Family 270. RUBIACEAE Literature: Alejandro, GD & S. Liede. 2003. The Philippine Rubiaceae genera: updated synopsis in Intkey databases of the DELTA system. Blumea 48: 261-277. Ridsdale, CE. 1978. A revision of the tribe Naucleeae, s.s. (Rubiaceae). Blumea 34: 177-275. Acranthera Arnott Revision: Bremekamp, C.E.B. 1947. A monograph of the genus Acranthera Arn. ex Meisn. [Rubiaceae]. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 28:261-308. Acranthera philippinensis Merr., PJS 8 c (1913) Bot. 32; EPFP 3 (1923) 517. –Type: Merrill 8309 (L*, US*, iso). Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River, in ravines along small streams, altitude 700- 900m, 27 Nov 1911. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Lanao del Sur. In ravines along small streams, altitudes up to 900m. Aidia Loureiro Revision: Ridsdale, CE. 1996. A review of Aidia sensu lato (Rubiaceae) in Southeast Asia and Malesia. Blumea 41:135-179. Aidia acuminata (Blume) Wong, Malayan Nat. J. 38 (1984) 54; --Ridsd., Blumea 41 (1996) 167; Gymnopachys acuminata Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 48. --Type from Java. Randia umbellata Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 31; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 528; 4 (1925) 247. –Type: EB Copeland 1302 (US*, iso). Mindanao: Davao, Todaya, Apr 1904. Randia boerlagei Koord. & Valeton., Bijdr. Boomsoort. Java 8 (1902) 269. Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo (Sarawak, Kalimantan, Sabah), Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas (Seram). LUZON, MINDORO, CATANDUANES, SIBUYAN, PANAY, BOHOL, LEYTE, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Aidia auriculata (Wall.) Ridsd., Blumea 41 (1996) 161; --Randia auriculata (Wall.) Steudel, Nom. Bot. 2 (1841) 430; --K Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 44 (1891) 75; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 527. --Type from Peninsular Malaysia (Penang). var. auriculata Thailand, Sumatra, Banka, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, Sabah, Kalimantan), Philippines. LUZON, MINDORO, NEGROS, LEYTE, MINDANAO, BASILAN. Forests at low altitudes. Aidia bakeri (Merr.) Ridsd., Blumea 41 (1996) 165; --Anomanthodia bakeri (Merr.) Tirveng. in Tirveng. & Sastre, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia, 4e sér., 8 (1986) 279; --Randia bakeri Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 109; EPFP 3 (1923) 527. --Type: CF Baker 3253 (cited but not seen by Ridsdale, 1996). Luzon: Quezon prov., hills near Malinao, 7 May 1914. Anomanthodia alveolata (Elmer) Tirveng. in Tirveng. & Sastre, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia, 4e sér., 8 (1986) 279; --Randia alveolata Elmer, LPB 9 (1934) 3266. --Type: Elmer 16050 (distributed as Randia faveodehiscens Elmer) (A, L*, US*, iso). Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Irosin, Mt Bulusan, forest along a ridge at 1000ft, May 1916. LUZON: Quezon, Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan), SAMAR. Lowland primary forests. Aidia foveata Ridsd., Blumea 41 (1996) 166. --Type from Sabah. Borneo (Kalimantan, Sarawak, Sabah) and Philippines. MINDANAO, RS Williams 2161. Aidia pulcherrima (Merr.) Ridsd., Blumea 41 (1996) 173; --Gymnopachis pulcherrima (Merr.) Tirveng. in Tirveng. & Sastre, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia, 4e sér., 8 (1986) 285; --Randia pulcherrima Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 164; EPFP 3 (1923) 528. –Lectotype (Tirvengandum & Sastre, 1986): Clemens 765 (not seen); syntypes: FB 7863 (US*), Elmer 9127 (A, L, NY*, US*); LUZON: Laguna, Quezon (Lucban; Mt Banahaw), Camarines, CATANDUANES, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Medium altitude primary forests. Aidia racemosa (Cav.) Tirveng., Nord. J. Bot. (1983) 455; --Tirveng. & Sastre, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia, 4e sér., 8 (1986) 262; --Ridsd., Blumea 41 (1996) 149; --Petunga racemosa (Cav.) K Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 44 (1891) 80; --Merr., PJS 2 c (1907) Bot. 426; --Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1007; ibid. 4 (1912) 1345; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 533; -- Randia racemosa Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 15, nom. nud.; Fl. Ind. ed. 2 (1824) 144; --Fern.