3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 FANAROFF AND MARTIN’S NEONATAL-PERINATAL MEDICINE ISBN: 978-0-323-06545-0 Copyright © 2011, 2006, 2002, 1997, 1992, 1987, 1983, 1977, 1973, by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluat- ing and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fanaroff and Martin’s neonatal-perinatal medicine : diseases of the fetus and infant / [edited by] Richard J. Martin, Avroy A. Fanaroff, Michele C. Walsh. — 9th ed. p. ; cm. Other title: Neonatal-perinatal medicine Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-323-06545-0 1. Newborn infants—Diseases. 2. Fetus—Diseases. I. Martin, Richard J. II. Fanaroff, Avroy A. III. Walsh, Michele C. IV. Title: Neonatal-perinatal medicine. [DNLM: 1. Fetal Diseases. 2. Infant, Newborn, Diseases. 3. Perinatal Care. 4. Pregnancy Complications. WS 420 F1985 2010] RJ254.N456 2010 618.92’01--dc22 2010009656 Acquisitions Editor: Judy Fletcher Developmental Editor: Arlene Chappelle Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy Senior Project Manager: Celeste Clingan Design Direction: Lou Forgione Printed in United States Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To our spouses: Patricia, Roslyn, and Larry the Martin children and grandchild Scott & Molly; Sonya, Peter, & Mateo, the Fanaroff children and grandchildren Jonathan & Kristy; Jodi, Peter, Austin, & Morgan; and Amanda, Jason, & Jackson, and the Walsh children Sean and Ryan with love, admiration, and deep appreciation for their continued support and inspiration Contributors Jalal M. Abu-Shaweesh, MBBS Sundeep Arora, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve Attending Pediatric Gastroenterologist, Children’s University; Attending Neonatologist, Rainbow Babies Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota; Minnesota and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio Gastroenterology, St. Paul, Minnesota Respiratory Disorders in Preterm and Term Infants Disorders of Digestion Veronica H. Accornero, PhD Komal Bajaj, MD Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, University of Reproductive Genetics Fellow, MonteFiore Medical Center, Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Research Infants of Substance-Abusing Mothers Associate, Human Genetics Laboratory at Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York Heidelise Als, PhD Genetic Aspects of Perinatal Disease and Prenatal Diagnosis Associate Professor of Psychiatry (Psychology), Harvard Medical Jill E. Baley, MD School; Director of Neurobehavioral Infant and Child Studies, and Senior Associate in Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital; Research Professor of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School Associate in Newborn Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital; of Medicine; Medical Director, Neonatal Transitional Unit, Consulting Staff in Pediatric Psychology, Spaulding Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio Neurobehavioral Development of the Preterm Infant Perinatal Viral Infections; Schedule for Immunization of Preterm Infants Brenna L. Anderson, MD, MSCR Eduardo H. Bancalari, MD Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown Professor of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Miller School University, Providence, Rhode Island; Medical Staff, Women & of Medicine; Director, Division of Neonatology, University of Infant’s Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Consulting Physician, Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida South County Hospital, South Kingstown, Rhode Island; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Consulting Physician, Charlton Hospital, Fall River, Massachusetts Perinatal Infections Emmalee S. Bandstra, MD Professor of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jacob V. Aranda, MD, PhD, FRCP(C) University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Attending Professor and Director, Neonatology, Neonatologist, Jackson Memorial Medical Center, State University of New York Downstate Holtz Children’s Hospital, Miami, Florida Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York Infants of Substance-Abusing Mothers Developmental Pharmacology Edward M. Barksdale, Jr., MD James E. Arnold, MS, FAAP Professor of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University; The Julius W. McCall Professor and Chair, Chief, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rainbow Babies Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio Case Western Reserve University; Selected Gastrointestinal Anomalies Chairman, Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cynthia F. Bearer, MD, PhD Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio Mary Gray Cobey Professor of Neonatology, University of Upper Airway Lesions Maryland School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Neonatology, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, Maryland Occupational and Environmental Risks to the Fetus vii viii Contributors Isaac Blickstein, MD Alan R. Cohen, MD, FACS, FAAP Professor, Hadassah-Hebrew University School of Medicine, Reinberger Chair in Pediatric Neurological Surgery; Professor Jerusalem, Israel; Senior Physician, Department of Obstetrics of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel University School of Medicine; Surgeon-in-Chief and Chief of Fetal Effects of Autoimmune Disease; Obstetric Management of Pediatric Neurological Surgery, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Multiple Gestation and Birth; Post-term Pregnancy Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio Disorders in Head Shape and Size; Myelomeningocele Jeffrey L. Blumer, MD, PhD Daniel R. Cooperman, MD Professor of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Case School of Medicine; Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children’s University; Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Rainbow Babies Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio Developmental Pharmacology Musculoskeletal Disorders; Bone and Joint Infections; Congenital Abnormalities of the Upper and Lower Extremities Samantha Butler, PhD and Spine Instructor, Harvard Medical School; Staff Psychologist, Children’s Timothy M. Crombleholme, MD Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts Neurobehavioral Development of the Preterm Infant Richard G. and Geralyn Azizkhan Chair in Pediatric Surgery; Professor of Surgery, Pediatrics (Molecular and Developmental Kara Calkins, MD Biology), and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Director, Fetal Care Center of Cincinnati, Clinical Instructor, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Division of Pediatric General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, University of California; Attending Physician, Mattel Children’s Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio Hospital at UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Surgical Treatment of the Fetus Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Los Angeles, California Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease