PABON, ALFREDO RAFAEL HISTORY TEACHING AS AN IDEOLOGICAL BATTLEFIELD: A STUDY ON THE PUERTO RICO AND THE UNITED STATES’ RELATIONSHIP AS REPRESENTED IN THE PUERTO RICAN HISTORY TEXTBOOKS Master’s Thesis in Education FACULTY OF EDUCATION Master's Degree Programme in Education and Globalisation 2013 Faculty of Education Thesis abstract Department of Educational Sciences and Teacher Education Author Master's Degree Programme in Education and Globalisation Alfredo Rafael Pabón Title History Teaching as an Educational Battlefield: A Study on the Puerto Rico and United States’ Relationship as Represented in the Puerto Rican History Textbooks. Major subject Type of thesis Year Number of pages Educational Sciences Master’s Thesis 2013 64 Abstract The focus of my study is on two history textbooks intended for the 7th grade, one retired from the Puerto Rican Department of Education (PRDE) in 2002, titled “Puerto Rico: Tierra Adentro, Mar Afuera” (Picó & Rivera, 1991) and the textbook that replaced it, “Historia y Geografía de Puerto Rico 7” (Cardona, Mafuz, Rodríguez, et al. 2002), currently in use within of the PRDE. Using critical pedagogy as my theoretical lenses, I analyzed how the Puerto Rico- United States historical relationship is conceptualized within these two history textbooks, released under the administration of two different political parties. The historical events chosen for analysis match the beginning of the Puerto Rican-United States’ political relations until its current state of affairs. These events are: the United States’ invasion to Puerto Rico in 1898; the Foraker Act of 1900; the Jones Act of 1917; and the Organic Law 600 (or “Estado Libre Asociado”) in 1952, which defines today’s political relations between the two countries. I refer to the work of three historians (Alegría et al, 1988; Silvestrini & Luque de Sánchez, 1988; and Scarano, 2000) as a mirror to explore how the events are conceptualized within the analyzed textbooks and how these are conceived and written by historians. I analyzed the selected textbooks utilizing the Norman Fairclough’s (1989, 2003) approach to critical discourse analysis. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is the study of written and spoken texts to reveal the discursive sources of power, dominance, inequality and bias. I compared how the selected historical events are described within the work of Puerto Rican historians, versus how these are conceptualized within the textbooks selected for analysis. During the process I examined the wording used, events included, events omitted, and the nature and extent of details provided for each, among other linguistic features. The analysis suggest that the conceptualization of the Hispanic-American War and the 54 years after US invasion to Puerto Rico correlates to the political agenda of the political parties in power at the moment of the production of each history textbook. Moreover, I aimed to explore how the conceptualization of the PR-US relations might participate in the self-destructive discourses among the Puerto Rican population, as identified by other researchers on the field of psychology and sociology. Keywords Critical Discouse Analysis, Critical Theory, School Textbooks, Puerto Rico, History Teaching Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the contribution of various individuals in development of this thesis and through my academic development as a whole. In the personal sphere I would like to thank Gil Schmidt, for our endless hours of philosophical inquiry. You are by far, my “intellectual father”. I the same sphere I would like to thank Kathleen Santana-Velez: for your loving support from the very beginning of this journey. I don’t know how I would embark in this without you, “gracias”. In the academic sphere I want to thank my thesis supervisor, Gordon Roberts. The privilege of having you as my thesis supervisor and as an instructor at the EdGlo program has led me to grow not only academically, but also personally. Your teaching styles and constant calls to engage with knowledge critically, along with those relentless invitations to question my own positionalities are cognitive tools whose impact extends far beyond the development of this thesis; thank you. In the academic sphere I would also want to thank my second the- sis supervisor, Jaana Pesonen: for inspiring the very methodology of this research and for your kind and valuable advice from the very beginning its development, “kiitoksia”. Last but not least, I want to express my deepest gratitude to Mervi Heikkinen: for your support, scaffolding of my writing styles and for putting into my hands material that resulted critical for the development of this thesis, “kiitos”. Finally, I would like to dedicate this work to Jesus Omar Rivera “Boricuazo”, for your ex- traordinary educational work filling the gaps on Puerto Rican history and for your passion- ate commitment to our cultural heritage. Your work is an inspiration for so many of us, “gracias”. List of Tables Table 1: Political parties in Puerto Rico and their agendas 10 Table 2: Summary of analysis on Hispanic-American War 29 Table 3: Summary of Foraker Act as in analyzed textbooks 34 Table 4: Summary on the Jones Act 40 Table 5: Summary on the Associated Free State as in the analyzed textbooks 48 Table of Contents Acknowledgements List of Tables 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Question ........................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Positionality of the researcher ...................................................................................... 