- Villar, Novis. App. (1880) 108; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 528; --Stylocoryna racemosa Cav. Icon. 4 (1798) 45, t. 368. –Type: Nee sn, 1793 (MA, cited but not seen by Ridsdale, 1996). Petunga roxburghii DC, Prodr. 4 (1830) 399; --Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3 (1880) 120. Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Thailand, Vietnam, Hainan, Taiwan, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Christmas Is, New Guinea, Solomon Isls, Australia (Northern Territory; Queensland; Western Australia), Nauru, Samoa, Tonga, Wallis-Futuna Isls, Caroline Isls, Marianas, Marshall Isls. N LUZON (Cagayan) to PALAWAN and MINDANAO, in most islands and provinces. Chiefly in secondary forests at low altitudes. Amaracarpus Blume Amaracarpus pubescens Blume, Bijdr. 16 (1826) 954. ssp. microphyllus (Miq.) AP Davis, Blumea 49 (2004) 35. Amaracarpus apoensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2804; --Merr. EPFP 3 (1923) 568. –Type: Elmer 10737 (PNH, holo; iso: A, L, NY*, P). Mindanao: Davao del Sur prov., Mt Apo, Todaya, May 1909. Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas (Halmahera; Seram). MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (Mt Apo). In primary forests, altitude about 1050 m. Andria Puttock, ined. Andria loheri (Merr.) Puttock, ined.; --Randia loheri Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 57; EPFP 4 (1925) 254. --Type: BS 12067 Loher, cited by Merrill as ‘12967’ in the protologue (A*, iso). Luzon: Rizal prov., Montalban, Paningtingan. Oct 1909. LUZON: Rizal. Merrill (1925) listed two collections, from rather adjacent localities on the foothills of the Sierra Madre. Antherostele Bremekamp Revision: Bremekamp, CEB. 1940. Antherostele genus novum Rubiacearum Urophyllo affine. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 21: 25–31. Antherostele banahaensis (Elmer) Bremek., J. Arnold Arb. 21 (1940) 27, 28; --Urophyllum banahaense Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 70; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) EPFP 522. –Type: Elmer 7746 ‘7946’ in the protologue (L*, holo). Luzon: Quezon prov., Lucban, May 1906. LUZON: Isabela (Palanan), Rizal (Mt Lumutan), Quezon (Mt Binuang; Mt Banahaw de Lucban), Laguna (Mt Makiling), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan). In damp primary forests at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 1000m. Antherostele callophylla Bremek., J. Arnold Arb. 21 (1940) 29. –Type: BS 33326 Ramos (A*, holo). Luzon: Ilocos Norte prov., Mt Palimlim. Aug 1918. LUZON: Ilocos Norte (Mt Palimlim). Habitat not noted. Antherostele grandistipula (Merr.) Bremek., J. Arnold Arb. 21 (1940) 30; --Urophyllum grandistipulum Merr. PJS 8 c (1913) Bot. 61; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) EPFP 522. –Type: BS 15372 Ramos (US*, holo). Leyte: Leyte prov., mountains near Dagami, in forests, 13 Aug 1912. LUZON: Camarines, MINDORO, CATANDUANES, LEYTE: Leyte (Mtns near Dagami), Southern Leyte (Cabalian), SAMAR: Catubig River. In damp primary forests at low or medium altitudes. Antherostele luzoniensis (Merr.) Bremek., J. Arnold Arb. 21 (1940) 30; --Urophyllum luzoniense Merr., PJS 12 c (1917) Bot. 161; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) EPFP 523. –Type: BS 26522 Ramos & Edaño (US*, holo; iso in A*). Luzon: Aurora prov., Mt Dingalan, in forest, altitude at least 300m, 8 Sept 1916. LUZON: Isabela (Mt Moises), Aurora (Mt Dingalan). Primary forests, probably above 300m. Antirhea Commerson ex Jussieu Revisions: Jansen, ME. 1984. A synopsis of Guettardella Benth. and the Old World species of Antirhea (Rubiaceae: Guettardeae). Blumea 29: 565–588. Chaw, Shu-Miaw & SP Darwin. 