph’sfirsttripthroughErieCountywaswithEmmawhen theywerewestboundfromFayette,NewYork,in1831.Erie,Pennsyl- vania, is located about eightymiles east ofKirtland, Ohio. It is true that Joseph traversed this area several times in ensuing years. Since BondidentifiesproselytizingasoneofJoseph’spurposesinentering thecounty,themostlikelyvisitforthiswoodenhorseincidentwould have been in October 1833, when, accompanied by Sidney Rigdon andFreemanNickerson,JosephvisitedSpringville,ErieCounty,for twodays.Hewrote:“Alargeandattentivecongregationassembledat Brother Rudd’s in the evening, to whom we bore our testimony.”14++ Thenextday,hecrossedthecounty,arrivingatElkCreek,stillinthe county. Noextant records suggest that anything untoward occurred orthatJosephwasharassedbylocalswhowishedtoretaliateforsome currentorpreviousindiscretion.Inadditiontothisvisit,Josephalso cameintothecounty(1)inOctober1832,accompaniedbyNewelK. WhitneytoacquiregoodsforastoreinKirtland;(2)inFebruary1834 + 13WilliamBond,TheEarlyHistoryofMormonism...(Portland,Ore.: Schwab Brothers, 1890), 18–19. ++ 14JosephSmithetal.,HistoryoftheChurchofJesusChristofLatter-day Saints,editedbyB.H.Roberts,7vols.,2ded.rev.(SaltLakeCity:Deseret Book, 1948 printing), 1:416. BRIANC.HALES/JOSEPH’S PRE-NAUVOO REPUTATION 119 accompanied by Parley P. Pratt to assemble volunteers for Zion’s Camp,and(3)inAugust1836,accompaniedbyHyrumSmith,Sidney Rigdon,andOliverCowderyinanunsuccessfulefforttoraisefunds to stabilize the Kirtland Safety Society.15+++Furthermore, Cheryl HamonBean,whoresearchedLDSbaptismsinErieCountybetween 1831and1833,identifiesatleast122newmembersandfoundnoevi- dencethatJosephSmithhadearlierbeenaccusedofimproprietiesin thecounty.16++++ AsaseconddifficultywithBond’sallegations,itseemsunlikely thatsuchanevent,whichoccurredsemi-publiclyandinvolvedatleast twelve notable members of the community, had remained unmen- tioned for more than fifty years. Erie was geographically close to Kirtland. It seems improbable that the improprieties described wouldhavegoneunnoticedbyJoseph’senemieslikePhilastusHurl- burt,E.D.Howe,orGrandisonNewell.Theaccountstatesthat“sub- stantial citizens, Henry Teller, Ranson, Bromley Slator, and others” were informed.17*In addition, an “assembly” discussed Joseph’s im- proper conduct and determined a course of action, including the threatof“tarandfeathers.”Butagain,exceptforBond,norecordof thiscommunityeventexists,eitherinconnectionwithJosephSmith or,asfarasIhavebeenabletolearn,withanyoneelse.Inshort,this allegationrestssolelyuponBond’sunsupportedmemory. MARINDA NANCY JOHNSON ThefourthaccusationregardingJosephSmithinvolvedMarin- daNancyJohnson,bornJune28,1815,thedaughterofJohnandElsa Johnson of Hiram, Ohio. Joseph and Emma lived at the Johnson home during two separate periods, from September 1831 to April 1832andagainfromJulytoSeptember1832.Josephhadhealedher mother of a disability that prevented her from using her arm, and mostofthefamilyhadjoinedtheChurchin1831.Twoofherbroth- ers,LymanandLuke,wereamongthefirstTwelveApostleschosenin +++ 15J.ChristopherConkling,AJosephSmithChronology(SaltLakeCity: Deseret Book, 1979), 36, 53, 92. ++++ 16CherylHamonBean,“LDSBaptismsinErieCounty,Pennsylvania 1831–1833,Nauvoo Journal5, no. 2 (Fall 1993): 59–102, esp. 64–65. * 17Researchconfirmsthatthesemenwereindeedintheareaduring thetimeinquestion,butnoneleftanynegativerecordconcerningJoseph Smith. 