3 1.3 Description and justification of my data sources .......................................................... 5 2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ................................................................................... 7 2.1 One history, three perspectives, a single battlefield ..................................................... 7 2.2 Sociological Implications ........................................................................................... 11 3 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE STUDY ..................................................... 15 3.1 Critical Pedagogy and the emancipation of the self ................................................... 15 4 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ............................................................................... 19 4.1 Procedure .................................................................................................................... 19 4.2 Critical Discourse Analysis ........................................................................................ 21 5 TEXTBOOK ANALYSES ............................................................................................... 25 5.1 The Hispanic-American War ...................................................................................... 25 5.2 Foraker Act ................................................................................................................. 30 5.3 Jones Act .................................................................................................................... 35 5.4 Organic Law-600 or Associated Free State ................................................................ 41 6 CONCLUSIONS ON THE DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................... 50 7 HISTORY AS AN EMANCIPATORY TOOL ................................................................ 53 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 56 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................... 62 Appendice 1 1 INTRODUCTION I would like to use the following story as a guide to the readers into the heart of my re- search: When Alexander the Great reached India, he encountered a yogi, meditating in lotus posi- tion in front of the Indus River. The young conqueror ordered his army into a halt, dis- mounted his horse and asked: -“What are you doing?” -“I am experiencing… the nothingness!” He replied -“What are you doing?” the yogi asked in return “I... am CONQUERING the world!” was Alexander’s proud response. And they both laugh. They both regard the other as an idiot. “Conquering the world? What a pointless goal” the yogi thought. “Sitting there doing nothing… what a waste of a life” thought Alexander. Ironically, they were both pursuing the same goal, each of them within the subjective val- ues and narratives they learned to value. Alexander grew up hearing that after humans die, we cross river Styx (separating the living from the dead) after which we would be asked if we had lived an extraordinary life. If you did, you would be welcomed into Elysium, the heaven of heroes, a place reserved for ex- traordinary souls. If not, you would end up in the fields of Asphodel, designated for aver- age, ordinary souls. From a young age, Alexander grew up listening to the stories of warriors like Achilles. He certainly heard about the bravery of Hercules, and the great deeds of heroes like Theseus, who entered the labyrinth and killed the bull-headed Minotaur. He was instructed in the ep- ics of The Iliad, The Odyssey, and encouraged to live like these men, a life of glory and spectacular victories. 2 But the yogi in the other hand grew up listening to a different story. He heard also about a river separating the living from the dead, but not as a “one way trip” but rather as an end- less journey we go back and forth until reaching spiritual purification. He would have grown up listening to the story of Bharat, who sought also to conquer the world. When Bharat finally reached the end of the world (thought to be Mount Meru) to be the first one hoisting his flag there, he found the banners of hundreds of kings from way before his time, each of them believing they had conquered the world first, only to find out that it had been done before. The conqueror felt insignificant, that he wasted his entire life in a pointless objective. He realized that the only unconquered world we ought to devote our lives is the profundities of our inner self. How did the stories these two men heard influenced their behavior and understanding of the world? How do the narratives of our socio-cultural environment shape our self- perception and (along with it) the goals we pursue in life? Narratives have historically served as a tool to create meaning and a set of shared understandings within a group, in what Berger and Luckmann (1967) call a “social stock of knowledge”. The same principle applies also to history. According to British historian Tom Holt, history “is fundamentally and inescapably narrative in its basic structure" (Holt 1990, p. 10; as cited in Frost 2012, p. 437). That is narrative in its use of time, plot and causation. Time is one of the essential dimensions of history, and historians convey change or continuity over time through narra- tive. History, like narrative, also has “a plot”, with a beginning, a middle, and an end. Fi- nally, Holt asserts that historians develop a narrative of causes and consequences “to an- swer the question of how or why some event, development or process happened”. In this thesis I aim to explore how the narratives of four Puerto Rican history events are constructed within two different history textbooks. Although the historical events in these textbooks are the same, the social conditions of production of these texts are different. In this work, I also aim to identify the pedagogical and sociological implications on how these particular narratives are represented, comparing one text with the other. An exploration of the relationship between these narratives with the political parties under which these text- books were produced is at the core of my research. 