1992. A systematic study of the Paleotropical genus Antirhea (Rubiaceae: Guettardeae). Tulane Studies in Zoology & Botany 28: 25–118. Antirhea attenuata (Elmer) Chaw in Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 28 (1992) 75; --Timonius attenuatus Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 34. –Type: FB 1867 Ahern’s Collector (NY*, US*, isolecto). Luzon: Rizal prov., Bosoboso, Sept 1904 Antirhea hexasperma (Roxb.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 540; --Guettardella hexasperma (Roxb.) ME Jansen, Blumea 29 (1984) 575. –Type: LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Cagayan, Rizal, Batangas, Camarines. Lowland forests. Antirhea benguetensis (Elmer) Valeton, Beih Bot. Centralbl. 34, 2, (1916) 44, in obs.; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 540; --Timonius benguetensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 35. –Type: Elmer 6396 (NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Benguet prov., Twin Peaks, on bluffs along Bued Rivers, May 1904. Guettardella microphylla (Bartl. ex DC) ME Jansen, Blumea 29 (1984) 577; --Antirhea microphylla sensu Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 540, pro parte. LUZON: Benguet, Nueva Ecija, Rizal. Low altitude thickets or forests, c. 300m. Antirhea bombysia Chaw in Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 28 (1992) 78. –Type: PNH 12400 Sulit (L*, holo). Palawan: Victoria Mtns, SE slopes, stunted ridge forest, altitude 1000m, 18 May 1950. PALAWAN: Victoria Mtns. Ridge forest, presumably on ultramafics. Antirhea caudata (ME Jansen) Chaw in Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 28 (1992) 80; --Guettardella caudata ME Jansen, Blumea, 29 (1984) 572. –Type: PNH 12315 Sulit (L*, holo; iso L*). Palawan: Victoria Mtns, SE base, dense forest along Karaniogan River, altitude 100m, 10 May 1950. Antirhea philippinensis Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1009; ibid. 4 (1912) 1329, non Rolfe. As to (cite collections). Guettardella microphylla (Bartl. ex DC) ME Jansen, Blumea, 29 (1984) 577. PALAWAN. Antirhea edanoi Chaw in Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 28 (1992) 83. –Type: BS 44015 Ramos & Edaño (NY*, iso). Tawi-tawi, Jul-Aug 1924 Antirhea livida Merr. EPFP 3 (1923) 540, pro parte, SULU Antirhea foveolata Chaw in Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 28 (1992) 85. –Type: Antirhea microphylla sensu Merr. (1923) non Bartl. ex DC, LUZON Antirhea hexasperma (Roxb.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 540. –Type: Guettardella hexasperma (Roxb.) ME Jansen, Blumea 29 (1984) 575. Non-Philippine! Antirhea livida Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1327. –Type: Elmer 12768 (BISH*, L*, NA*, NY*, U*, US*, iso). Palawan: Palawan prov., Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (=Thumb Peak), ‘good moist soil with gravelly subsoil in humid woods or forests along the river at 250ft’, Apr 1911. Guettardella livida (Elmer) ME Jansen, Blumea 29 (1984) 576. PALAWAN: Antirhea microphylla (Bartl. ex DC) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 540; --Guettardella microphylla (Bartl. ex DC) ME Jansen, Blumea 29 (1984) 577. –Type: LUZON: Antirhea paxillata Chaw in Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 28 (1992) 100. LUZON: Mt Babatgin Antirhea philippinensis (Benth.) Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc. 21 (1884) 312; --Guettardella philippinensis Benth. in Hook., Kew J. 4 (1852) 197. –Type: BOHOL Antirhea ramosii Chaw in Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 28 (1992) 103. –Type: BS 46597 Ramos & Edaño (NY*, iso). Luzon: Cagayan prov., Peñablanca, Apr 1926. Antirhea microphylla sensu Merr. (1923), pro parte, non Bartl. ex DC. LUZON Antirhea tayabensis Chaw in Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 28 (1992) 109. –Type: BS 28869 Ramos & Edaño (NY*, holo). Luzon: Quezon prov., Mt Binuang, May 1917. Antirhea livida Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 540, pro parte, non Elmer (1912), as to BS 28514, 28869 & 28982 Ramos & Edaño. LUZON Antirhea ternata Chaw in Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 28 (1992) 113. SIARGAO. Anthocephalus A Richard =Neolamarckia Argostemma Wallich Literature: Bakhuizen van den Brink, RC Jr. 1953. Notes on Malaysian Rubi aceae. Blumea 7: 329-338. Bremer, B. 1989. The genus Argostemma (Rubiaceae-Argostemmateae) in Borneo. