THE RUSSIAN RESEARCH CENTER The Russian Research Center of Harvard University is supported by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation. The Center carries out inter- disciplinary study of Russian institutions and behavior and related subjects. RUSSIAN RESEARCH CENTER STUDIES 1. Public Opinion in Soviet Russia: A Study in Mass Persuasion, by Alex Inkeles 2. Soviet Politics — The Dilemma of Power: The Role of Ideas in Social Change, by Barrington Moore, Jr. 3. Justice in Russia: An Interpretation of Soviet Law, by Harold J. Berman 4. Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao, by Benjamin I. Schwartz 5. Titoism and the Cominform, by Adam B. Ulam 6. A Documentary History of Chinese Communism, by Conrad Brandt, Benjamin Schwartz, and John K. Fairbank 7. The New Man in Soviet Psychology, by Raymond A. Bauer 8. Soviet Opposition to Stalin: A Case Study in World War II, by George Fischer 9. Minerals: A Key to Soviet Power, by Demitri B. Shimkin 10. Soviet Law in Action: The Recollected Cases of a Soviet Lawyer, by Harold J. Berman and Boris A. Konstantinovsky 11. How Russia Is Ruled, by Merle Fainsod 12. Terror and Progress USSR: Some Sources of Change and Stability in the Soviet Dictatorship, by Barrington Moore, Jr. 13. The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923, by Richard Pipes 14. Marxism: The Unity of Theory and Practice, by Alfred G. Meyer 15. Soviet Industrial Production, 1928-1951, by Donald R. Hodgman 16. Soviet Taxation: The Fiscal and Monetary Problems of a Planned Economy, by Franklyn D. Holzman 17. Soviet Military Law and Administration, by Harold J. Berman and Miroslav Kerner 18. Documents on Soviet Military Law and Administration, edited and translated by Harold J. Berman and Miroslav Kerner 19. The Russian Marxists and the Origins of Bolshevism, by Leopold H. Haimson 20. The Permanent Purge: Politics in Soviet Totalitarianism, by Zbigniew K. Brze- zinski 21. Belorussia: The Making of a Nation, by Nicholas P. Vakar 22. A Bibliographical Guide to Belorussia, by Nicholas P. Vakar 23. The Balkans in Our Time, by Robert Lee Wolff 24. How the Soviet System Works: Cultural, Psychological, and Social Themes, by Raymond A. Bauer, Alex Inkeles, and Clyde Kluckhohn" 25. The Economics of Soviet Steel, by M. Gardner Clark 26. Leninism, by Alfred G. Meyer 27. Factory and Manager in the USSR, by Joseph S. Berliner* * Publications of the Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/18/17 5:38 AM Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/18/17 5:38 AM FACTORY and MANAGER in the USSR Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/18/17 5:38 AM Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/18/17 5:38 AM FACTORY and M A N A G ER in the USSR JOSEPH S. BERLINER HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS • CAMBRIDGE 19 5 7 Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/18/17 5:38 AM © Copyright, 1957, by the President and Fellows of Harvard College Distributed in Great Britain by Oxford University Press, London This is study number 27 in the Russian Research Center series and a report of the Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. This volume was prepared under a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. That Corporation is not, however, the author, owner, pub- lisher, or proprietor of this publication and is not to be understood as approving by virtue of its grant any of the statements made or views expressed therein. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 57-9068 Printed in the United States of America Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/18/17 5:38 AM TO ANN Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/18/17 5:38 AM Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/18/17 5:38 AM ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wrote this book, but scarcely a soul who in the past six years committed the indiscretion of expressing an interest in my work succeeded in having no part in it. I wish to express my gratitude to the many colleagues and friends who bent a willing ear or cast a critical eye. Professor Alexander Gerschenkron suggested the line of inquiry which eventually led to this study. He has read more drafts and re-drafts than any living person, with the possible exception of myself. I wish to thank him for his invaluable criticisms and suggestions at all stages of the work. During the writing of the book I had the deep honor and inspiring experience of being associated with the Russian Research Center of Harvard University. It is impossible to express fully how much I owe to the formal seminars and informal table-talk of my colleagues at that institution. Professor Clyde Kluckhohn, the former director, has my pro- found gratitude for his infinite encouragement. I am indebted to Pro- fessor Gregory Grossman who first suggested that I present this study as a doctoral dissertation. To my fellow economists at the Center, particu- larly Professor Alexander Erlich, Professor Franklyn D. Holzman, and Dr. Alexander Eckstein, I wish to express my thanks. The study was undertaken as part of the Project on the Soviet Social System of the Russian Research Center, supported under contract AF No. 33 (038)-12909, by the Human Resources Research Institute, Max- well Air Force Base. I wish to acknowledge my debt to my fellow par- ticipants in that interdisciplinary effort, for introducing me to the methods and approaches of the behavioral sciences. Field Director Raymond A. Bauer, Research Director Alex Inkeles, and my colleagues in the sev- eral disciplines coached me by example and by advice in the techniques of interviewing and of the analysis of survey research data. Of the many people who read and offered critical comment on all or parts of the manuscript, I wish particularly to thank Dr. Barrington Moore, Jr., and Mr. Abraham Brumberg. Mr. Robert Warshaw kindly gave his time to editing portions of the work. Mr. Marshall Shulman, Asso- ciate Director of the Russian Research Center, undertook the long nego- Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/18/17 5:38 AM X Acknowledgments tiations of seeing the manuscript through its revisions to the press. I wish also to thank the secretarial staff of the Center, particularly Mrs. Helen Parsons, Mrs. Elizabeth Fainsod, Mrs. Lillian Christmas, and Miss Rose Di Benedetto who cheerfully nursed the manuscript through innumerable retypings. While gathering material for this study I spent seven months in the constant company of former Soviet citizens, then residing as displaced persons in Germany. The least part of my debt to them is for their co- operation in sharing with me their experiences and attitudes during their lives in the Soviet Union. But the chief part of my debt is for the under- standing they awakened in me of the full meaning of a life under tyranny, and for the love they kindled in me for the greathearted and demo- cratic peoples of the Soviet Union. In acknowledging my gratitude, I wish to express to them my hope that the present ferment in their native land will lead eventually to the establishment of that freedom which is cherished by none so much as by those to whom it has been denied. To my wife Ann, who gave support and encouragement from beginning to end, this book is gratefully dedicated. JOSEPH S. BERLINER Syracuse, N. Y. January 1957 Note on translations: The book quotes copiously from personal inter- views with former Soviet citizens and from published Soviet materials. Except where otherwise indicated, all translations were made by me. Responsibility for the accuracy of translations, as well as for all views expressed in the book, rests entirely with me. J. S. B. Brought to you by | Shenzhen University Authenticated Download Date | 12/18/17 5:38 AM