3 1.1 Research Question The focus of my research is on two history textbooks, both approved within the Puerto Ri- can Department of Education (PRDE) and released under the administration of two differ- ent political parties: one in 1991, titled “Puerto Rico: Tierra Adentro, Mar Afuera” (Picó & Rivera- Izcoa), collected and currently unavailable within the PRDE; and another in 2002, titled “Historia y Geografía de Puerto Rico 7” (Cardona, Mafuz, Rodríguez, et al. 2002) currently in use within the PRDE. Using Norman Fairclough's approaches to Critical Dis- course Analysis (1989, 2003) I aim to explore to following question: “How are the Hispanic-American War and the 54 years after US invasion conceptualized within the history textbooks of the Puerto Rican Department of Education?” The time period chosen for analysis match the starting point of the Puerto Rican and United States’ political relationship, starting in April 1898 (with the Hispanic-American War) un- til the creation of today’s political relationship between the two countries, known the “Es- tado Libre Asociado” (or “Free Associated State”) established in 1952. Before each analysis, I will refer to the work of three Puerto Rican historians, which are Alegría (1988), Silvestrini & Luque de Sánchez (1988), and Scarano (2000) as a mirror to explore how history is conceptualized within the analyzed history textbooks and how are these conceived and written by historians. 1.2 Positionality of the researcher As a US Army veteran, health school teacher and inland-Puerto Rican1 creole of African dissent, the topic selected for this research relate to me in a very personal and intimate ways. Listening to Puerto Rican 9th graders state that “Puerto Ricans are lazy”; adults as- serting that without the United States (US) “Puerto Ricans would die out of hunger” I have come to wonder to myself: “How did Puerto Ricans arrived to such a low perception of themselves? How might these negative self-images relate to broader social issues?” Every time Jesus Omar Rivera releases “new” information on Puerto Rican history, I realized how much ignorance regarding my own people’s past I have been harboring myself. Jesús Omar 1 By “inland” I aim to differentiate from the large community of Puerto Ricans living outside of Puerto Rico, mostly in the US. 4 Rivera is a Puerto Rican public figure famous for offering empowering, usually unknown characters and facts on Puerto Rican history, aiming to promote a high cultural self-esteem. Writer of the theater play “Así nació la Nación” (This is How the Nation Born), and a book on Puerto Rican history titled “Tu Orgullo Nacional” (Your National Pride), Rivera holds a section on a local radio program and have a recurrent participation in several Puerto Rico’s TV segments. Gladfully, I am not alone in this inquietude on how Puerto Ricans arrived to a self-destructive perception of themselves. As I will briefly discuss in the “sociological implications” section of this thesis, other researchers have studied about problematic iden- tity constructions within the Puerto Rican creole population, and how these are related to our political relation with the US. As an educator and member of the Puerto Rican commu- nity, I wish to explore how formal education might be a participating agent in this phenom- enon. How an individual perceives history is typically dependent on his/her position within it, and these positionalities tends to bring political stances with it. As a researcher, I am not an exception. I grew up in Puerto Rico, at the heart of a family with strong political sympa- thies towards the Puerto Rican Independence Party, or PIP. Although I did not submit my- self to these, I was exposed to all sorts of anti-colonial discourses and criticism towards US presence in Puerto Rico. In 2004, aiming for a scholarship to pay for my college studies (and to the bitter surprise of friends and family members) I enrolled into the US Army, toting 7 years of military service in that body. During that experience, I was then exposed to all sorts of pro- annexation and pro-United States discourses from Puerto Rican statehood supporters2. The experience of been immersed in these two ideologically opposed environments has allowed me to ob- serve very closely the views, hopes and desires of Puerto Rican creoles regarding the US and Puerto Rico relationship from both sides of the spectrum. Today, I hold no alliance to any Puerto Rico political parties, and any political sympathies that I may have I have en- deavored to push aside. Given the negative sociological implications our current political status has, I aim to analyze if these political ideologies in Puerto Rico have influenced how history is conceptualized, as present in the PRDE textbooks. 2 This term refers to the statehood supporters, that is: those who root for PR become the 51th state of the US.