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 76: 7-49. Argostemma arachnosum Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 465; EPFP 3 (1923) 504. –Type: BS 36830 Ramos & Edaño MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Along streams at low altitudes. Argostemma bryophilum K Schum. in K Schum. & Lauterb. Nachtr. Fl. Deutsch. Sudsee (1905) 393. –Type from New Guinea. Argostemma maquilingense Elmer, LPB 9 (1934) 3242. –Type: Elmer 17637 (PNH, holo, lost; iso BISH*, L*, MO*, NY*, US*). Luzon: Laguna prov., Mt Makiling, Jun-Jul 1917. Argostemma rupestrinum Elmer, LPB 9 (1934) 3244. Type: Elmer 16175 (PNH, holo, lost; iso MO*, NY*, US*). Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Mt Bulusan, May 1916. Borneo (Sarawak), Philippines, New Guinea. LUZON: Laguna (Mt Makiling), Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan). Ecol. Argostemma distichum Valeton, Nova Guinea 8 (1911) 447. subsp. quadripetalum (Elmer) Bakh.f., Blumea 7 (1953) 333; --Argostemma quadripetalum Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 361; (1906) 63, sphalm. ‘quadripetiolata’ --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 504. –Type: Elmer 7944. LUZON, LEYTE, MINDANAO. Along shaded streams and in dense forests at medium altitudes, ascending to 1200m. Argostemma neesianum Walp., Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 19 (1843) Suppl. 1: 349; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 503. –Type: FB 3368 Ahern’s Collector. LUZON: Pangasinan, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna. On damp shaded ledges and banks along small streams at low altitudes. Argostemma solaniflorum Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 2; --Merr. PJS 2 (1907) Bot. 305, 3 (1908) Bot. 436. –Type: Elmer 6211 (US*, iso). Luzon: Benguet prov., Sablan, damp shady streambanks, Apr 1904. Ryukyus, Taiwan, Lanyu, and the Philippines. BATAN ISLS; N LUZON and MINDANAO and the SULU Archipelago. Chiefly in the mossy forest at and above an altitudes of 900m, but also along mountain streams at lower altitudes. According to Merrill (1923), not certainly distinct from the Malayan A. montanum Blume. Argostemma stenophyllum Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 100; EPFP 3 (1923) 504. –Type: BS 20566 Ramos (US*, iso). Luzon: Laguna prov., San Antonio, on rocks along the river, 10 Mar 1913. LUZON: Laguna, CATANDUANES. On damp banks along shaded streams at low or medium altitudes. Argostemma timorense Benn., Pl. Jav. Rar. i. (1838) 95. Argostemma pedicellatum Elmer, LPB 9 (1934) 3243. –Type: Philippines, Lesser Sunda Isls (Timor). LUZON, LEYTE, MINDANAO. Along shaded streams and in dense forests at medium altitudes, ascending to 1200m. Argostemma wallichii Walp., Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 19 (1843) Suppl. 1: 350; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 504. –Type: LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas. On damp banks and cliffs along small shaded streams at low altitudes. Unplaced: Argostemma umbellatum Elmer, LPB 9 (1934) 3245, nom. illeg., non Geddes, 1927. –Type: Atractocarpus Schechlter & K Krause Literature: Ridsdale, CE. 1979. The taxonomic position of Sulitia (Rubiaceae). Blumea 25: 301–303 Atractocarpus obscurinervius (Merr.) Puttock, Austral. Syst. Bot. 12 (1999) 304; --Sulitia obscurinervia (Merr.) Ridsd., Blumea 25 (1979) 301; --Gardenia obscurinervia Merr., PJS 11 c (1916) Bot. 32; EPFP 3 (1923) 531. –Type: BS 23492 Ramos (A*, L*, NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Mt Pocdal, 1 Aug. 1915. Sulitia longiflora Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 494. –Type: FB 29445 Sulit (not seen). Mindanao: Sultan Kudarat (formerly part of a bigger Cotabato) prov., near Lebak, Apr & May 1903. Reportedly epiphytic. LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, CATANDUANES, MINDANAO: Sultan Kudarat. In primary forest at low altitudes. Badusa A Gray Literature- Ridsdale, CE 1982. A revision of the genus Badusa (Rubiaceae, Condamineeae, Porlandiinae). Blumea 28:145–150. Soejarto, D. et. al. 1996. The true provenance and identity of Badusa philippica (Rubiaceae). Taxon 45:487–492. Badusa palawanensis Ridsd., Blumea 28 (1982) 146. Type: PNH 80766 HG Gutierrez & RA Espiritu (L*). Palawan: Palawan prov., Quezon, Lipuun Point, rocky summit of limestone hill, altitude 500ft [=m], 24 Mar 1963. PALAWAN: Quezon, Lipuun Point. Rocky summit of limestone hill. Badusa corymbifera (G Forst.) A Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 4 (1860) 308; --Soejarto et al., Taxon 45: 487-492. Badusa philippica (Cav.) Vidal, Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1888) 150. --Type: Nees sn, prope Manila in Sta. Cruz de Laguna (not traced in MA). Bikkia Reinwardt Literature: Darwin, S. 1979. Allertonia 2(1): 22. Bikkia philippinensis Valeton, PJS 23 (1923) 6; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 492. CEBU, SULU ARCHIPELAGO (SIBUTU), MINDANAO: Surigao. In thickets along the seashore. Boholia Merrill Boholia nematostylis Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 493. –Type: BS 43107 (A*, US*, iso). Bohol: Bilar, damp forest, altitude c. 600m, Aug 1923. Sumatra, Lesser Sunda Island and C Philippines. BOHOL (Bilar; Kalingohan). Presumably on limestone. Borreria GFW Meyer =Spermacoce Caelospermum Blume Revision: Johansson, JT. 1988. Revision of the genus Caelospermum (Rubiaceae, Rubioideae, Morindeae). Blumea 33: 265–297 Caelospermum volubile (Merr.) JT Johansson, Blumea 33 (1988) 281, Fig. 11; --Morinda volubilis (Blanco) Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 137; EPFP 3 (1923) 574. –Type: FB 2290 Meyer (K, lecto, selected by Johansson, 1988; isolecto: F, NY). Luzon: Bataan prov., Mt Mariveles, Lamao River, Dec 1904. LUZON: Zambales, Bataan, Laguna, CATANDUANES, MINDORO. Lowland secondary forests to above 100m. Fl. Jul, Aug, Dec. Canthium Lamarck Literature: Bridson, DM. 1992. The genus Canthium (Rubiaceae-Vanguerieae) in tropical Africa. Kew Bull. 47. Canthium amplifolium (Elmer) Co, comb. nov.; --Plectronia amplifolia Elmer, LPB 9 (1934) 3261. –Type: Elmer 16739 (BISH*, L*, NA*, NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Sorsogon prov., Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Jul 1916. LUZON: Sorsogon Canthium brunneum (Merr.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 7; --Plectronia brunnea Merr., PJS 17 (1920, publ. 1921) 441; EPFP 3 (1923) 535. –Type: BS 28791 Ramos & Edaño (US*, iso). Luzon: Quezon prov., Mt Binuang, May 1917. LUZON: Quezon, Camarines. Mossy forest, altitude c. 1000m. Canthium confertum Korth., Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 2 (1851) 235; --KM Wong in FS Ng (ed.) Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 342. ?Canthium villarii Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philipp. (1885) 120, 182. –Type: Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and Philippines. Canthium culionense (Elmer) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 7; --Plectronia culionensis (Elmer) Merr., EPFP (1923) 535; --Lasianthus culionensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 11. –Type: Merrill 615 (NY*, US*, iso). Culion: Halsey, in dry forests, Dec 1902. CULION. Lowland dry secondary forests and thickets. Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 8; --Plectronia dicocca (Gaertn.) Merr., EPFP (1923) 536; --Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn., Fruct. 