120 The Journal of Mormon History Drawing by unknown artist, published in Charles Mackay, ed., The Mor- mons, or Latter-day Saints; with Memoirs of the Life and Death of JosephSmith,theAmericanMahomet,4thed.(London:OfficeoftheNa- tional Illustrated Library, 1851), 55; 1851 edition in my possession. 1835, though both later became disaffected. Luke reaffiliated with MormonismwhileLymandidnot. Marinda’sbrotherLuke,wroteanaccountofthemobbing,pub- lishedin1864: Inthefallof[sic;shouldbespringof]1832,whileJosephwasyet at my father’s [John Johnson], a mob of forty or fifty came to his house,afewenteredhisroominthemiddleofthenight,andCarnot MasondraggedJosephoutofbedbythehairofhishead;hewasthen seizedbyasmanyascouldgetholdofhim,andtakenaboutfortyrods BRIANC.HALES/JOSEPH’S PRE-NAUVOO REPUTATION 121 fromthehouse,stretchedonaboard,andtantalizedinthemostin- sultingandbrutalmanner;theytoreoffthefewnightclothesthathe hadon,forthepurposeofemasculatinghim,andhadDr.Dennison there to perform the operation; but when the Dr. saw the Prophet strippedandstretchedontheplank,hisheartfailedhim,andhere- fused to operate.18** Luke’s account does not attribute the intent to emasculate Jo- seph to sexual impropriety on his part; but Fawn Brodie retells the story, tellingly casting it as hearsay, “It is said that Eli Johnson de- mandedthattheprophetbecastrated,forhesuspectedJosephofbe- ing too intimate with his sister, Nancy Marinda.”19***In fact, Eli was Marinda’suncle(herfather’sbrother),notoneofherownbrothers. Furthermore,BrodiewasquotingClarkBraden,aChurchofChrist (Disciples) minister, who made the allegation of immorality in an 1884debatewithE.L.Kelley,counselorinthePresidingBishopricof theRLDSChurch.20****Frommyresearch,Bradenseemstohavebeen theveryfirstpersontoassertsexualimproprietyasamotiveforthe mob.Theaccusationwasnotincludedinanypublicationprinteddur- ingthefifty-twoyearspriortoBraden’s1884debatewithKelley,even thoughmanyreportedthetarringandfeatheringepisode. For example, in their 1861 publication, A Journey to Great Salt LakeCity,JulesRemyandJuliusBrenchleyfailtoaccuseJosephSmith ofanysexualimproprietywhendiscussingthe1832mobbing.21+Antag- onisticauthorJohnH.BeadleaccusesJosephSmithof“attemptingto ** 18“HistoryofLukeJohnson,”MillennialStar26(December31,1864): 834. See alsoMillennial Star27 (January 7, 1865): 5–7. *** 19FawnM.Brodie,NoManKnowsMyHistory:TheLifeofJosephSmith, the Mormon Prophet, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971), 119. **** 20E.L.KelleyandClarkBraden,PublicDiscussionoftheIssuesbetween the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and the Church of Christ(Disciples)HeldinKirtland,Ohio,BeginningFebruary12,andClosing March8,1884,betweenE.L.Kelley,oftheReorganizedChurchofJesusChristof Latter DaySaintsandClarkBraden,of the Churchof Christ(St.Louis:Clark Braden, 1884), 202. + 21JulesRemyandJuliusBrenchley,AJourneytoGreatSaltLakeCity,2 vols.(London:W.Jeffs,1861),1:282.Thisallegationisalsonotmentioned in the anonymous History of the Mormons (London: William and Robert Chambers, 1853), 16; A. M. Pigott, Mormonism: Its History, Doctrines, and Practices(London:AldineChambersandPaternosterRow,1853),14,and

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garding sexual impropriety and plural marriage against Joseph . became involved with Joseph Smith in 1833 in Ohio. 6. However, Tinney may have sim-.
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