Mario De Curtis, MD Michael S. Caplan, MD Professor of Neonatology, Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologiche, Perinatologia e Puericultura, University of Rome Faculty of Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Medicine; Director, Neonatology Unit, Patologia Neonatale e Terapia Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Intensiva Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologiche, Perinatologia e Chairman, Department of Pediatrics, North Shore Puericultura, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy University Health System, Evanston, Illinois Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Metabolism Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Clinical Observations, Pathophysiology, and Prevention Linda S. de Vries, MD, PhD Waldemar A. Carlo, MD Professor in Neonatal Neurology, Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands Edwin M. Dixon Professor of Pediatrics; Director, Division of Intracranial Hemorrhage and Vascular Lesions; Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy, Assessment Tools Medicine; Director, Newborn Nurseries, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, The Children’s Hospital of Katherine MacRae Dell, MD Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama Assessment of Pulmonary Function Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University; Chief, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rainbow Babies and Gisela Chelimsky, MD Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio Fluid and Electrolyte Management; Acid-Base Management; Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Case School of Medicine; The Kidney and Urinary Tract Attending Physician, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio Scott Denne, MD Disorders of Digestion Professor of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Valerie Y. Chock, MD Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana Parenteral Nutrition; Enteral Nutrition Instructor of Neonatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California Sherin U. Devaskar, MD Biomedical Engineering Aspects of Neonatal Monitoring Professor of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Walter J. Chwals, MD Director, Neonatal Research Center, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics, Tufts University School of School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease; Disorders Development and Basic Physiology of the Neonatal of Carbohydrate Metabolism Gastrointestinal Tract; Selected Gastrointestinal Anomalies Contributors ix Juliann Di Fiore, BSEE Smadar Friedman, MD Research Engineer, Department of Medicine, Case Western Senior Lecturer, Hadassah University Hospital, Hadassah Reserve University, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies School of Medicine; Director, Neonatology Unit, Department of and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio Neonatology, Hadassah Ein Kerem Hospital, University Hospital, Assessment of Pulmonary Function Jerusalem, Israel Fetal Effects of Autoimmune Disease Steven M. Donn, MD Susan E. Gerber, MD, MPH Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine; Faculty Associate, Center for Global Health, School of Public Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health, University of Michigan Health System; Staff Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Northwestern University, Neonato logist, C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan Feinberg School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department Assisted Ventilation and Its Complications of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois Morven S. Edwards, MD Antepartum Fetal Surveillance; Evaluation of the Intrapartum Fetus Professor of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine; Attending Jay P. Goldsmith, MD Physician, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas Postnatal Bacterial Infections; Fungal and Protozoal Infections Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Lousiana; Neonatologist, Women’s William H. Edwards, MD and Children’s Hospital, Lafayette, Louisiana Delivery Room Resuscitation of the Newborn, Overview Professor of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, and Initial Management; Chest Compression, New Hampshire; Vice Chairman, Department of Pediatrics, Medications, and Special Problems Neonatology Section Chief; Medical Director, Citad Nurseries, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire Bernard Gonik, MD Care of the Mother, Father, and Infant, Professor and Fann Srere Chair of Perinatal Medicine, Department Francine Erenberg, MD of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan Assistant Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Perinatal Infections of Case Western Reserve University; Staff, Pediatric Cardiologist, Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatric Jeffrey B. Gould, MD Cardiology, Cleveland, Ohio Fetal Cardiac Physiology and Fetal Cardiovascular Assessment; Robert L. Hess Professor in Pediatrics and Director, Perinatal Congenital Defects Epidemiology and Health Outcomes Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Avroy A. Fanaroff, MB, BCh, FRCP[E], FRCPCN Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Attending Neonatologist, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford, Professor, Pediatrics and Reproductive Biology, Case Western Palo Alto, California Reserve University School of Medicine; Eliza Henry Barnes Evaluating and Improving the Quality and Safety of Neonatal Chair in Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Intensive Care Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio Epidemiology; Perinatal Services; Obstetric Management of Pierre Gressens, MD, PhD Prematurity Chief, Inserm-Paris 7 University, Hopital Robert Debré, Paris, Jonathan M. Fanaroff, MD, JD France; Professor of Perinatal Neurology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve Normal and Abnormal Brain Development; White Matter University School of Medicine; Associate Medical Director, NICU; Damage and Encephalopathy of Prematurity Director, Rainbow Center for Pediatric Ethics, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio Susan J. Gross, MD Legal Issues in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Ross Fasano, MD Health and Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Chairperson, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Fellow, Children’s National Gynecology, North Bronx Healthcare Network, Bronx, New York Medical Center, Washington, DC Genetic Aspects of Perinatal Disease and Prenatal Diagnosis Blood Component Therapy for the Neonate Andrée M. Gruslin, MD, FRCS Orna Flidel-Rimon, MD Associate Professor, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Lecturer in Pediatrics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem; Attending Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Newborn Care, Physician, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Post-term Pregnancy Ontario, Canada Erythroblastosis Fetalis