1 (1788) 125, t. 26. Canthium didymum Gaertn. India to Malaya. LUZON: Benguet, Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Rizal, Batangas, MINDORO, PALAWAN, TICAO, GUIMARAS, NEGROS, MINDANAO, BUCAS GRANDE. Lowland primary and secondary forests. (Merrill, 1923). Malesian materials hitherto distributed and interpreted as C. dicoccum (=Psydrax dicocca Gaertn.) were possibly misidentified according to Bridson, Kew Bull. 40 (1985), as this taxon is restricted to Sri Lanka and S India. Canthium didymum Gaertn. is a synonym of Psydrax dicocca Gaertn., the type species of Psydrax. In Malaya, several entities previously annotated in herbaria as C. didymum have now been placed under Psydrax by KM Wong (Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 400). Similar case for some Philippine entities currently under Canthium? Canthium edanoi Co, nom nov.; --Canthium longistipulum Merr. & Quisumb., non Merr., Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 7 (1937) 291. --Type: PNH 151 Edaño (L*). Palawan: Brookes Point, Mantalingahan Range, Mt Balabag, mossy forest, altitude 1573m, 13 May 1947. PALAWAN: Brookes Point, Mt Mantalingahan. Canthium ellipticum (Merr.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 8; --Plectronia elliptica Merr., PJS 12 c (1917) 166; EPFP 3 (1923) 536. –Type: BS 29594 Ramos & Edaño LUZON: Nueva Ecija, Rizal. Medium altitude forests. Canthium elmeri Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 8; --Plectronia gracilipes Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1008, non Kurz; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 536. –Type: Elmer 12550 SIBUYAN. Forests along streams, altitude c. 225m. Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 8; --Plectronia fenicis Merr., PJS 8 c (1913) Bot. 166; EPFP 3 (1923) 536. –Type: BS 12693 Fenix (not seen). Luzon: Benguet prov., Sablan, growing on slopes, 23 Nov 1910. LUZON: Benguet, Tayabas, CEBU (Danao). Medium altitude secondary forests. Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 8; --Plectronia glandulosa (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 365; EPFP 3 (1923) 536; --Ixora glandulosa Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 61. –Type: None extant; ‘illustrative specimen’: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 897 (US*). Polyozus bipinnatus Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 43; ibid. ed. 3, 1 (1877) 79. –Type: None extant; ‘illustrative specimen’: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 897 (US*). Plectronia viridis Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 131; --Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1008. –Type: Merrill 3945 (US*, iso). Luzon: Bataan prov., Mt Mariveles, Mar 1905. LUZON: Cagayan, Bataan, Rizal, Quezon, MINDORO, SIBUYAN, NEGROS, MINDANAO. Low and medium altitude forests. Canthium gynochthodes Baill., Adansonia 12 (1878) 199; --Plectronia gynochthodes (Baill.) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 536. –Type: Lanyu, Lutao, and the Philippines. N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO, in most islands and provinces. Low and medium secondary forests generally, ascending to 1500m. Canthium horridum Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 966; --KM Wong in FS Ng (ed.). Tree Fl. Malaya 4 (1989) 341; --Plectronia horrida (Blume) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Kurz in J. As. Soc. Beng. 46, 2 (1877) 153; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 537. Canthium pauciflorum Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 165. –Type: Not extant. ‘Illustrative specimen’: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 143 (US*).. Burma, Indochina, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Pangasinan, Zambales, Bulacan, Rizal, Camarines, Sorsogon. Lowland dry thickets. Canthium leytense (Merr.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 8; --Plectronia leytensis Merr., PJS 8 c (1913) 166; EPFP 3 (1923) 537. –Type: BS 15383 Ramos (US*, iso). Leyte: Leyte prov., mountains back of Dagami, in the mossy forest, Aug 1912. LUZON: Quezon (E coast), LEYTE. Primary forests, probably at c. 1000m. Canthium megacarpum (Merr.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 8; --Plectronia megacarpa Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 326; EPFP 3 (1923) 537. –Type: FB 8232 Curran & Merritt (US*, iso). Luzon: Zambales prov., near Sta Cruz, altitude 100m, Dec 1907. LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Zambales, Quezon. Lowland forests. Canthium merrillianum Mabb., Taxon 26 (1977) 532; --Canthium cordatum (Merr.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 7, nom illeg., non Dillwyn, 1839; --Plectronia cordata Merr., PJS 12 c (1917) Bot. 166; EPFP 3 (1923) 535. –Type: BS 26549 Ramos & Edaño (A*, US*, iso). Luzon: Aurora prov., Mt Dingalan, Aug-Sept 1916. LUZON: Aurora. Forested slopes, altitude c. 2000m. Canthium monstrosum (A Rich.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 8; --Plectronia monstrosa A Rich., Mém. Rub. (1830) 109; --Merr., PJS 8 c (1913) Bot. 48; Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 365; EPFP 3 (1923) 538. –Type: Perrottet sn (P, 2 sheets, cited by Merrill, 1913). Canthium bipinnatum (Blanco) Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 53; --Ronabea bipinnata Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 162. –Type: Not extant. “Illustrative specimen”: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 248, leg. M Ramos (US*). Luzon: Rizal prov., Antipolo, 19 Jan 1913. Canthium mite Bartl. ex DC., Prodr. 4 (1830) 474; --Plectronia mitis (Bartl. ex DC.) Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 28. Canthium arboreum (Blanco) Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 119, 181; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 155; --Ronabea arborea Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 114; idem. ed. 3, 1 (1877) 204. –Syntype: Cuming 776 (L*, NY*). Luzon: Quezon prov. Philippines, N Sulawesi. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, La Union, Apayao, Mountain Province, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Zambales, Bataan, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Cavite, Quezon, LEYTE, NEGROS. Low and medium altitude secondary forests, often common. Canthium oblongifolium Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 200. –Type: BS 46109 Edaño (NY*, US*, iso). Panay: Capiz prov., Haman-ay, forested slopes at low altitudes, 13 Oct 1925. PANAY: Capiz. Lowland forest. Canthium obovatifolium (Merr.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 8; --Plectronia obovatifolia Merr., PJS 12 c (1917) Bot. 167; EPFP 3 (1923) 538. –Type: BS 26526 Ramos & Edaño (A*, US*, iso). Luzon: Aurora prov., Mt Dingalan (Mt Dalingdingan in the protologue), forested slopes at medium altitudes, 9 Sept 1916. LUZON: Aurora. Medium altitude forests. Canthium oligophlebium (Merr.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 8; --Plectronia oligophlebia Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 442; EPFP 3 (1923) 538. –Type: BS 29342 Ramos and Edaño (A*, US*, iso). Luzon: Rizal prov., Mt Susong Dalaga, mossy forest at the summit, apparently at or above 900m altitude, 7 Aug 1917. LUZON: Rizal. Known only from the type collection. Canthium paucinervium (Merr.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 8; --Plectronia paucinervia Merr., PJS 8 c (1913) Bot. 51; EPFP 3 (1923) 538. –Type: Merrill 8263 (not seen). Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River mtns back of San Ramon, in damp forest, altitude c. 900m, 29 Nov 1911. LUZON: Camarines, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, BUCAS GRANDE. Mossy forest, altitude c. 900m at the type locality. Possibly at lower altitude elsewhere. Canthium pedunculare Cav., Icon. 5 (1799) 21, t. 436. –Type: Plectronia peduncularis (Cav.) Vidal, Cat. Pl. Prov. Manila (1880) 33; --Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 28; idem. 4 (1912) 1346; --Merr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 131; idem. 8 c (1913) Bot. 50; Fl. Manila (1912) 454; Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 364; EPFP 3 (1923) 538. Canthium monoflorum Blanco, Fl. Filip (1837) 166. –Type: Not extant. ‘Illustrative specimen’: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 380 (US*). Palawan: Taytay, dry thickets and open places, May 1913 Plectronia lycioides (A Rich.) Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 28; --Canthium lycioides A Rich., Mém. Rub. (1830) 108. –Type: LUZON: Pangasinan, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, PALAWAN. Lowland dry thickets. Canthium ramosii (Merr.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 9; --Plectronia ramosii Merr., PJS 17 (1920, publ. 1921) 443; EPFP 3 (1923) 539. –Type: BS 28973 Ramos & Edaño (NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Quezon prov., Umiray, forest along the Umiray River at low altitudes, 1 Jun 1917. LUZON: Quezon (Umiray). Lowland forests. Canthium sarcocarpum (Merr.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 9; --Plectronia sarcocarpa Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 114; EPFP 3 (1923) 539. –Type: BS 10968 Ramos (not seen). Luzon: Laguna prov., San Antonio, in thickets, Aug 1910. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon. Lowland forests. Canthium subcapitatum (Merr.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 9; --Plectronia subcapitata Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 443; EPFP 3 (1923) 539. –Type: BS 28117 Fenix (L*, NY*, US*, iso). Luzon: Apayao prov., Ngagan, on forested slopes, 10 May 1917. LUZON: Apayao. Medium altitude forests. Canthium subsessilifolium (Merr.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 9; --Plectronia subsessilifolia Merr., PJS 12 c (1917) Bot. 168; EPFP 3 (1923) 539. –Type: BS 27205 Ramos (A*, US*, iso). Luzon: Ilocos Norte prov., in thickets at low altitude, 2 Mar 1917. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Lowland thickets. Canthium trichophorum Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 201. –Type: BS 46759 Ramos & Edaño (A*, NY*, iso). Luzon: Isabela prov., San Mariano, Ambulawan, along forested streams, altitude c. 400m, 16 Mar 1926. LUZON: Isabela (San Mariano, Ambulawan; Mt Moises). Along forested streams, altitude 400-900m. Canthium wenzelii (Merr.) Merr., PJS 35 (1928) 9. --Plectronia wenzelii Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 387; EPFP 3 (1923) 539. –Type: Wenzel 399 (A*, US*, iso). Leyte: Leyte prov., 30 Aug 1913. LEYTE. Lowland forest, altitude c. 60m. Ceriscoides (Hooker filius) Tirvengadum Literature: Wong, KM. (1984): The genera of Peninsular Malaysian Rubiaceae formerly confused with Randia. Malayan Nat. J. 38: 1–57. Ceriscoides curranii (Merr.) Tirveng., Nordic J. Bot. 3 (1983) 456; --Gardenia curranii Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 363. –Type: LUZON: Pangasinan, Bataan, Rizal, Batangas. In thickets and forests at low altitudes. Chassalia Commerson ex Jussieau Literature: Deb, DB & B. Krishna. 1982. Taxonomic studies of the genus Chassalia Comm. ex Poir. in India and adjoining regions. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 24 xxxxx. Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeylan. (1859) 150; --Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 3; idem. 3 (1911) 1033; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 565; --Psychotria curviflora Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2 (1824) 167. –Type from Sri Lanka. Chasalia lurida (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ind. Bat. 2 (1857) 282; --Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 140; --Psychotria lurida Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 959. –Type from Java. var. ophioxyloides (Wall.) DB Deb & B Krishna, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 24 (1982, publ. 1983) 222. India, Sri Lanka, E Himalayas, Bangladesh, Nicobar Isls, Burma, Thailand, Borneo, Philippines. MINDORO, PALAWAN, BALABAC, TICAO, BANTON, SIBUYAN, PANAY, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Cotabato, BALUT. Lowland primary forests. Chassalia obscurinervia Elmer, LPB 3 (1911) 1033. –Type: Elmer 11200 (BISH*, GH*, NY*, US*,